This work is supported by a Canadian Health Research Institute (CIHR) Team Grant to Dr. Bolduc (co-PI) and Dr. Guy Rouleau (PI). We would like to thank Dr. Oksana Suchowersky, Dr. Kathryn Todd, the members of the University of Alberta fly club and Dr. Clayton Dickson for help in development of the method and statistical analysis.

キイロショウジョウバエの研究は、アルバータ州の研究指針の大学を遵守していました。 1.フライコレクション<ol><li>食品を含む25ミリメートルX 95ミリメートルの回収バイアル中のCO 2（g）の麻酔と場所を使用して、20ハエを収集します。 </li><li>水平にハエを含むストアバイアルは、バイアル底に蓄積する可能性のある液体でハエをトラップ避けるために。 </li><li>約15時間、インキュベーター中で45％の湿度で22℃で少なくとも21時間、ハエをインキュベートします。暗サイクル：12時間の明とインキュベーターを設定します。 </li></ol> 2.クライミングアッセイ<ol><li>翌朝は、メスシリンダー250mlのガラスに単一バイアルから20ハエを転送します。それを一定の日常を維持するために、シリンダの位置をマークします。遺伝子型間の交差汚染を防止するために、遺伝子型ごとにガラスシリンダーを使用してください。各実験及びROの最後に洗います遺伝子型との間でそれらをテート。 <ol><li>温度22℃、湿度40％であった（視覚の潜在的な欠陥がある場合、または赤色光）は、周囲の光の中で実験を行います。概日リズムの交絡を回避するために、常に一日の同じ時間に実験を行います。 </li></ol></li><li>任意のハエ（ 図2）の漏れを防止するためのバリア膜（ワックスフィルム）とシリンダーの上部をシール。 </li><li>三脚にビデオカメラを設定します。 250ミリリットルの190ミリリットルライン上の焦点カメラは、シリンダ（17.5センチメートル）を卒業しました。 </li><li>シリンダーの底部に、食品バイアルに死んだハエの数をカウントします。死亡率としてこの番号を記録します。 </li><li>非常に軽く内側底面にハエを変位させるように十分な力で繰り返しクローズドセルフォームパッドに対してシリンダーをタップします。カメラの記録を押すようにもう一方の手を使用しながら10回 - 5をタップします。 </li><li>カメラの「録音」ボタンを押してください。 </li><li> VIDを開始EOカメラ記録とは別個の非リズミカルなパターンでシリンダーを6回タップします。 </li><li>ハエが最後のタップされた時点から2分間各試験を実施し、選択した各時点で17.5センチメートル（190ミリリットル）（10秒ごとに定量化）の高さを横切るハエの数を記録します。注：シリンダーのマーキングミリリットルを直径に応じて、1気筒モデルから別のものに変化します。エラーを回避するには、使用される各気筒の高さを測定します。 </li><li>裁判が終わった後、95％エタノールにハエを処分。 </li><li>すべての複製が新鮮なハエとするたびにテストされるまで繰り返して、2.9に2.1を繰り返します。 注：5の複製は、変異が運動に強い影響を持つ十分であるかもしれないが、20ハエ（200ハエ）の10の生物学的反復は、より小さな差を検出することをお勧めします。 </li><li>実験の完了後、再使用する実験用食器洗い機、乾燥O / Nでのシリンダを洗浄します。 </li></ol> 3.分析<ol><li> ANALY各フライ試験のZE動画。各10秒は、ターゲットラインを通過したハエの総数を記録します。 <ol><li>フライバックダウン登っまたは低下した場合、-1のように飛ぶし、レコードはバックダウン登ったり下ったハエと同じ数として目標ラインと交差するように、次のフライを数えます。 15 番目のフライが目標ラインを下回った場合、（16 番目が飛ぶ）ラインを通過する次のハエは、15 番目、16番目を飛行していないと考えられています。 </li></ol></li><li>裁判に残るハエの数を得るために、ハエ（20）の合計数から死亡を引きます。各時点で、ターゲット·ラインの上のハエの画分を得ました。 </li><li>各時点での各割合をプロットする（ 図3参照 ）。 </li><li> 120秒のデータポイントでパフォーマンスを分析し、2基が存在する場合、またはANOVAとボンフェローニ修正と多重比較のための事後テストは、（計画および計画外の共同のためのテューキーのためのスチューデントt検定を行いますmparisons）。コルモゴロフ-スミルノフ17はまた、正規と同等の分散を確認するために行われるだけでなく、コントロールに変異群の分布を比較するためにテストします。 </li><li> 、老化を介してデータを現在進行赤字（ 図4）があるかどうかを確認するために、異なる年齢のハエで120秒に（2日、1週間、2週間）を登るハエの割合をプロットします。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

