この作品は、自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会（NSERC、何の298515から2011を付与していない）からの助成金によってサポートされていました。 ALは博士の受信者であります自然科学とカナダの工学研究評議会（NSERC）から奨学金、およびMSは、カナダ衛生研究所からの助成金からサポートされていました（無許可、CIHR。MOP123246）。

すべての手順は、センターデRECHERCHEデュセンターHospitalierドゥモントリオール大学（CRCHUM）の動物実験委員会の承認を得た後、動物飼育ガイドラインにカナダ議会に従って行われました。 1.単離、同定、およびマウス腹腔マクロファージの文化<ol><li> 3.8％のビールチオグリコール酸培地を準備します。これを行うには、蒸留水1000mlにチオグリコール酸培地の38グラムを中断。完全培地を溶解するために沸騰するソリューションを持参してください。 121℃で15分間オートクレーブで滅菌します。 RT 18で、暗所で3ヶ月まで保管してください。 注：濁度は細菌汚染を示している開発した場合は廃棄してください。無菌に保つ場合に溶液は暗所で1年まで維持することができます。 </li><li>各畝の腹腔内に3.8％ブリューワーチオグリコール酸培地の1ミリリットルを注入し、23 Gの針に取り付けられた1ミリリットル注射器を使用して、SEと3日間待ちます。各マウスについて、新しい注射器と針を使用してください。 </li><li>ペントバルビタールナトリウム（100mg / kg）の腹腔内注射によりマウスを麻酔し、頸椎脱臼によりマウスを安楽死させます。呼吸数をチェックして、適切な麻酔を確認してください。通常、急速な呼吸マウスが深く麻酔されていないことを示しています。 </li><li> 70％エタノールで各マウスの腹部を洗います。はさみを使用して、腹膜の下正中線に沿って横方向の切開を行います。 </li><li>鉗子を使用して、透明な腹膜肌を露出させるために腹部の皮膚を引き戻します。 20 G針に取り付けられた5ミリリットルの注射器を用いて、各マウスの腹腔内に冷DPBSを5ml注入します。 </li><li>腹膜腔に穏やかなマッサージを行い、その後、任意の器官を穿刺することなく、慎重に流体を吸引します。針を外し、50mlのコニカル遠心チューブに腹水を分注します。 </li><li>冷却遠心機で400×gで10分間遠心分離します。細胞は、全手順の間に冷たいままにする必要があります。上清を捨て、RPMI培地1640中で細胞ペレットを再懸濁します。 </li><li>血球計数器を使用して、細胞をカウントし、1×10 6細胞/ mlの細胞密度に調整します。 </li><li> F4 / 80に対するマウスとantibodieあたり1×10 6個の細胞（マクロファージに発現される表面抗原）を用いてフローサイトメトリーにより単離された細胞の表現型を特徴づけます。 </li></ol> 2.細胞処置<ol><li>直接、単離後、各ウェルに1×10 6個の細胞を追加します。 37℃で1〜2時間のためにそれらを培養することにより、6ウェルプレートに付着したマウス腹腔マクロファージのままにしておきます。優しく温かいPBSで3回洗浄して非接着細胞を除去します。 </li><li>次のTLRリガンドの存在下で、24時間900μlの無血清DMEM中で続いて、培養細胞：（Pam3CSK4-TLR1 / 2（0.5 mg / mlの）;ポリ（I：C）-TLR3（10 mg / mlの） ; LPS-TLR4（100ng / mlの）フラジェリンTLR5（100ng / mlの）FSL1-TLR6 / 2（100ng / mlの） ssRNA40-TLR7（1 / mlの）; ODN1826-TLR9（1μM）。 注：各リガンドのための10×ストック溶液を準備します。このように10倍希釈を行うことにより、各ウェルに、後者の100μlを添加します。 </li></ol> 3. R​​NAの単離<ol><li>各ウェルに1ミリリットルのTRIzolを添加し、ピペットを介して細胞溶解液を数回通過させることにより、6ウェルプレート中で直接すべての培地および溶解細胞を除去します。核タンパク質複合体を完全に解離可能にするために、室温で5から10分間均質化したサンプルをインキュベートします。 </li><li> 1.5ミリリットルのRNaseおよびDNaseをフリーのマイクロ遠心チューブにライセートを転送します。 1ミリリットルののTRIzolあたり0.2ミリリットルのクロロホルムを追加します。 15秒間手で激しく管を振って5から10分間、室温でそれらを培養します。 4℃で15分間、12,000×gで遠心分離します。下の赤相（フェノール - クロロホルム）、間期、無色上部の水相に分離する混合物を観察します。 RNAは水相でのみ残ります。 </li><li>トラン相間を乱すことなく、新鮮なチューブにsferは慎重に上部の水相。イソプロピルアルコール0.5 mlを混合して、そこからRNAを沈殿させます。 4℃で10分間、12,000×gで10分間遠心分離室温でサンプルをインキュベートします。 RNAは、チューブの側面と底に白い沈殿物を形成する沈殿します。 </li><li>上清を取り除きます。 75％エタノール1mlで一度RNAペレットを洗浄します。 4℃で5分間、7,500×gでボルテックスし、遠心分離することにより、サンプルを混ぜます。簡単に言えば、RNA（10分間空気乾燥）を乾燥させます。 0.1ミリリットルDEPC（RNアーゼを含まない水）でRNAを溶解し、55℃で10分間インキュベートします。 </li><li>分光光度計を用いてRNAを定量化します。これを行うには、サンプルをDEPC水で100倍に希釈し、260nmの波長で読み取りました。 RNA濃度は、その後、次のようになります。OD 260×40 NG / UL X希釈係数を。 </li><li> RNA濃度を均一化し、第一鎖cDNA合成キットをRT-PCRシステムを用いて、製造業者の指示に従ってcDNAを合成。として製造者の指示に従って、リアルタイムDNA検出システムでリアルタイムPCR（45サイクル）によって遺伝子のmRNAレベルを測定します。例えばβアクチンおよびGAPDHのための2つのハウスキーピング遺伝子との遺伝子発現レベルを標準化。 注：ミリリットルを500μg/にRNA濃度を正規化し、cDNA合成のための0.5μgを使用します。 </li></ol>

