この作品は、資金科学技術（NRF-2013R1A1A1010575）、文部科学省によって資金を供給、韓国国立研究財団（NRF）を介して基礎科学研究開発プログラムでサポートされている、とナノR＆Dプログラムによる韓国科学技術財団を介していた教育部（NRF-2012M3A7B4049863）による。

垂直配向多層カーボンナノチューブの合成1（VAMWCNTs） <ol><li>ウエハの調製と触媒層の堆積<ol><li> n型（100）Siウェハを準備します。 </li><li>熱酸化やスパッタ法等の代替的な方法によってSiウエハ上に250nmの厚さのSiO 2層を堆積させる。水平炉内で1000℃で3時間20分間、O 2を200sccmのを注入する。 </li><li>マルチスパッタ（RFパワー：1,000 W）として（99.9％）2 O 3のバルクのAlを使用する場合は、ソースとSiO 2層上に膜厚10nmのAl 2 O 3（99.9％）の層を堆積させる。 2×10 -2ミリバールの堆積圧力では10nm /分の遅い堆積速度を使用してください。 </li><li>電子ビーム蒸発器を使用することによって、ソースなどのバルクのFe（99.9％）を使用し、およびAl 2 O 3層の上に厚さ1nmのFe層を堆積させる。 5×10 -6トルの堆積圧力で〜0.1nm /秒の遅い堆積速度を使用してください。 </li&gt; <li>ダイヤモンドスクライバーを使用して28ミリメートル×15ミリメートルサイズにはFe / Al 2 O 3の/ SiO 2の/ Siウエハーをカットします。 注：VAMWCNT配列の所望の大きさに応じて、鉄/のAl 2 O 3 / SiO 2の/ Siウエハの大きさを変化させることができる。 </li></ol></li><li> MWCNT TCVDによる配列と自立MWCNT森林の準備の合成。 <ol><li> 30ミリメートル×120ミリメートルの寸法を有している石英ボートの中心にはFe / Al 2 O 3の/ SiO 2の/ Siウエハを配置します。 </li><li> TCVDのセットアップ（ 図1A）の2インチの石英管の内側に石英ボートを置きます。 </li><li>空気を除去し、Arで2インチの石英管を充填するために、周囲条件下で10分間Arガス900 SCCMを注入する。 </li><li> 30分で25℃から750℃まで炉内の温度を上昇させながらArガスを600sccmとH 2ガスを400sccmを注入する。 </li><li> Arガスを100sccmとH 2ガの400sccmのを注入10分間750℃でsはMWCNTの根としてのFeナノ粒子を処方する。 </li><li> Arガスを100sccm、H 2ガスを368 SCCM、および280分間750℃で、エチレン（C 2 H 4）ガスの147 SCCMを注入する。炭素源として作用するようにC 2 H 4ガスの分解を促進すると同時に、タングステンフィラメント（15 A：0.8 V、電流、電圧）によって石英管の入口にジュール加熱を適用する。これらの炭素源は、Siウェハ上のFeナノ粒子に付着したCNTに変換される。 </li><li> H 2ガス及びC 2 H 4ガスの注入を停止し、炉の電源を切ります。ウエハの温度が60℃を下回るまで、この手順の間、連続してArガスを100sccmを注入する。 </li><li>ウェハ上のMWCNTをを取り出します。 （ 図1B）：穏やか自立MWCNT林（3〜6ミリメートルの長さ）を得るために、ウェハからMWCNTアレイを分離する。 </li></ol></li></ol><ol><li>化学燃料の調製<ol><li>ピクリン酸（2,4,6-トリニトロフェノール）ソリューションとアジ化ナトリウム（NaN 3を） を準備します。 <ol><li>ピクリン酸粉末（1気圧、24時間、25℃、）を得ピクリン酸溶液を蒸発させる。ピクリン酸粉末6gのを測定し、アセトニトリル100ml（262ミリモル）に溶解する。 </li><li>アジ化ナトリウム粉末の尺度6グラム、および脱イオン（DI）水（923ミリモル）100mlに溶解する。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li>湿式含浸を介して合成したハイブリッド複合体の特徴付け<ol><li>天秤との個別MWCNT森の質量を測定し、SEM（ 図4A）によりMWCNT森林の整合構造を確認する。 15 kVの電圧と1,200Xの倍率を使用してください。整列構造は全体MWCNT森林にわたって維持されているかどうかを確認してください。 </li><li>トンで262 mMのピクリン酸溶液25μlを追加MWCNT森のOPは​​燃料が森の毛穴に浸透することを可能にする。 30分には、フィルム·アレイを縮小し、すべてのアセトニトリルが森（ 図1C）から蒸発するまでピクリン酸が完全に毛穴に浸透できるようにするためのものですように、サンプルのままにしておきます。 