ショウジョウバエはすでにパーキンソン病14および他の神経変性条件1,2に優れたモデルであることが証明されました。 ショウジョウバエで利用可能な遺伝子ツールに加えて、そのゲノムは非常に神経疾患19に関与する遺伝子のために保存されています。 （全体exomeシーケンシングを含む）ゲノムワイド遺伝子スクリーニング法の出現は、人間の運動障害?...

パーキンソン病、筋萎縮性側索硬化症、および遺伝性痙性対麻痺のような壊滅的な神経変性疾患は、ますます認識されています。残念ながら、これらの神経変性疾患のほとんどは、治療せずに残っ​​ています。このような全体exomeシーケンシングなどのゲノムワイドな、公平な遺伝子検査の広範な臨床使用は、ヒト機関車の障害に関与している遺伝子の数の増加につながっています。この進歩にもかかわらず、初期後期への病理学的進行は、これらの疾患でとらえどころのないままになります。 ショウジョウバエは、制御された空間及び時間的に遺伝子の要件を研究するための遺伝的ツールとのうちの1つを提供します。また、 ショウジョウバエは、パーキンソン1、アルツハイマー2、知的障害3,4およびとりわけてんかん5,6などの神経学的状態のための薬剤のスクリーニングに有用であることが証明されました。私たちの目的は、効果的なコストを開発することでしたまだモータ性能の小さな変化を検出するのに十分な感度であろう、高スループット分析を可能にする信頼性の高いアッセイ。 ショウジョウバエクライミング挙動に関する遺伝子変異及び/又は環境条件の影響を定量化するために使用されるいくつかのアッセイがあります。アッセイのほとんどは負の走地性、またはクライミングアッセイとして知られて登るハエの自然な傾向を生かします。 Benzer 7は走光性の研究のために使用されるカウンター現在の装置はまた、重力走性を研究するために使用することができることを1967年に提案しました。それ以来、Ganetsky 8および他の多くの9 -12は最初のアッセイ上に構築されてきました。原理は、バイアルにハエの既知の数を配置し、ハエがバイアルの底に落下させ、硬い表面に対して強くバイアルをタップすることです。それは生得的行動であるように、ハエは、重力に反対し、バイアルの上部に登るしようとします。このアッセイは、定量的およびmeasuです割り当てられた時間期間の間に、バイアル上のマーカーを越えて上昇しているどのように多くのハエのres。代わりにハエクライミングの総数の速度の測定は、信頼性の高いパラメータとなり、ハエの基準の数は13に有意ではなかった場合の欠陥を示しています。 クライミングアッセイは、パーキンソン病14を含む多くの神経変性疾患の研究に有用であることが証明されました。しかし、我々は、機関車の欠陥は、神経変性が既に病理学的研究14に見られる時に検出されない場合があることに留意しました。したがって、従来のアッセイの使用は、疾患の発症の初期段階を研究するための能力を制限することができます。病理学の後の段階の間に機関車の欠陥の外観は、その進行の完全な救済のためのあまりに高度である疾患を反映することができます。 これは、従来のクライミングアッセイの感度を持つ潜在的な問題を提起します。 tradiの潜在的なことができないこと軽度の機関車の欠陥を検出するため的なクライミングアッセイはハエを登るために必要とされた高さに帰することができます。正常に10〜20秒で2〜5センチメートルの高さを乗り越えるために、従来のアッセイ15,16対策ハエの数。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Drosophila stocks</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The stocks are selected depending on the experiments. The temperature and humidity in the room and in the incubator must be controled and consistent to avoid flies being too staticky or too wet.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video camera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any digital camcorder will do. Make sure they can focus on close object.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graduated cylinder</td>
			<td>Kimble</td>
			<td>20028W</td>
			<td>Different models of graduated cylinder may have different diameter. It is therefore imporant to measure the height.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>computer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any model will do. We used the computer to monitor the climbing of the flies and record the number of flies at each time point</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantitative analysis of climbing defects in a drosophila model of neurodegenerative disorders

