We would like to thank Pascal DuBois for proof-reading the article. The authors would also like to thank the personnel of the Animal Facility at Hunter College of The City University of New York. This work was supported by a NIH RCMI grant to Hunter College.

倫理ステートメント すべての動物実験は、ニューヨーク市立大学ハンターカレッジの施設内動物管理使用委員会（IACUC）によって承認されました。 注：8 BALB / cマウスは、この実験手順で使用しました。五BALB / cマウスは、原発腫瘍を産生する5×10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1マウス肝細胞癌細胞を移植しました。無移植で三BALB / cマウスを対照として使用しました。 BNL 1ME A.7R.1は、マウス非腫瘍形成性肝細胞株BNL CL.2から化学変換によって得られたマウスの肝細胞癌細胞株です。 BNL 1ME A.7R.1は、アメリカン・タイプ・カルチャー・コレクション（ATCC）から入手しました。 1.手術前<ol><li>すべての生存の手術のためのマウスは健康であることを確認してください。マウスは健康であることを確実にするために、皮膚のテンティングによって脱水の兆候を検査します。疾患又はdのいずれかの証拠でマウスを使用しないでくださいこれらの実験でistress。 </li><li>彼らは低体重ではないであることを確認するために、マウスを計量。重量は少なくとも16〜20グラムであることを確認してください。 </li><li>マウスあたりの移植のための5×10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1マウスHCC細胞を準備します。 <ol><li> BNL 1ME A.7R.1マウスHCC細胞の70％コンフルエント細胞培養皿 - 10ミリリットルの60％から培地を吸引。 5ミリリットルPBSで2回洗浄します。皿にトリプシンの2 mlを加え、5分間空気および5％CO 2の加湿インキュベーター中、37℃でインキュベートします。 </li><li>その後、ピペット10μlを10倍の倍率で顕微鏡下で細胞計数のためのマニュアル血球計数器に細胞をトリプシン処理。 4大隅の正方形で見つかったセルの合計数をカウントし、細胞の総数によって希釈係数を掛けます。そして、カウント正方形の数で割ると、細胞濃度（1ml当たり細胞）のために10 6を掛け。 </li><li>計算を使用して、無菌マウスあたり5万個の細胞を収集1.5mlの微小管。 1.5mlの微小管にラベルを付けます。 </li></ol></li><li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）100μl中5×10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1マウスHCC細胞を再懸濁します。手術で移植まで氷上でこれらの細胞を保管してください。 </li><li>このような麻酔導入と髪が汚染を避けるために、滅菌装置・材料から離れクリッピングなどの手術のためのマウスの準備のために必要な活動を行います。 </li><li>毎分1リットル（約2.1％）の一定濃度の流量で酸素と一緒にイソフルラン気化器を使用して、イソフルランの吸入によってマウスに全身麻酔を誘導します。注：システムは、自立で、精密気化器、酸素供給及びガス/麻酔掃気のために必要な呼吸回路にリンクされているチャコールキャニスタを含んでいます。 </li><li>麻酔は、手術中に痛みを受けてから動物を防ぐために十分であることを確認してください。つま先のピンチを実行し、非responために動物を観察siveness麻酔を確認しました。 </li><li>その時、ノーズコーンにバルブライン、シールボックスに、オープンを切り替えます。 </li><li>すぐにマウスを麻酔されると、乾燥やダメージから予防措置として角膜に眼軟膏の少量を適用します。 </li><li>その後、適切に（メンテナンス麻酔のために）配置され、接続されたノーズコーンと、準備領域に動物を移動します。この準備エリアで脱毛することにより手術のための外科的切開部位を準備します。 </li><li>手術の面積は、他のすべての活動の自由位置にあることを確認してください。 </li><li>作業面は、手術前に頑丈かつ適切に消毒、汚れていないとすっきりであることを確認してください。リネンまたはそれ以上の外科手術用トレイの滅菌ピースを置きます。 </li><li>術野が手術を行う者のみに利用可能であることを確認してください。