注：化学燃料とMWCNTアレイとの間の目標比率に応じて、ピクリン酸溶液の濃度や量を変更します。 </li><li>湿式含浸により2,4,6-トリニトロナトリウムフェノキシドおよびアジ化水素（燃料層）を形成する923 mMのアジ化ナトリウムの溶液25μlでピクリン酸でコーティングされたMWCNT森林を浸す。すべての溶媒が蒸発するまで30分間のサンプルのままにしておきます。 注：化学燃料とMWCNTアレイとの間の目標比率に応じて、アジ化ナトリウム溶液の濃度や量を変更することができます。 </li><li>の質量比を計算するために天秤と燃料とのMWCNTの個々のハイブリッド複合体の質量を測定し、最終質量を比較する燃料層とのMWCNT。 <img alt="式1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq1.jpg" /> ここで、M hおよびM mは、それぞれ、個々のハイブリッド複合材料と個々のMWCNT膜の質量である。 </li><li> SEM（ 図5A）により燃料とのMWCNTのハイブリッド複合材料の整合構造を確認してください。製造元の指示に従って、操作条件のための圧力を低下させ、化学燃料凝集が明らかに整列MWCNT森林において観察されるまで、倍率を上げる。 MWCNTは上の燃料集合体の形状を確認してください。 </li></ol></li></ol>熱電波発生器（図2）の3。製造業<ol><li>熱電波から直接出力される電圧を測定するオシロスコープに接続するための電極として機能するようにスライドガラスの両端に銅テープを取り付ける。 </li><li>銀のパによりハイブリッド複合材料の両端​​に銅テープを接続するTE滴。銀ペーストが硬くなり、接続が固定されるまで、サンプルのままにしておきます。 </li><li>ハイブリッド複合材料の電気抵抗を測定するためにマルチメータを使用してください。 </li></ol>熱電波の4測定（図3） <ol><li>ポリカーボネート室内に、安全のためにクランプを光学テーブル上に熱電波発生器を固定する。 </li><li>出力電圧の測定のためにオシロスコープに銅電極を接続するためにワニ口クリップを使用してください。 </li><li>発電機からの燃焼伝播を記録する：高速顕微鏡システム[ハイスピー​​ドカメラ（&gt; 5000フレーム/秒）、マクロレンズ（105ミリメートル/ F2.8レンズ）、及びLEDランプのコンポーネント]を設定します。配置し、熱電波発生の前に、高解像度の画像を有する透明記録用LEDランプを点灯。 5000フレーム/秒の上に記録速度を設定します。 </li><li>温度のリアルタイムの変化を記録するために、特定の位置での光高温計を配置ハイブリッド複合材料の。 </li><li>ハイブリッド複合材料に化学燃料に点火するために、レーザー照射またはジュール加熱のいずれかを適用する。 <ol><li>ハイブリッド複合上の特定の位置にレーザー（&lt;千MW）をフォーカス。燃焼が熱電波発生器で開始されるまで数秒間焦点を維持。 </li><li>大電流電源とニッケルクロム線を準備します。高電流電源（動作条件：5 Vおよび3 A）にワイヤを接続し、ニッケル線を加熱する。燃焼が熱電波発生器で開始されるまでのハイブリッド複合上で加熱ニッケル線や化学燃料の間に穏やかな接触をしてください。 </li></ol></li><li>熱電波が発生器によって起動されると、高速な顕微鏡システム、オシロスコープ、及び光高温計からなる、測定セットアップをオンにします。 <ol><li>高速度カメラで設定録画フレームレート（5000フレーム/秒）。 thermopo開始時のトリガー記録WER波伝播。レコード高速顕微鏡システムの高速写真画像内のスナップショット、および熱電波伝播の開始から終了まで記録フレーム数を抽出し（総フレーム＃番号）。 </li><li>オシロスコープを使用して熱電波伝播の開始から終了までの電圧信号を記録します。出力電圧パルス（V）を抽出する。 </li><li>対象地域を示すハイブリッド複合材料上の特定の位置に光高温計を集中し、温度（℃）の動的変化を測定する。 </li></ol></li><li>高速顕微鏡システム内の個々のフレームの反応フロントの位置を抽出することにより、反応の伝播速度を計算する。 <img alt="式2" src="/files/ftp_upload/52818/52818eq2.jpg" /> ここで、Lの時間は 、ハイブリッド複合体の合計の長さであり、n fは、nは0 &lt;熱電波伝播の開始から終了まで記録されたフレームの数であり、かつ/サブ&gt;は、記録フレームレートである。 </li><li>オシロスコープからの出力電圧データを抽出し、出力電圧パルスの最大ピーク電圧ならびに特定の電力を計算。ステップ3で測定した電気抵抗を使用してください。 </li><li>光高温計を使用して温度変化を抽出します。 </li></ol>