神経変性疾患に起因する機関車の欠陥は、無症候性変性の年後に、疾患の遅発性の症状であることができ、したがって、現在の治療の治療戦略は治癒的ではありません。全体exomeシーケンスを使用することにより、遺伝子の増加は、ヒトの移動において役割を果たすことが同定されています。これらの遺伝子の同定にもかかわらず、これらの遺伝子は、正常な機関車の機能に重要であるかは知られていません。そのため、治療目的の新規標的を同定するために、これらの遺伝子の役割を解明するためのモデル生物を利用し信頼性の高いアッセイは、これまで以上に必要とされています。我々は以前より穏やかな欠陥の検出を可能にし、時間をかけてこれらの欠陥を評価する能力を有する負の走地性アッセイの感作されたバージョンを設計しました。ガラス中で行われるアッセイは、ワックスバリアフィルムで封止されているシリンダー、メス。閾値距離を増加させることによって、17.5℃に上昇させます私たちは穏やかなモビリティ機能障害を検出するのに高い感度を観察している2分の実験期間をMと増加。アッセイは、費用対効果がされており、再現性の高い結果を得るために広範囲の訓練を必要としません。これは、運動欠陥のショウジョウバエの変異体では、候補薬剤をスクリーニングするための優れた手法になります。

登山は強く、再現可能な動作です。 （ - 30秒25）実際、1日齢の野生型ハエが急速に目標距離クライミング性能に達します。変異体ハエがターゲットに登ることができないことを完了するために、穏やかな（または遅延）からパフォーマンスの範囲を提示します。我々は2つ​​の異なる突然変異対立遺伝子とここにこれを説明します。最初のものはspastin遺伝子（温泉5.75）18の完全な?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders at JoVE.com

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets.

神経変性疾患のショウジョウバエモデルにおけるクライミング欠陥の定量分析

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

quantitative-analysis-climbing-defects-drosophila-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

18.3K ビュー.  University of Alberta. We present an optimized inexpensive and reliable negative geotaxis assay in Drosophila melanogaster as a model for neurodegenerative disorders. Being more sensitive to mild locomotor defects, this assay will help screen for potential genetic interactions and drug targets. 

ビデオ: Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for investigating the cell biology and development of central brain structures by allowing acute pharmacological interventions and live imaging of cellular processes. As an example of the technique, prior work from our lab1 has shown that a previously unrecognized subcellular compartment lies between the axonal and somatodendritic compartments of axons of the Drosophila central brain. The development of this compartment, referred to as the axon initial segment (AIS)2, was shown genetically to depend on the neuron-specific cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5. We show here that ex vivo treatment of wild-type Drosophila larval brains with the Cdk5-specific pharmacological inhibitors roscovitine and olomoucine3 causes acute changes in actin organization, and in localization of the cell-surface protein Fasciclin 2, that mimic the changes seen in mutants that lack Cdk5 activity genetically.
A second example of the ex vivo culture technique is provided for remodeling of the connections of embryonic mushroom body (MB) gamma neurons during metamorphosis from larva to adult. The mushroom body is the center of olfactory learning and memory in the fly4, and these gamma neurons prune their axonal and dendritic branches during pupal development and then re-extend branches at a later timepoint to establish the adult innervation pattern5. Pruning of these neurons of the MB has been shown to occur via local degeneration of neurite branches6, by a mechanism that is triggered by ecdysone, a steroid hormone, acting at the ecdysone receptor B17, and that is dependent on the activity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system6. Our method of ex vivo culturing can be used to interrogate further the mechanism of developmental remodeling. We found that in the ex vivo culture setting, gamma neurons of the MB recapitulated the process of developmental pruning with a time course similar to that in vivo. It was essential, however, to wait until 1.5 hours after puparium formation before explanting the tissue in order for the cells to commit irreversibly to metamorphosis; dissection of animals at the onset of pupariation led to little or no metamorphosis in culture. Thus, with appropriate modification, the ex vivo culture approach can be applied to study dynamic as well as steady state aspects of central brain biology.