外科的な部屋は、適切なdisinfeで洗浄し、適切なクリーナーで掃引し、噴霧されていることを確認ctant。 </li><li>空気の流れは、サイトの汚染につながる塵を広げることができるようにそれはまた、ドアや窓から離れて配置されていることを確認してください。 </li><li>滅菌器具で生存手術を行います。どちらのメーカーの推奨またはオートクレーブに応じて消毒剤で楽器を浸します。使用するための準備ができている基本的な無菌の消耗品を使用してください。 </li><li>無菌区域の汚染を防ぐために機能に応じて個別の楽器。 </li><li>動物の肝臓にアクセスするために切開部位の周囲に約1インチ（正中切開）を剃ります。手術部位から離れた動物から毛を削除します。 </li><li>シェービング後、せっけん消毒剤（ベタジン外科的スクラブ）の領域をスクラブし、滅菌PBS溶液で余分な消毒剤を洗い流します。約5分を持続全体スクラブプロセスで、この数回を実行します。削除し、使用する手袋を廃棄しました。 </li><li>その後、このようなsurgicなどの防護服に変更アルガウン、スクラブトップ、およびフェイスマスク。次に、手術用手袋の上に置く前に、適切なスクラブ液で手を消毒します。注意：これは脱落し、潜在的な汚染物質と手術部位の汚染を防止するために必要なステップです。 </li></ol> 2.手術<ol><li>麻酔の全期間を通じて暖かさのための外部熱源を提供します。麻酔は、体温調節の乱れの原因となるため、動物は、いくつかの低体温症が発生する可能性があります。従って、体温を維持します。 </li><li>手術を通して、その背中の上にマウスを置きます。 </li><li>サージカルテープの作品で手術テーブルにフォア手足、後肢およびマウスの尾を修正。 </li><li> xyphisternumにすぐに劣る直線切開を行います。 </li><li>肝臓を露出させ、滅菌自己保持手術用開創器を使用してください。 </li><li>シリンジはゆっくりと慎重に、20G針を有する5×10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1を含む100μlのPBSを注入肝臓の右葉にマウスHCC細胞。 </li><li>針を除去した後、原因肝臓の高い血管分布に任意の潜在的な出血を止めるために、少なくとも1分間滅菌綿棒を適用します。 </li><li>外科用クリップを用いて皮膚の閉鎖に続いて吸収性縫合糸で皮下組織を閉じます。その後、ベータダインスクラブで再び傷をきれいにします。注意：これは、手術創の閉鎖を保証します。 </li><li>皮下に生理食塩水を100μlを与えます。 </li></ol> 3.手術後<ol><li>すぐに手術後、マウス条件の世話人を通知するために、手術後のIDカードできれいにケージにマウスを転送します。食料と水を提供します。注：最初の24時間の期間後に手術のためのウェットフードと水を単独で収容された場合は、当社の経験では、ちょうど手術を受けたマウスは最高の運賃になります。 </li><li> 38ºCを超えない熱を発生する熱ランプで動物を暖かく保ちます。 Uマウスが完全に回復するまで、温度を測定する温度計をSE。 </li><li>ハウスの快適性を確保するために、紙の寝具と好ましくはケージ内の動物。 </li><li>最初の回復後、不快感、出血、痛みや苦痛の徴候のために動物を監視します。痛みを和らげるためにブプレノルフィン（0.05 -0.1ミリグラム/キログラム）を与えます。密接に約2時間の活動、行動、外観だけでなく、水や食料の消費量を監視します。歩行した場合、マウスを定期的に通常の住宅のためのバックエリアに動物を移動し、24時間後に手術のために6-12時間間隔で監視し続けます。必要に応じて重量チェックを実行します。 </li><li>しかし、動物が療養問題を抱えている場合、適切な支持療法の行動を取ります。マウスは回復できない場合は、人道的に、CO 2窒息と頸椎脱臼を経由して、マウスを安楽死させます。安楽死のために承認された機関のガイドラインに従ってください。 </li><li>手術後、通常observabあるHCCの臨床的証拠をチェックしますルボディコンディションスコアの大幅な削減など。注：この時点では、原発腫瘍は、おそらく肝臓で開発しており、転移性預金は、おそらく肺に開発しました。 </li><li>この時点で、人道的な安楽死によって実験に関与し（実験及びコントロール）すべてのマウスを生け贄に捧げます。二酸化炭素窒息にマウスを件名：非常にゆっくりと5〜10分かけてチャンバー内に二酸化炭素を放出します。これは、呼吸停止の原因となります。 </li></ol>

<ol>
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The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.