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著者らは、開示することは何もない。

熱電波実験のプロトコルは、理想的な熱波の伝播だけでなく、電気エネルギーの生成を有効に重要なステップを伴う。まず、点火の特定の位置と対応する反応転送が熱電波からエネルギー変換を制御するのに相当な要因である。ハイブリッド複合材料の一端に点火一方向にコア材料と化学燃料間の界面に沿って燃焼案内開始した。しかし、任意の他の位置での点火は、コア材料の内部反対方?...

非常に高いエネルギー密度を有し、広くマイクロシステムからmacrosystemsに幅広い用途で有用なエネルギー源として使用されてきた。特に1化学燃料は、多くの研究者は、次世代のマイクロ/ナノシステムのエネルギー源として化学燃料を使用するように努めているベースの技術2が、マイクロ/ナノデバイスが極めて小さい空間にエネルギー変換コンポーネントを統合することが困難のために、電気エネルギーに化学燃料への変換の基本的な限界がある。したがって、化学燃料の燃焼は、主にnanothermitesまたはマイクロアクチュエータとしてのマイクロ/ナノデバイスにおける化学的または機械的エネルギーの生産のために採用されている。1,3 熱電波、新しく開発されたエネルギー変換電気エンに直接燃料の化学エネルギーを変換するための方法として注目されている概念は、任意の変換コンポーネントを使用せずにRGY。4,5-熱電波は化学燃料のハイブリッド複合材料、マイクロ/ナノ構造材料を用いて作製することができる。ハイブリッド複合材料の特定の位置における化学燃料が点火されると図5に示すように、化学的燃焼に沿って発生する化学燃料とマイクロ/ナノ構造物質との間のインターフェース。同時に、高出力電圧パルスの形の電荷移動により誘導された付随電気エネルギー生成におけるコアマイクロ/ナノ構造物質の結果を横切る熱及び化学ポテンシャルのダイナミックな変化。このような多層カーボンナノチューブ（MWCNT）4-6及びZnO 7のBi 2 Te 3の、8のSb 2 Te 3の、 図9及びMnO 2のような多様なマイクロ/ナノ構造材料は、10マイクロ/ナノ構造材料は、ハイブリッド複合体を可能にすることが証明されている熱電波を利用し、化学熱electriを表示するCALエネルギー変換。具体的には、高いゼーベック係数を有するコア材料は、単独で伝播燃焼から高出力電圧の生成を可能にする。しかしながら、このような化学燃料、燃料/コア材料の質量比、製造プロセス、および点火状態の混合物として同一の複合材料に関連する他のパラメータは、批判的に熱電波の全体の特性に影響を与える。 ここで、我々は、製造プロセス、整列化学燃料の生成、および燃料/コア材料の質量比は、熱電波のパフォーマンスに影響を与えるかを示す。熱化学気相成長（TCVD）によって作製MWCNT配列に基づいて、我々は、化学燃料とのMWCNTのハイブリッド複合材料は、熱電波エネルギー生成のために準備されるかを示す。エネルギー変換の評価を可能にする実験の設計は、燃焼などの処理のための実験的な測定値を対応するとともに導入さpropagati上と直接電気エネルギーの生成。また、我々は、極性動的出力電圧および特定のピークパワー決定的に電気エネルギー変換を決定することにより、分布を説明したことを示している。この研究では、エネルギーの生成を高めるために特定の戦略を提供し、熱電波の基礎となる物理学を理解するのに役立つだろう。さらに、ここで説明した製造工程及び実験は、熱電波の研究の機会を拡張するだけでなく、化学的、熱電エネルギー変換に役立つ。