Ex vivo Culturing of Whole, Developing Drosophila Brains

This article describes a method by which one can mimic in vivo development of the Drosophila mushroom body in an ex vivo culture system.

全体の開発、 ショウジョウバエの脳のex vivoで培養

We describe a method for ex vivo culturing of whole Drosophila brains. This can be used as a counterpoint to chronic genetic manipulations for ...

神経科学

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the fly as an experimental system include its genetic tractability, short life span and the possibility to observe and quantitatively analyze complex behaviors. The expression of disease-linked genes in specific neuronal populations of the Drosophila brain, can be used to model human neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's 5.
Dopaminergic (DA) neurons are among the most vulnerable neuronal populations in the aging human brain. In Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder, the accelerated loss of DA neurons leads to a progressive and irreversible decline in locomotor function. In addition to age and exposure to environmental toxins, loss of DA neurons is exacerbated by specific mutations in the coding or promoter regions of several genes. The identification of such PD-associated alleles provides the experimental basis for the use of Drosophila as a model to study neurodegeneration of DA neurons in vivo. For example, the expression of the PD-linked human &alpha;-synuclein gene in Drosophila DA neurons recapitulates some features of the human disease, e.g. progressive loss of DA neurons and declining locomotor function 2. Accordingly, this model has been successfully used to identify potential therapeutic targets in PD 8.
Here we describe two assays that have commonly been used to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of DA neurons in Drosophila: a climbing assay based on the startle-induced negative geotaxis response and tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining of whole adult brain mounts to monitor the number of DA neurons at different ages. In both cases, in vivo expression of UAS transgenes specifically in DA neurons can be achieved by using a tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) promoter-Gal4 driver line 3, 10.

Assessing Neurodegenerative Phenotypes in Drosophila Dopaminergic Neurons by Climbing Assays and Whole Brain Immunostaining

Here we describe two assays that have been established to study age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in Drosophila: the climbing/startle-induced negative geotaxis assay which allows to study the functional effects of DA neurons degeneration and the tyrosine hydroxylase immunostaining which is used to identify and count DA neurons in whole brain mounts.

神経変性表現型を評価する<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;クライミングアッセイによりドーパミン作動性ニューロンと脳全体の免疫染色

Drosophila melanogaster is a valuable model organism to study aging and pathological degenerative processes in the nervous system. The advantages of the ...

Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of the dendritic tree, which eventually leads to neuronal output of action potentials at the axon. The influence of diverse spatial and temporal parameters of specific synaptic input on neuronal output is currently under investigation, e.g. the distance-dependent attenuation of dendritic inputs, the location-dependent interaction of spatially segregated inputs, the influence of GABAergig inhibition on excitatory integration, linear and non-linear integration modes, and many more.
With fast micro-iontophoresis of glutamate and GABA it is possible to precisely investigate the spatial and temporal integration of glutamatergic excitation and GABAergic inhibition. Critical technical requirements are either a triggered fluorescent lamp, light-emitting diode (LED), or a two-photon scanning microscope to visualize dendritic branches without introducing significant photo-damage of the tissue. Furthermore, it is very important to have a micro-iontophoresis amplifier that allows for fast capacitance compensation of high resistance pipettes. Another crucial point is that no transmitter is involuntarily released by the pipette during the experiment.
Once established, this technique will give reliable and reproducible signals with a high neurotransmitter and location specificity. Compared to glutamate and GABA uncaging, fast iontophoresis allows using both transmitters at the same time but at very distant locations without limitation to the field of view. There are also advantages compared to focal electrical stimulation of axons: with micro-iontophoresis the location of the input site is definitely known and it is sure that only the neurotransmitter of interest is released. However it has to be considered that with micro-iontophoresis only the postsynapse is activated and presynaptic aspects of neurotransmitter release are not resolved. In this article we demonstrate how to set up micro-iontophoresis in brain slice experiments.

In this article we introduce fast micro-iontophoresis of neurotransmitters as a technique to investigate integration of postsynaptic signals with high spatial and temporal precision.

グルタミン酸とGABAの高速マイクロイオン導入：シナプス統合を調査するために便利なツール

One of the fundamental interests in neuroscience is to understand the integration of excitatory and inhibitory inputs along the very complex structure of ...

High-Resolution Quantitative Immunogold Analysis of Membrane Receptors at Retinal Ribbon Synapses

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA receptors (NMDARs) and AMPA receptors (AMPARs). Physiological data have indicated that glutamate receptors at RGCs are expressed not only in postsynaptic but also in perisynaptic or extrasynaptic membrane compartments. However, precise anatomical locations for glutamate receptors at RGC synapses have not been determined. Although a high-resolution quantitative analysis of glutamate receptors at central synapses is widely employed, this approach has had only limited success in the retina. We developed a postembedding immunogold method for analysis of membrane receptors, making it possible to estimate the number, density and variability of these receptors at retinal ribbon synapses. Here we describe the tools, reagents, and the practical steps that are needed for: 1) successful preparation of retinal fixation, 2) freeze-substitution, 3) postembedding immunogold electron microscope (EM) immunocytochemistry and, 4) quantitative visualization of glutamate receptors at ribbon synapses.

The postembedding immunogold method is one of the most effective ways to provide high-resolution analyses of the subcellular localization of specific molecules. Here we describe a protocol to quantitatively analyze glutamate receptors at retinal ribbon synapses.

網膜リボンシナプスにおける膜受容体の高分解能定量的イムノゴールド分析

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) receive excitatory glutamatergic input from bipolar cells. Synaptic excitation of RGCs is mediated postsynaptically by NMDA ...

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at the synaptic level. The Active Zone (AZ) is the region at the presynaptic membrane that mediates neurotransmitter release and is composed of a dense collection of scaffold proteins. AZs of Drosophila melanogaster (Drosophila) photoreceptors undergo molecular remodeling after prolonged exposure to natural ambient light. Thus the level of neuronal activity can rearrange the molecular composition of the AZ and contribute to the regulation of the functional output.
Starting from the light exposure set-up preparation to the immunohistochemistry, this protocol details how to quantify the number, the spatial distribution, and the delocalization level of synaptic molecules at AZs in Drosophila photoreceptors. Using image analysis software, clusters of the GFP-fused AZ component Bruchpilot were identified for each R8 photoreceptor (R8) axon terminal. Detected Bruchpilot spots were automatically assigned to individual R8 axons. To calculate the distribution of spot frequency along the axon, we implemented a customized software plugin. Each axon&#39;s start-point and end-point were manually defined and the position of each Bruchpilot spot was projected onto the connecting line between start and end-point. Besides the number of Bruchpilot clusters, we also quantified the delocalization level of Bruchpilot-GFP within the clusters. These measurements reflect in detail the spatially resolved synaptic dynamics in a single neuron under different environmental conditions to stimuli.

Analyzing Synaptic Modulation of Drosophila melanogaster Photoreceptors after Exposure to Prolonged Light

Here we show how to quantify the number and spatial distribution of synaptic active zones in Drosophila melanogaster&#160;photoreceptors, highlighted with a genetically encoded molecular marker, and their modulation after prolonged exposure to light.