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The authors have no competing financial interests.

マクロファージは、生存のために重要であり、免疫学的目的のためのホストを操作するための魅力的な標的を提供します。のTLRおよび他の認識分子の発見は、免疫学的議論の中心にマクロファージを行いました。マクロファージは、サイトカイン、ダメージ関連分子パターン分子（DAMPS）20および病原体（のPAMPs）21のグループに関連する分子を含む種々の刺激に応答します。?...

細網内皮系の貪食は、骨髄、血液、肝臓および脾臓のような種々の組織および器官中の細胞から構成されています。マクロファージは広く、彼らは特に制御する自然免疫と適応免疫応答と明確な感染症に関与体の周りに分布しています。宿主防御におけるそれらの役割に加えて、マクロファージはまた、創傷治癒および組織の恒常性1,2-維持に重要な役割を果たしています。さらに、マクロファージだけでなく、免疫機能に重要であるだけでなく、積極的に鉄ホメオスタシス3に参加しています。本体では、鉄の約80％は、老化がマクロファージ4によって貪食される赤血球内のヘモグロビンに存在します。毎日、これらのマクロファージは赤血球由来の鉄25mgをリサイクルし、プラズマ5にその輸送を提供しています。また、感染および炎症の間、前炎症性マクロファージ鉄availabiliを減少させるために血清鉄を封鎖します両方の全身および地域レベル6-8で病原体へのTY。マクロファージおよび主に肝細胞が鉄代謝9、10のマスターレギュレーターであると考えられるヘプシジンという名前の抗菌ペプチドを生成することだけでなく、研究が示されています。ヘプシジンは、主に炎症性刺激によって増加し、慢性炎症11-13時のマクロファージにおける鉄の隔離のために部分的に責任があるされています。マクロファージにおけるヘプシジンの発現は非常によく理解されていないとして、我々はこの調節におけるToll様受容体（TLR）の役割の可能性を検討しました。 TLRは主にマクロファージで発見し、それらの活性化において中心的な役割を果たしています。また、肝臓におけるLPS誘導性のヘプシジン発現は、TLR4 13に依存しています。したがって、我々の研究を実行するために、我々は、マウスの腹腔マクロファージの単離に基づく方法を使用していました。 マクロファージ細胞株は広くマクロファージスタッドに使用されていますIES;それにもかかわらず、拡張培養は、遺伝子の損失を誘発し、これらの細胞株における免疫機能を低下させることができます。このように、腹腔からマクロファージの単離は非常に重要です。 マウス腹腔マクロファージ13-15を収穫するのに理想的なサイトを紹介します。単離されたマウス腹腔マクロファージは、その免疫学的機能に関するいくつかの研究のために便利です。しかし、腹膜におけるマクロファージの数は、鋭意研 ​​究のために不十分であり、マウス当たり約1×10 6のマクロファージが推定されます。したがって、マクロファージの出力を上げるために、例えば、チオグリコール酸のような滅菌誘発剤は、細胞の収穫の前に腹腔内に注射しました。チオグリコレート注射後、マウスのマクロファージあたりの収量は10倍増加しました。マクロファージ収量、マクロファージの動員、マサチューセッツ州で、その結果、炎症反応を誘導する刺激としてビールチオグリコール酸培地行為の増加にもかかわらず、Yが、必須ではないが、遺伝子発現に影響を​​与えます。したがって、未処理マクロファージからなる対照群を各実験に含めなければなりません。私たちの手で、非常に炎症によって刺激されるヘプシジン発現は、非処置チオグリコール酸では検出されなかった腹腔マクロファージを誘発しました。また、研究では、ビールチオグリコール酸は、多数のマクロファージを動員するが、それらに16を活性化しないことが示されています。一方、ブリューワーのチオグリコール酸は、マクロファージは、リソソーム酵素の増加が、摂取した微生物17を殺すの減少を示した誘発しました。非誘発マクロファージ16と比較した場合しかし、貪食能は影響を受けませんでした。 皿で培養した後、腹腔マクロファージは、したがって、腹膜腔から単離された細胞の他のタイプからそれらの分離を可能にする、接着性になります。続いて、単離されたマクロファージは、異なるTLRのアゴニストで攻撃しました。最後に、mRNAを培養細胞から抽出し、遺伝子発現は、定量的逆転写酵素ポリメラーゼ連鎖反応（QRT-PCR）を用いて分析しました。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories, Inc. (Wilmington, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>475</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thioglycollate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>19032-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% sodium pentobarbital (Used for mice anesthesia (80 mg/kg, i.p.))</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS), placed on ice and will serve to harvest macrophages</td>
			<td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td>
			<td>311-425-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI medium 1640 (Supplement with penicillin, streptomycin, L-glutamine, and 10 % fetal calf serum).</td>
			<td>WISENT INC Canada (QC)</td>
			<td>350-000-CL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 and 5 ml syringes</td>
			<td>BD USA (NJ)</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Six-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-pm25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyionosine&#8211;polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-PIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>L2880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FLIC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 &#956;g/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-LRNA-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 &#956;M)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>11B16-MM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZOL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20g and 23g needles</td>
			<td>BD USA (NJ)</td>