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		<tr>
			<td>4&#8221; n-type silicon wafer</td>
			<td>Unisill</td>
			<td>4&#8221; Si-wafer</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Al2O3</td>
			<td>TAEWON</td>
			<td>A-1008</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fe</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>267945</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ar</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td>Ar(N60)</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C2H4</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td>C2H4</td>
			<td>99.5% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>H2</td>
			<td>Seoul specialty gas</td>
			<td align="left"><img src="file:///C:/Users/BENSAL~1/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.png" />
			<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
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					<tr>
						<td>H2(N60)</td>
					</tr>
				</tbody>
			</table>
			</td>
			<td>99.9999% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver paste</td>
			<td>Fujikura Kasei</td>
			<td>D-550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Picric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>197378</td>
			<td>&#65310;98% Purity 
			Highly toxic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S2002</td>
			<td>&#65310;99.5% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>271004</td>
			<td>99.8% Purity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>Mastech</td>
			<td>HY3010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TCVD</td>
			<td>Scientech</td>
			<td>TCVD</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Oscilloscope</td>
			<td>Tektronix</td>
			<td>DPO2004B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-speed microscopy system</td>
			<td>Phantom</td>
			<td>V7.3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

preparation and evaluation of hybrid composites of chemical fuel and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in the study of thermopower waves

燃料及びマイクロ/ナノ構造材料のハイブリッド複合材料の特定の位置における化学燃料が点火されると、化学燃焼、燃料とコア材料間の界面に沿って生じる。同時に、マイクロ/ナノ構造材料を横切る熱及び化学ポテンシャルのダイナミックな変化は、高出力の電圧パルスの形態で、電荷移動によって誘導される付随する電気エネルギーの生成をもたらす。私たちは、合成からの評価を、熱電波実験の全体​​の手順を示しています。熱化学気相成長法および湿式含浸プロセスは、それぞれ多層カーボンナノチューブアレイとピクリン酸/アジ化ナトリウム/多層カーボンナノチューブのハイブリッド複合体の合成に使用される。調製されたハイブリッド複合体は、接続電極と熱電波発生器を製造するために使用される。ハイブリッド複合材料の燃焼はレーザ加熱またはジュール加熱し、目によって開始され、燃焼伝播、直接的な電気エネルギーの生成、およびリアルタイムの温度変化に対応した電子は、それぞれ、高速顕微鏡システム、オシロスコープ、及び光高温計を用いて測定される。また、全体的な熱電波エネルギー伝達を向上させるそれらの燃焼のハイブリッド複合材料および開始の合成に採用されるべき重要な戦略が提案されている。

図4Aに示すように、熱電波のコア構造材料として整列MWCNTアレイは、TCVD、11〜13で合成した。として成長たMWCNTの直径は20〜30ナノメートル（ 図4B）である。ピクリン酸/アジ化ナトリウム/ MWCNTの整列のハイブリッド複合材料は、 図5Aに示されている。プロトコルセクションに記載したように、この複合体は、湿式含浸法によって14を合成し?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves at JoVE.com

Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described.