この記事では、この方法の詳細な説明は、（ 図2）ことが最近OgunwobiとHCC転移の同所性同系マウスモデルの確立に成功の同僚によって報告された与えられている3。この手順のために、腫瘍の取り込み率は、一般的に高いです。我々は以前の100％3の腫瘍取り込み率を観察しました。しかし、テイク率は研究者の能力に応じて可変とすることができます。トレーニン?...

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most lethal cancers, with poor prognosis and low life expectancy. Nearly all cancer-related deaths are due to the metastatic spread of the disease from the originating organ to additional distant organs2-6.HCC progression is a complex process. Therefore, being able to model the tumor microenvironment that is naturally found in metastatic HCC in animal models can prove to be a successful and useful way to reveal relevant mechanisms in humans.7Unfortunately, the mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still largely unclear. Therefore, there is a need to establish animal models that will enable us to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of metastases of cancers such as HCC3,5.
Mouse model systems are a very useful approach for delineating mechanisms and evaluating novel strategies for treatment of metastatic human cancers5,8. The various mouse model systems that presently exist are a testament to efforts of researchers to correctly depict the complexity of the disease5,8,9.
Ogunwobi and colleagues recently used a survival surgical approach to demonstrate establishment of a novel orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for the study of metastasis in HCC3. Their work established a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; mouse model that recapitulates features of aggressive and metastatic HCCs3. They further demonstrated that this mouse model system can be used to study the biology of circulating tumor cells, and that this holds potential for gaining novel insights into the mechanisms of cancer metastasis3.
The aim of this paper is to describe in detail the methodology used in establishing this &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of HCC metastasis3. The methodology of how to implant BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse HCC cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c3 using survival surgery will be described. Unlike other mouse xenograft tumor models where human tumor cells are implanted into immune deficient mice, this system is syngeneic and is, therefore, suitable for studying the role of the immune system in tumor metastasis3,5,8. This approach will likely gain widespread use for studying the mechanisms of metastasis in solid organ cancers.

<table border="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Tweezer&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5040)</td>
			<td>Tip .20 x .12mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graefe Micro Dissecting Forceps, serrated curved tip</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5111)</td>
			<td>1 X 2 teeth, curved tip width 0.6mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Retractor-Agricola (3 by 3 prongs)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6501)</td>
			<td>Blunt 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 25mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Retractor-Goldstein (3 by 3 prongs)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6503)</td>
			<td>Blunt, 3 X 3 prongs, depth 4mm, spread 19mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Jameson Caliper (Measures tumors)</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-6466)</td>
			<td>80mm/3 inch scale, chrome plated&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Dissecting Scissors, large ring sissors, straight and sharp</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5852)</td>
			<td>23mm blades, length 4 inches, flat shanks and large rings</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel with blades, for delicate dissecting procedures</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9861-36)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle&#160;</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9884)</td>
			<td>Solid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Littauer Stitch Sissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-7074)</td>
			<td>Length 4.5 inches</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brown needle holder, for easy suture tying</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-7960)</td>
			<td>Convex jaw, fine serrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflex 7MM wound clips with reflex 7 clip applier</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-9262)</td>
			<td>safe, secure alternative method of wound closure</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Instrument tray and lid</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RT-1350S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini-clipper with detachable blade</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>(RS-5903)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Germinator 500 (the Germ Terminator) Dry Sterilizer</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>Ds-400, Ds-401, DS-501</td>
			<td>For fast decontamination of micro-dissecting instruments.&#160;&#160; Instruments decontaminate within 15 seconds.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microinjection needles</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>BD305125</td>
			<td>25G Needle</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a "patient-like" orthotopic syngeneic mouse model of hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis are still unclear. Animal models are essential for elucidating the mechanisms and for evaluating novel strategies for the treatment of metastatic cancers. Here, an in-depth description of a &#8220;patient-like&#8221; orthotopic syngeneic mouse model for exploring the mechanisms of metastasis of solid organ tumors is provided. The survival surgical implantation of BNL 1ME A.7R.1 mouse hepatocellular carcinoma cells directly into the liver (the organ of origin) of the inbred wild-type immune competent laboratory mouse strain, BALB/c is described. The success and reproducibility of this methodology recommends it for widespread use in elucidating the biological mechanisms of solid organ cancer metastasis.