			<td>305175</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissor</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tubes placed on ice</td>
			<td>Sarstedt (Newton, MA, USA)</td>
			<td>62.547.205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red Blood Cells Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>R7757-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Refrigerated centrifuge</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F4/80 antibody</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD ( CA, USA)</td>
			<td>MCA497APC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD16/CD32 antibodies</td>
			<td>Pharmingen, {Mississauga, ON, CA)</td>
			<td>553141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometer</td>
			<td>Coulter Epics Elite counter, Coulter, (Hialeah, FL,USA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Six-well plates</td>
			<td>Corning Incorporated (NY, USA)</td>
			<td>MCT-150-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacterial lipoprotein Pam3CSK4 (0.5 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-pm25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyionosine&#8211;polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)) (10 mg/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLRL-PIC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LPS from Escherichia coli 055:B5 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>L2880</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Purified flagellin from Salmonella typhimurium (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FLIC-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lipoprotein synthetic FSL1 (100 ng/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-FSL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssRNA derived from the HIV-1 long terminal repeat ssRNA40 (1 &#956;g/ml)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>TLR-LRNA-40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type B CpG oligonucleotide ODN1826 (1 &#956;M)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen (San Diego, USA)</td>
			<td>11B16-MM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIZOL</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, (Burlington, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>15596-026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes</td>
			<td>Axygen Scietific (CA,USA)</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific (ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>UN1888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>JT Baker (PA, USA)</td>
			<td>70566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>75% ethanol (in DEPC treated water)</td>
			<td>Commercial Alchohols (QC, Canada)</td>
			<td>17394</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.01% diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC) treated water (let stand overnight and autoclave)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, (St. Louis, MO)</td>
			<td>216.542.8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omniscript RT-PCR system</td>
			<td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>205113</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotor Gene 3000</td>
			<td>Montreal Biotech, (Kirkland, QC, Canada)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QuantiTect SYBR Green I PCR kits</td>
			<td>Qiagen, (Mississauga, ON, Canada)</td>
			<td>204141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of murine peritoneal macrophages to carry out gene expression analysis upon toll-like receptors stimulation