熱電波の研究における化学燃料と多層カーボンナノチューブのハイブリッド複合材料の作製と評価

When a chemical fuel at a certain position in a hybrid composite of the fuel and a micro/nanostructured material is ignited, chemical combustion occurs ...

preparation-evaluation-hybrid-composites-chemical-fuel-multi-walled

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

8.7K ビュー.  Korea University. A protocol for conducting thermopower wave experiments is presented. The synthesis of hybrid composites of a chemical fuel and micro/nanostructured material, manufacturing of a thermopower wave generator, and methods for measuring the corresponding physical phenomena are described. 

ビデオ: Preparation and Evaluation of Hybrid Composites of Chemical Fuel and Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes in the Study of Thermopower Waves

Encapsulation and Permeability Characteristics of Plasma Polymerized Hollow Particles

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma polymerization of isopropanol on various solid substrates, including silica and potassium chloride. This versatile technique is used to treat nanoparticles and nanopowders with sizes ranging from 37 nm to 1 micron, by depositing films whose thickness can be anywhere from 1 nm to upwards of 100 nm. Dissolution of the core allows us to study the rate of permeation through the film. In these experiments, we determine the diffusion coefficient of KCl through the barrier film by coating KCL nanocrystals and subsequently monitoring the ionic conductivity of the coated particles suspended in water. The primary interest in this process is the encapsulation and delayed release of solutes. The thickness of the shell is one of the independent variables by which we control the rate of release. It has a strong effect on the rate of release, which increases from a six-hour release (shell thickness is 20 nm) to a long-term release over 30 days (shell thickness is 95 nm). The release profile shows a characteristic behavior: a fast release (35% of the final materials) during the first five minutes after the beginning of the dissolution, and a slower release till all of the core materials come out.

We have used plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition to deposit thin films ranging from a few nm to several 100 nm on nano-sized particles of various materials. We subsequently etch the core material to produce hollow nanoshells whose permeability is controlled by the thickness of the shell. We characterize the permeability of these coatings to small solutes and demonstrate that these barriers can provide sustained release of the core material over several days.

プラズマ重合中空粒子のカプセル化と透水特性

In this protocol, core-shell nanostructures are synthesized by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. We produce an amorphous barrier by plasma ...

工学

Probing and Mapping Electrode Surfaces in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen 1-7. The performance of SOFCs and the rates of many chemical and energy transformation processes in energy storage and conversion devices in general are limited primarily by charge and mass transfer along electrode surfaces and across interfaces. Unfortunately, the mechanistic understanding of these processes is still lacking, due largely to the difficulty of characterizing these processes under in situ conditions. This knowledge gap is a chief obstacle to SOFC commercialization. The development of tools for probing and mapping surface chemistries relevant to electrode reactions is vital to unraveling the mechanisms of surface processes and to achieving rational design of new electrode materials for more efficient energy storage and conversion2. Among the relatively few in situ surface analysis methods, Raman spectroscopy can be performed even with high temperatures and harsh atmospheres, making it ideal for characterizing chemical processes relevant to SOFC anode performance and degradation8-12. It can also be used alongside electrochemical measurements, potentially allowing direct correlation of electrochemistry to surface chemistry in an operating cell. Proper in situ Raman mapping measurements would be useful for pin-pointing important anode reaction mechanisms because of its sensitivity to the relevant species, including anode performance degradation through carbon deposition8, 10, 13, 14 ("coking") and sulfur poisoning11, 15 and the manner in which surface modifications stave off this degradation16. The current work demonstrates significant progress towards this capability. In addition, the family of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques provides a special approach to interrogate the electrode surface with nanoscale resolution. Besides the surface topography that is routinely collected by AFM and STM, other properties such as local electronic states, ion diffusion coefficient and surface potential can also be investigated17-22. In this work, electrochemical measurements, Raman spectroscopy, and SPM were used in conjunction with a novel test electrode platform that consists of a Ni mesh electrode embedded in an yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte. Cell performance testing and impedance spectroscopy under fuel containing H2S was characterized, and Raman mapping was used to further elucidate the nature of sulfur poisoning. In situ Raman monitoring was used to investigate coking behavior. Finally, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM) were used to further visualize carbon deposition on the nanoscale. From this research, we desire to produce a more complete picture of the SOFC anode.