のシナプス変調を分析<em&gt;キイロショウジョウバエ</em&gt;長時間の光照射後の感光体

The nervous system has the remarkable ability to adapt and respond to various stimuli. This neural adjustment is largely achieved through plasticity at ...

The Use of Trace Eyeblink Classical Conditioning to Assess Hippocampal Dysfunction in a Rat Model of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain undergoes rapid organizational change and is similar to accelerated brain changes that occur during the third trimester in humans. This model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) produces severe brain damage, mimicking the amount and pattern of binge-drinking that occurs in some pregnant alcoholic mothers. We describe the use of trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC), a higher-order variant of associative learning, to assess long-term hippocampal dysfunction that is typically seen in alcohol-exposed adult offspring. At 90 days of age, rodents were surgically prepared with recording and stimulating electrodes, which measured electromyographic (EMG) blink activity from the left eyelid muscle and delivered mild shock posterior to the left eye, respectively. After a 5 day recovery period, they underwent 6 sessions of trace ECC to determine associative learning differences between alcohol-exposed and control rats. Trace ECC is one of many possible ECC procedures that can be easily modified using the same equipment and software, so that different neural systems can be assessed. ECC procedures in general, can be used as diagnostic tools for detecting neural pathology in different brain systems and different conditions that insult the brain.

Trace eyeblink classical conditioning (ECC) was used to assess hippocampal-dependent associative learning in adult rats that were administered a high concentration (11.9% v/v) of alcohol during early neonatal brain development. In general, ECC procedures are sound diagnostic tools for detecting brain dysfunction across many psychological and biomedical settings.

胎児アルコール スペクトルの無秩序のモデルラットにおける海馬機能障害を評価するためにトレース瞬目反射条件づけの使用

Neonatal rats were administered a relatively high concentration of ethyl alcohol (11.9% v/v) during postnatal days 4-9, a time when the fetal brain ...

Assessment of Blood-brain Barrier Permeability by Intravenous Infusion of FITC-labeled Albumin in a Mouse Model of Neurodegenerative Disease

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a common feature for different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the interplay between perturbed BBB homeostasis and the pathogenesis of brain disorders needs further investigation, the development and validation of a reliable procedure to accurately detect BBB alterations may be crucial and represent a useful tool for potentially predicting disease progression and developing targeted therapeutic strategies.
Here, we present an easy and efficient procedure for evaluating BBB leakage in a neurodegenerative condition like that occurring in a preclinical mouse model of Huntington disease, in which defects in the permeability of BBB are clearly detectable precociously in the disease. Specifically, the high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled (FITC)-albumin, which is able to cross the BBB only when the latter is impaired, is acutely infused into a mouse jugular vein and its distribution in the vascular or parenchymal districts is then determined by fluorescence microscopy.
Accumulation of green fluorescent-albumin in the brain parenchyma functions as an index of aberrant BBB permeability and, when quantitated by using Image J processing software, is reported as Green Fluorescence Intensity.

In this study, we present an easy and efficient procedure for evaluating the disruption of the blood-brain barrier under neurodegenerative conditions. To achieve our objective, we infused high molecular weight fluorescein isothiocyanate labelled (FITC)-albumin into mouse jugular vein and evaluated its leakage into the brain parenchyma by fluorescence microscopy.

神経変性疾患のマウスモデルで FITC 標識アルブミンの点滴静注による血液脳関門透過性の評価

Disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity is a common feature for different neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Although the interplay ...