感染症や炎症の間、循環単球は、血流を離れ、彼らはマクロファージに分化する組織へと移行します。マクロファージは、微生物の広い範囲の進化を通じて保存された分子パターンを認識し、表面のToll様受容体（TLR）を発現します。 TLRは、通常、遺伝子発現の変化に関連しているマクロファージの活性化において中心的な役割を果たしています。マクロファージは、多くの疾患において重要であり、治療のための魅力的な標的として浮上しています。以下のプロトコルでは、我々はビールチオグリコール酸培地を用いてマウスの腹腔マクロファージを単離するための手順が記載されています。後者は、それに応じて、これは10倍マクロファージ収量を発生させます、腹膜への単球の移行を後押しします。いくつかの研究は、骨髄、脾臓または腹腔由来マクロファージを用いて行われてきました。しかし、腹腔マクロファージは、分離の際に、より成熟したことが示されており、それらの機能に、より安定しているし、性と表現型。このように、マウスの腹腔から単離されたマクロファージは、異なる免疫学的および代謝の研究に役立つことができる重要な細胞集団を提示します。単離されると、マクロファージは、異なるTLRリガンドで刺激し、その結果、遺伝子発現を評価しました。

まず、フローサイトメトリーによって単離されたマウス腹腔マクロファージを特徴とします。これを行うには、我々は、具体的にのみマクロファージによって発現されるマーカーを認識する（F4 / 80）抗体を使用していました。この特徴付けは、単離されたマクロファージの割合を決定し、分離プロセス中に得られた細胞の間で区別するために必要とされます。 （ 図1）に示され?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation at JoVE.com

Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

Toll様受容体刺激時の遺伝子発現解析を行うためにマウス腹腔マクロファージの単離

During infection and inflammation, circulating monocytes leave the bloodstream and migrate into tissues, where they differentiate into macrophages. ...

isolation-murine-peritoneal-macrophages-to-carry-out-gene-expression

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

36.0K ビュー.  Institut du cancer de Montréal. We describe here a simple protocol to isolate murine peritoneal macrophages. This procedure is followed by RNA extraction to carry out gene expression analysis upon Toll-like receptors stimulation.

ビデオ: Isolation of Murine Peritoneal Macrophages to Carry Out Gene Expression Analysis Upon Toll-like Receptors Stimulation