We present a unique platform for characterizing electrode surfaces in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) that allows simultaneous performance of multiple characterization techniques (e.g. in situ Raman spectroscopy and scanning probe microscopy alongside electrochemical measurements). Complementary information from these analyses may help to advance toward a more profound understanding of electrode reaction and degradation mechanisms, providing insights into rational design of better materials for SOFCs.

固体酸化物形燃料電池の電極表面をプロービングとマッピング

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are potentially the most efficient and cost-effective solution to utilization of a wide variety of fuels beyond hydrogen ...

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the balls. Among other applications, it is a versatile technique that allows for effective preparation of gasless reactive nanostructured materials with high energy density per volume (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C). The structural transformations of reactive media, which take place during HEBM, define the reaction mechanism in the produced energetic&#160;composites. Varying the processing conditions permits fine tuning of the milling-induced microstructures of the fabricated composite particles. In turn, the reactivity, i.e., self-ignition temperature, ignition delay time, as well as reaction kinetics, of high energy density materials depends on its microstructure. Analysis of the milling-induced microstructures suggests that the formation of fresh oxygen-free intimate high surface area contacts between the reagents is responsible for the enhancement of their reactivity. This manifests itself in a reduction of ignition temperature and delay time, an increased rate of chemical reaction, and an overall decrease of the effective activation energy of the reaction. The protocol provides a detailed description for the preparation of reactive nanocomposites with tailored microstructure using short-term HEBM method. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging technique to determine the ignition/combustion characteristics of the energetic materials. The protocol can be adapted to preparation and characterization of a variety of nanostructured energetic composites.

This protocol describes the preparation of gasless nanostructured energetic materials (Ni+Al, Ta+C, Ti+C) using the short-term high-energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. It also describes a high-speed thermal imaging method to study the reactivity of mechanically fabricated nanocomposites. These protocols can be extended to other reactive nanostructured energetic materials.

Gaslessナノエネルギー物質の調製と反応性

High-Energy Ball Milling (HEBM) is a ball milling process where a powder mixture placed in the ball mill is subjected to high-energy collisions from the ...

Ultrasonic Welding of Thermoplastic Composite Coupons for Mechanical Characterization of Welded Joints through Single Lap Shear Testing

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ultrasonic welding process described in this paper is based on three main pillars. Firstly, flat energy directors are used for preferential heat generation at the joining interface during the welding process. A flat energy director is a neat thermoplastic resin film that is placed between the parts to be joined prior to the welding process and heats up preferentially owing to its lower compressive stiffness relative to the composite substrates. Consequently, flat energy directors provide a simple solution that does not require molding of resin protrusions on the surfaces of the composite substrates, as opposed to ultrasonic welding of unreinforced plastics. Secondly, the process data provided by the ultrasonic welder is used to rapidly define the optimum welding parameters for any thermoplastic composite material combination. Thirdly, displacement control is used in the welding process to ensure consistent quality of the welded joints. According to this method, thermoplastic-composite flat coupons are individually welded in a single lap configuration. Mechanical testing of the welded coupons allows determining the apparent lap shear strength of the joints, which is one of the properties most commonly used to quantify the strength of thermoplastic composite welded joints.

A straightforward procedure for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic composite coupons for basic mechanical testing is described. Key characteristics of this ultrasonic welding process are the use of flat energy directors for simplified process preparation and the use of process data for the fast definition of optimum processing conditions.