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. Drosophila larval neuronal dendritic arborization (da) is an ideal model for studying morphogenesis of neural dendrites and gene function in the development of nervous system. There are four classes of da neurons. Class IV is the most complex with a branching pattern that covers almost the entire area of the larval body wall. We have previously characterized the effect of silencing the Drosophila ortholog of SOX5 on class IV neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) using four parameters: the length of dendrites, the surface area of dendrite coverage, the total number of branches, and the branching structure. This protocol presents the workflow of NDAC quantitative analysis, consisting of larval dissection, confocal microscopy, and image analysis procedures using ImageJ software. Further insight into da neuronal development and its underlying mechanisms will improve the understanding of neuronal function and provide clues about the fundamental causes of neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders.

Quantitative Analysis of Neuronal Dendritic Arborization Complexity in Drosophila

This protocol focuses on quantitative analysis of neuronal dendritic arborization complexity (NDAC) in Drosophila, which can be used for studies of dendritic morphogenesis.

ショウジョウバエのニューロン樹状分枝複雑さの定量解析

Dendrites are the branched projections of a neuron, and dendritic morphology reflects synaptic organization during the development of the nervous system. ...

Quantitative Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration in Drosophila Through Unbiased Analysis of Fluorescently Tagged Proteins Using ImageJ

With the rising prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it is increasingly important to understand the underlying pathophysiology that leads to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Fluorescence-based imaging tools and technologies enable unprecedented analysis of subcellular neurobiological processes, yet there is still a need for unbiased, reproducible, and accessible approaches for extracting quantifiable data from imaging studies. We have developed a simple and adaptable workflow to extract quantitative data from fluorescence-based imaging studies using Drosophila models of neurodegeneration. Specifically, we describe an easy-to-follow, semi-automated approach using Fiji/ImageJ to analyze two cellular processes: first, we quantify protein aggregate content and profile in the Drosophila optic lobe using fluorescent-tagged mutant huntingtin proteins; and second, we assess autophagy-lysosome flux in the Drosophila visual system with ratiometric-based quantification of a tandem fluorescent reporter of autophagy. Importantly, the protocol outlined here includes a semi-automated segmentation step to ensure all fluorescent structures are analyzed to minimize selection bias and to increase resolution of subtle comparisons. This approach can be extended for the analysis of other cell biological structures and processes implicated in neurodegeneration, such as proteinaceous puncta (stress granules and synaptic complexes), as well as membrane-bound compartments (mitochondria and membrane trafficking vesicles). This method provides a standardized, yet adaptable reference point for image analysis and quantification, and could facilitate reliability and reproducibility across the field, and ultimately enhance mechanistic understanding of neurodegeneration.

Quantitative Cell Biology of Neurodegeneration in Drosophila Through Unbiased Analysis of Fluorescently Tagged Proteins Using ImageJ

We have developed a simple and adaptable workflow to extract quantitative data from fluorescence-imaging-based cell biological studies of protein aggregation and autophagic flux in the central nervous system of Drosophila models of neurodegeneration.

ImageJ を用いた蛍光タグ付きタンパク質の公平な分析によるショウジョウバエの神経変性の定量細胞生物学

With the rising prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases, it is increasingly important to understand the underlying pathophysiology that leads to neuronal ...

Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for studying transcriptional profiles of cells, particularly in heterogeneous tissues such as the central nervous system. However, dissociation methods required for single cell sequencing can lead to experimental changes in the gene expression and cell death. Furthermore, these methods are generally restricted to fresh tissue, thus limiting studies on archival and bio-bank material. Single nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-Seq) is an appealing alternative for transcriptional studies, given that it accurately identifies cell types, permits the study of tissue that is frozen or difficult to dissociate, and reduces dissociation-induced transcription. Here, we present a high-throughput protocol for rapid isolation of nuclei for downstream snRNA-Seq. This method enables isolation of nuclei from fresh or frozen spinal cord samples and can be combined with two massively parallel droplet encapsulation platforms.

Here, we present a protocol to rapidly isolate high-quality nuclei from the fresh or frozen tissue for downstream massively parallel RNA sequencing. We include detergent-mechanical and hypotonic-mechanical tissue disruption and cell lysis options, both of which can be used for isolation of nuclei.

並列の単核 RNA 配列のため大人の脊髄核の分離

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a ...