Isolation of Mouse Peritoneal Cavity Cells

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal tract and other viscera. It harbors a number of immune cells including macrophages, B cells and T cells. The presence of a high number of na&iuml;ve macrophages in the peritoneal cavity makes it a preferred site for the collection of na&iuml;ve tissue resident macrophages (1). The peritoneal cavity is also important to the study of B cells because of the presence of a unique peritoneal cavity-resident B cell subset known as B1 cells in addition to conventional B2 cells. B1 cells are subdivided into B1a and B1b cells, which can be distinguished by the surface expression of CD11b and CD5. B1 cells are an important source of natural IgM providing early protection from a variety of pathogens (2-4). These cells are autoreactive in nature (5), but how they are controlled to prevent autoimmunity is still not understood completely. On the contrary, CD5+ B1a cells possess some regulatory properties by virtue of their IL-10 producing capacity (6). Therefore, peritoneal cavity B1 cells are an interesting cell population to study because of their diverse function and many unaddressed questions associated with their development and regulation. The isolation of peritoneal cavity resident immune cells is tricky because of the lack of a defined structure inside the peritoneal cavity. Our protocol will describe a procedure for obtaining viable immune cells from the peritoneal cavity of mice, which then can be used for phenotypic analysis by flow cytometry and for different biochemical and immunological assays.

The peritoneal cavity in mammals contains different immune cell populations crucial for innate immune responses. An efficient isolation method is required for biochemical and functional analyses of these cells. Here we provide a comprehensive method for the isolation of peritoneal cavity cells in the mouse.

マウス腹腔細胞の分離

The peritoneal cavity is a membrane-bound and fluid-filled abdominal cavity of mammals, which contains the liver, spleen, most of the gastro-intestinal ...

免疫・感染学

Detection of  Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of microbial (e.g., viruses, bacteria and parasite) infections, they also play an important role in the pathophysiology of infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and possibly in autoimmune diseases. Thus, the intensity and duration of TLR responses against infectious diseases must be tightly controlled. It follows that understanding the structural integrity of sensor receptors, their ligand interactions and signaling components is essential for subsequent immunological protection. It would also provide important opportunities for disease modification through sensor manipulation. Although the signaling pathways of TLR sensors are well characterized, the parameters controlling interactions between the sensors and their ligands still remain poorly defined. We have recently identified a novel mechanism of TLR activation by its natural ligand, which has not been previously observed 1,2. It suggests that ligand-induced TLR activation is tightly controlled by Neu1 sialidase activation. We have also reported that Neu1 tightly regulates neurotrophin receptors like TrkA and TrkB 3, which involve Neu1 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) cross-talk in complex with the receptors 4. The sialidase assay has been initially use to find a novel ligand, thymoquinone, in the activation of Neu4 sialidase on the cell surface of macrophages, dendritic cells and fibroblast cells via GPCR G&alpha;i proteins and MMP-9 5. For TLR receptors, our data indicate that Neu1 sialidase is already in complex with TLR-2, -3 and -4 receptors, and is induced upon ligand binding to either receptor. Activated Neu1 sialidase hydrolyzes sialyl &alpha;-2,3-linked &beta;-galactosyl residues distant from ligand binding to remove steric hinderance to TLR-4 dimerization, MyD88/TLR4 complex recruitment, NFkB activation and pro-inflammatory cell responses. In a collaborative report, Neu1 sialidase has been shown to regulate phagocytosis in macrophage cells 6. Taken together, the sialidase assay has provided us with powerful insights to the molecular mechanisms of ligand-induced receptor activation. Although the precise relationship between Neu1 sialidase and the activation of TLR, Trk receptors has yet to be fully elucidated, it would represent a new or pioneering approach to cell regulation pathways.

The sialidase assay is a simple technical approach that will elucidate novel molecular mechanism(s) of TLR sensors of microbial infections and involvement in inflammatory diseases at the receptor level on the cell surface of live macrophages.

Toll様受容体の活性化を調節するのNeu1シアリダーゼ活性の検出

Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Not only are TLRs crucial sensors of ...

Quantitative Imaging of Lineage-specific Toll-like Receptor-mediated Signaling in Monocytes and Dendritic Cells from Small Samples of Human Blood