シングルラップせん断試験を経て溶接継手の機械的特性評価のための熱可塑性コンポジットクーポンの超音波溶接

This paper presents a novel straightforward method for ultrasonic welding of thermoplastic-composite coupons in optimum processing conditions. The ...

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

We report a method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that "swim" in fluids and describe how to determine their 3D motion using fluorescence microscopy. One commonly deployed method for catalytically active colloids to produce enhanced motion is via an asymmetrical distribution of catalyst. Here this is achieved by spin coating a dispersed layer of fluorescent polymeric colloids onto a flat planar substrate, and then using directional platinum vapor deposition to half coat the exposed colloid surface, making a two faced "Janus" structure. The Janus colloids are then re-suspended from the planar substrate into an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide serves as a fuel for the platinum catalyst, which is decomposed into water and oxygen, but only on one side of the colloid. The asymmetry results in gradients that produce enhanced motion, or "swimming". A fluorescence microscope, together with a video camera is used to record the motion of individual colloids. The center of the fluorescent emission is found using image analysis to provide an x and y coordinate for each frame of the video. While keeping the microscope focal position fixed, the fluorescence emission from the colloid produces a characteristic concentric ring pattern which is subject to image analysis to determine the particles relative z position. In this way 3D trajectories for the swimming colloid are obtained, allowing swimming velocity to be accurately measured, and physical phenomena such as gravitaxis, which may bias the colloids motion to be detected.

A method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that can "swim" in fluids and determine their 3D trajectories is presented.

触媒水泳デバイスの作製と3Dトラッキング

We report a method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that "swim" in fluids and describe how to determine their 3D motion using fluorescence ...

Combustion Characterization and Model Fuel Development for Micro-tubular Flame-assisted Fuel Cells

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power generation and micro combustion as well as development in fuel cell research has created new means of power generation that combine solid oxide fuel cells with open flames and combustion exhaust. Instead of relying upon the heat of combustion, these solid oxide fuel cell systems rely on reforming of the fuel via combustion to generate syngas for electrochemical power generation. Procedures were developed to assess the combustion by-products under a wide range of conditions. While theoretical and computational procedures have been developed for assessing fuel-rich combustion exhaust in these applications, experimental techniques have also emerged. The experimental procedures often rely upon a gas chromatograph or mass spectrometer analysis of the flame and exhaust to assess the combustion process as a fuel reformer and means of heat generation. The experimental techniques developed in these areas have been applied anew for the development of the micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell. The protocol discussed in this work builds on past techniques to specify a procedure for characterizing fuel-rich combustion exhaust and developing a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust for use in flame-assisted fuel cell testing. The development of the procedure and its applications and limitations are discussed.

A protocol for creating a model fuel-rich combustion exhaust is developed through combustion characterization and is applied for micro-tubular flame-assisted fuel cell testing and research.

マイクロ管状火炎補助燃料電池用燃焼特性とモデル燃料開発

Combustion based power generation has been accomplished for many years through a number of heat engine systems. Recently, a move towards small scale power ...

Two-way Valorization of Blast Furnace Slag: Synthesis of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate and Zeolitic Heavy Metal Adsorbent

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with sufficient heavy metal adsorption capacity. To this end, blast furnace slag, a residue from iron-making, is utilized as the starting material. Calcium is selectively extracted from the slag by leaching with acetic acid (2 M CH3COOH) as the extraction agent. The filtered leachate is subsequently physico-chemically purified and then carbonated to form precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) of high purity (&lt;2 wt% non-calcium impurities, according to ICP-MS analysis). Sodium hydroxide is added to neutralize the regenerated acetate. The morphological properties of the resulting calcitic PCC are tuned for its potential application as a filler in papermaking. In parallel, the residual solids from the extraction stage are subjected to hydrothermal conversion in a caustic solution (2 M NaOH) that leads to the predominant formation of a particular zeolitic mineral phase (detected by XRD), namely analcime (NaAlSi2O6&#8729;H2O). Based on its ability to adsorb Ni2+, as reported from batch adsorption experiments and ICP-OES analysis, this product can potentially be used in wastewater treatment or for environmental remediation applications.

A protocol for the parallel production of precipitated calcium carbonate and zeolitic material from blast furnace slag via mineral carbonation and alkaline hydrothermal conversion, respectively, is presented. The performance of the zeolitic material towards nickel adsorption is tested.

高炉スラグの双方向の物価安定政策：沈殿した炭酸カルシウムおよびゼオライト重金属吸着剤の合成

The aim of this work is to present a zero-waste process for storing CO2 in a stable and benign mineral form while producing zeolitic minerals with ...

Production and Characterization of Vacuum Deposited Organic Light Emitting Diodes

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex donor-acceptor emitters is presented. With a step-by-step procedure, readers will be able to repeat and produce OLED devices based on simple organic emitters. A patterning procedure allowing the creation of personalized indium tin oxide (ITO) shape is shown. This is followed by the evaporation of all layers, encapsulation and characterization of each individual device. The end goal is to present a procedure that will give the opportunity to repeat the information presented in cited publication but also using different compounds and structures in order to prepare efficient OLEDs.

A protocol for the production of simple structured organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is presented.

真空の作製と解析堆積有機発光ダイオード

A method for producing simple and efficient thermally-activated delayed fluorescence organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on guest-host or exciplex ...

Film Control to Study Contributions of Waves to Droplet Impact Dynamics on Thin Flowing Liquid Films

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous studies on flowing liquid films have neglected the contributions of spatial structures of waves to the impact outcome, while this has recently been shown to have a significant influence on the drop impact dynamics. In this report, we outline a step-by-step procedure to investigate the effect of periodic inlet forcing of a flowing liquid film leading to the production of spatiotemporally regular wave structures on drop impact dynamics. A function generator in connection with a solenoid valve is used to excite these spatiotemporally regular wave structures on the film surface while the impact dynamics of uniform-sized droplets are captured using a high-speed camera. Three distinct regions are then studied; viz. the capillary wave region preceding the large wave peak, the flat film region, and the wave hump region. The effects of important dimensionless quantities such as film Reynolds, drop Weber and Ohnesorge numbers parameterized by the film flow rate, drop speed, and drop size are also examined. Our results show interesting, hitherto undiscovered dynamics brought about by this application of film inlet forcing of the flowing film for both low and high inertia drops.

A protocol to study the contributions of waves to droplet impact dynamics on flowing liquid films is presented.

液滴衝撃による薄膜を流れる液膜に波の貢献を研究するフィルム コントロール

Droplet impact is a very common phenomenon in nature and attracts attention due to its aesthetic fascination and wide-ranging applications. Previous ...

Fabrication and Design of Wood-Based High-Performance Composites

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber reinforced composites, due to its excellent mechanical properties. Delignified wood, however, is rather fragile in a wet state, which makes handling and shaping challenging. Here we present two fabrication processes, closed-mold densification and vacuum densification, to produce high-performance cellulose composites based on delignified wood, including an assessment of their advantages and limitations. Further, we suggest strategies for how the composites can be re-used or decomposed at the end-of-life cycle. Closed-mold densification has the advantage that no elaborate lab equipment is needed. Simple screw clamps or a press can be used for densification. We recommend this method for small parts with simple geometries and large radii of curvature. Vacuum densification in an open-mold process is suitable for larger objects and complex geometries, including small radii of curvature. Compared to the closed-mold process, the open-mold vacuum approach only needs the manufacture of a single mold cavity.

Delignified densified wood represents a new promising lightweight, high-performance and bio-based material with great potential to partially substitute natural fiber reinforced- or glass fiber reinforced composites in the future. We here present two versatile fabrication routes and demonstrate the possibility to create complex composite parts.

木材ベースの高性能複合材料の製造と設計

Delignified densified wood is a new promising and sustainable material that possesses the potential to replace synthetic materials, such as glass fiber ...