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome. Aging is associated with an increased susceptibility to viral and bacterial infections and decreased responsiveness to vaccines with a well-documented decline in humoral as well as cell-mediated immune responses1,2. We have recently assessed the effects of aging on Toll-like receptors (TLRs), key components of the innate immune system that detect microbial infection and trigger antimicrobial host defense responses3. In a large cohort of healthy human donors, we showed that peripheral blood monocytes from the elderly have decreased expression and function of certain TLRs4 and similar reduced TLR levels and signaling responses in dendritic cells (DCs), antigen-presenting cells that are pivotal in the linkage between innate and adaptive immunity5. We have shown dysregulation of TLR3 in macrophages and lower production of IFN by DCs from elderly donors in response to infection with West Nile virus6,7. 
Paramount to our understanding of immunosenescence and to therapeutic intervention is a detailed understanding of specific cell types responding and the mechanism(s) of signal transduction. Traditional studies of immune responses through imaging of primary cells and surveying cell markers by FACS or immunoblot have advanced our understanding significantly, however, these studies are generally limited technically by the small sample volume available from patients and the inability to conduct complex laboratory techniques on multiple human samples. ImageStream combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging and thus facilitates investigation in multiple cell populations contemporaneously for an efficient capture of patient susceptibility. Here we demonstrate the use of ImageStream in DCs to assess TLR7/8 activation-mediated increases in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of a key transcription factor, NF-&kappa;B, which initiates transcription of numerous genes that are critical for immune responses8. Using this technology, we have also recently demonstrated a previously unrecognized alteration of TLR5 signaling and the NF-&kappa;B pathway in monocytes from older donors that may contribute to altered immune responsiveness in aging9.

We describe use of ImageStream technology (<a href="http://www.amnis.com/" target="_blank">www.amnis.com</a>), which combines quantitative flow cytometry with simultaneous high-resolution digital imaging, to quantify cellular mechanisms of primary immune cells from well-defined patient cohorts. Our studies provide a blueprint for translational investigations to quantify lineage specific cellular responses in small samples from subject cohorts.

ヒト血液の小さなサンプルから単球および樹状細胞のlineage特異的Toll様受容体を介するシグナル伝達の定量的イメージング

Individual variations in immune status determine responses to infection and contribute to disease severity and outcome.  Aging is associated with an ...

Isolation, Processing and Analysis of Murine Gingival Cells

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique and important tissue to study immune mechanisms because it is involved in host immune response against oral biofilm that might cause periodontal diseases. Furthermore, the close proximity of the gingiva to alveolar bone tissue enables also studying bone remodeling under inflammatory conditions. Our method yields large amount of immune cells that allows analysis of even rare cell populations such as Langerhans cells and T regulatory cells as we demonstrated previously 1. Employing mice to study local immune responses involved in alveolar bone loss during periodontal diseases is advantageous because of the availability of various immunological and experimental tools. Nevertheless, due to their small size and the relatively inconvenient access to the murine gingiva, many studies avoided examination of this critical tissue. The method described in this work could facilitate gingival analysis, which hopefully will increase our understating on the oral immune system and its role during periodontal diseases.

This study describes an efficient technique to isolate and process gingival tissues from the mouse oral cavity in order to produce a single-cell culture. The resulting cells can be further used for flow cytometry analysis and molecular studies.

マウス歯肉細胞の単離、処理と解析

We have developed a technique to precisely isolate and process murine gingival tissue for flow cytometry and molecular studies. The gingiva is a unique ...

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote its motility and dissemination. New work has shown that proteins involved in actin-based motility are also linked to autophagy, an intracellular degradation process crucial for cell autonomous immunity. Strikingly, host cells may prevent actin-based motility of S. flexneri by compartmentalizing bacteria inside &#8216;septin cages&#8217; and targeting them to autophagy. These observations indicate that a more complete understanding of septins, a family of filamentous GTP-binding proteins, will provide new insights into the process of autophagy. This report describes protocols to monitor autophagy-cytoskeleton interactions caused by S. flexneri in vitro using tissue culture cells and in vivo using zebrafish larvae. These protocols enable investigation of intracellular mechanisms that control bacterial dissemination at the molecular, cellular, and whole organism level.

Use of Shigella flexneri to Study Autophagy-Cytoskeleton Interactions

To counteract pathogen dissemination, host cells reorganize their cytoskeleton to compartmentalize bacteria and induce autophagy. Using Shigella infection of tissue culture cells, host and pathogen determinants underlying this process are identified and characterized. Using zebrafish models of Shigella infection, the role of discovered molecules and mechanisms are investigated in vivo.

使用<em&gt;フレクスナー赤痢菌</em&gt;オートファジー細胞骨格の相互作用を研究するために

Shigella flexneri is an intracellular pathogen that can escape from phagosomes to reach the cytosol, and polymerize the host actin cytoskeleton to promote ...

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or directly into another cell, Gram-negative bacteria can also form outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). These membrane vesicles can deliver their cargo over long distances, and the cargo is protected from degradation by proteases and nucleases. 
Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) is an intracellular, Gram-negative pathogen that causes a severe form of pneumonia. In humans, it infects alveolar macrophages, where it blocks lysosomal degradation and forms a specialized replication vacuole. Moreover, L. pneumophila produces OMVs under various growth conditions. To understand the role of OMVs in the infection process of human macrophages, we set up a protocol to purify bacterial membrane vesicles from liquid culture. The method is based on differential ultracentrifugation. The enriched OMVs were subsequently analyzed with regard to their protein and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) amount and were then used for the treatment of a human monocytic cell line or murine bone marrow-derived macrophages. The pro-inflammatory responses of those cells were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, alterations in a subsequent infection were analyzed. To this end, the bacterial replication of L. pneumophila in macrophages was studied by colony-forming unit assays. 
Here, we describe a detailed protocol for the purification of L. pneumophila OMVs from liquid culture by ultracentrifugation and for the downstream analysis of their pro-inflammatory potential on macrophages.

Legionella pneumophila Outer Membrane Vesicles: Isolation and Analysis of Their Pro-inflammatory Potential on Macrophages

Here, we describe the purification of Legionella pneumophila (L. pneumophila) outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) from liquid cultures. These purified vesicles are then used for the treatment of macrophages to analyze their pro-inflammatory potential.

レジオネラ・ニューモ外膜小胞：マクロファージ上における炎症誘発ポテンシャルの単離と解析

Bacteria are able to secrete a variety of molecules via various secretory systems. Besides the secretion of molecules into the extracellular space or ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. typhimurium bacteria are quickly detected and phagocytized by macrophages, and contained in vesicles known as phagosomes in order to be degraded. Isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes have been widely used to study how S. typhimurium infection alters the process of phagosome maturation to prevent bacterial degradation. Classically, the isolation of bacteria-containing phagosomes has been performed by sucrose gradient centrifugation. However, this process is time-consuming, and requires specialized equipment and a certain degree of dexterity. Described here is a simple and quick method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin-streptavidin-conjugated magnetic beads. Phagosomes obtained by this method can be suspended in any buffer of choice, allowing the utilization of isolated phagosomes for a broad range of assays, such as protein, metabolite, and lipid analysis. In summary, this method for the isolation of S. typhimurium-containing phagosomes is specific, efficient, rapid, requires minimum equipment, and is more versatile than the classical method of isolation by sucrose gradient-ultracentrifugation.

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

We describe here a simple and quick method for the isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing phagosomes from macrophages by coating the bacteria with biotin and streptavidin.

サルモネラの分離-大食細胞のファゴゾームを含む

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Using Phylogenetic Analysis to Investigate Eukaryotic Gene Origin

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct a tree to show the evolutionary relationship among different taxa (classification units) at the molecular level. Phylogenetic analysis can also be used to investigate domain relationships within an individual taxon, particularly for organisms that have undergone substantial change in morphology and physiology, but for which researchers lack fossil evidence due to the organisms&#39; long evolutionary history or scarcity of fossilization.
In this text, a detailed protocol is described for using the phylogenetic method, including amino acid sequence alignment using Clustal Omega, and subsequent phylogenetic tree construction using both Maximum Likelihood (ML) of Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) and Bayesian Inference via MrBayes. To investigate the origin of eukaryotic Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEET) genes, 228 SWEETs including 35 SWEET proteins from unicellular eukaryotes and 57 SemiSWEET proteins from prokaryotes were analyzed. Interestingly, SemiSWEETs were found in prokaryotes, but SWEETs were found in eukaryotes. Two phylogenetic trees constructed using theoretically distinct methods have consistently&#160;suggested that the first eukaryotic SWEET gene might stem from the fusion of a bacterial SemiSWEET gene and an archaeal SemiSWEET gene.&#160;It is worth noting that one should be cautious to draw a conclusion based only on phylogenetic analysis, although it is useful to explain the underlying relationship between different taxa, which is difficult or even impossible to discern through experimental means.

A method of constructing a phylogenetic tree based on sequence homology of SWEETs from eukaryotes and SemiSWEETs from prokaryotes is described. Phylogenetic analysis is a useful tool for explaining the evolutionary relatedness between homologous proteins or genes from different organism groups.

系統解析を使用して真核生物遺伝子の起源を調査するには

Phylogenetic analysis uses nucleotide or amino acid sequences or other parameters, such as domain sequences and three-dimensional structure, to construct ...

Assessment of Antibody-based Drugs Effects on Murine Bone Marrow and Peritoneal Macrophage Activation

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages are equally important in turning off inflammatory responses. We have shown that macrophages stimulated with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) can produce high amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin 10 (IL-10), and low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS). IVIg is a polyvalent antibody, primarily immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs), pooled from the plasma of more than 1,000 blood donors. It is used to supplement antibodies in patients with immune deficiencies or to suppress immune responses in patients with autoimmune or inflammatory conditions. Infliximab, a therapeutic anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF&#945;) antibody, has also been shown to activate macrophages to produce IL-10 in response to inflammatory stimuli. IVIg and other antibody-based biologics can be tested to determine their effects on macrophage activation. This paper describes methods for derivation, stimulation, and assessment of murine bone marrow macrophages activated by antibodies in vitro and murine peritoneal macrophages activated with antibodies in vivo. Finally, we demonstrate the use of western blotting to determine the contribution of specific cell signaling pathways to anti-inflammatory macrophage activity. These protocols can be used with genetically modified mice, to determine the effect of a specific protein(s) on anti-inflammatory macrophage activation. These techniques can also be used to assess whether specific biologics may act by changing macrophages to an IL-10-producing anti-inflammatory activation state that reduces inflammatory responses in vivo. This can provide information on the role of macrophage activation in the efficacy of biologics during disease models in mice, and provide insight into a potential new mechanism of action in people. Conversely, this may caution against the use of specific antibody-based biologics to treat infectious disease, particularly if macrophages play an important role in host defense against that infection.

Antibody-based drugs have revolutionized treatment for inflammatory diseases. In addition to having direct effects on specific targets, antibodies can activate macrophages to become anti-inflammatory. This protocol describes how anti-inflammatory macrophage activation can be assessed in vitro, using mouse bone marrow macrophages, and in vivo, using peritoneal macrophages.

マウス骨髄と腹腔マクロファージ活性化抗体を用いた薬剤効果の評価

Macrophages are phagocytic innate immune cells, which initiate immune responses to pathogens and contribute to healing and tissue restitution. Macrophages ...

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and their important role in lung development and function, as well as their lung-localized responses to infection and inflammation. To date, no unified method for identification, isolation, and handling of alveolar macrophages from humans and mice exists. Such a method is needed for studies on these important innate immune cells in various experimental settings. The method described here, which can be easily adopted by any laboratory, is a simplified approach to harvesting alveolar macrophages from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid or from lung tissue and maintaining them in vitro. Because alveolar macrophages primarily occur as adherent cells in the alveoli, the focus of this method is on dislodging them prior to harvest and identification. The lung is a highly vascularized organ, and various cell types of myeloid and lymphoid origin inhabit, interact, and are influenced by the lung microenvironment. By using the set of surface markers described here, researchers can easily and unambiguously distinguish alveolar macrophages from other leukocytes, and purify them for downstream applications. The culture method developed herein supports both human and mouse alveolar macrophages for in vitro growth, and is compatible with cellular and molecular studies.

Isolation and In Vitro Culture of Murine and Human Alveolar Macrophages

This communication describes methodologies for isolation and culture of alveolar macrophages from humans and murine models for experimental purposes.

離とマウスとヒトの肺胞マクロファージの体外培養

Alveolar macrophages are terminally differentiated, lung-resident macrophages of prenatal origin. Alveolar macrophages are unique in their long life and ...