Balb / cマウスの肝臓は、5×10 6 BNL 1ME A.7R.1マウスHCC細胞を移植しました。 HCC開発の臨床的証拠は63日、手術後に観察しました。これにより、マウスを人道的に安楽死させました。剖検を安楽死させたマウスで行いました。肺と肝臓を切除し、慎重な肉眼的検査は肉眼で見える腫瘍を同定するために実施しました。 1マウスでは、表在性腫瘍は腹壁（ 図1A）にはいくつかのフ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis at JoVE.com

A &quot;Patient-Like&quot; Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

癌の転移拡散は、癌関連死の主要な原因です。私たちは、固形臓器腫瘍で転移のメカニズムを研究するための「患者様」同所同系マウスモデル系を確立するための私たちの生存の手術方法の詳細な説明を提供します。

肝細胞癌転移の「患者様」同所同系マウスモデル

The majority of cancer-related deaths are caused by the metastasis of the cancer rather than the primary tumor itself. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

12.1K ビュー.  Hunter College of the City University of New York. 癌の転移拡散は、癌関連死の主要な原因です。私たちは、固形臓器腫瘍で転移のメカニズムを研究するための「患者様」同所同系マウスモデル系を確立するための私たちの生存の手術方法の詳細な説明を提供します。 

ビデオ: A "Patient-Like" Orthotopic Syngeneic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Metastasis

Multi-photon Imaging of Tumor Cell Invasion in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient management strategies. Orthotopic mouse models of oral cancer have been developed to facilitate the study of factors that impact invasion and serve as model system for evaluating anti-tumor therapeutics. In these systems, visualization of disseminated tumor cells within oral cavity tissues has typically been conducted by either conventional histology or with in vivo bioluminescent methods. A primary drawback of these techniques is the inherent inability to accurately visualize and quantify early tumor cell invasion arising from the primary site in three dimensions. Here we describe a protocol that combines an established model for squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCOT) with two-photon imaging to allow multi-vectorial visualization of lingual tumor spread. The OSC-19 head and neck tumor cell line was stably engineered to express the F-actin binding peptide LifeAct fused to the mCherry fluorescent protein (LifeAct-mCherry). Fox1nu/nu mice injected with these cells reliably form tumors that allow the tongue to be visualized by ex-vivo application of two-photon microscopy. This technique allows for the orthotopic visualization of the tumor mass and locally invading cells in excised tongues without disruption of the regional tumor microenvironment. In addition, this system allows for the quantification of tumor cell invasion by calculating distances that invaded cells move from the primary tumor site. Overall this procedure provides an enhanced model system for analyzing factors that contribute to SCOT invasion and therapeutic treatments tailored to prevent local invasion and distant metastatic spread. This method also has the potential to be ultimately combined with other imaging modalities in an in vivo setting.

A comprehensive overview of the techniques involved in generating a mouse model of oral cancer and quantitative monitoring of tumor invasion within the tongue through multi-photon microscopy of labeled cells is presented. This system can serve as a useful platform for the molecular assessment and drug efficacy of anti-invasive compounds.

口腔扁平上皮癌の同所性マウスモデルにおける腫瘍細胞の浸潤の多光子イメージング

Loco-regional invasion of head and neck cancer is linked to metastatic risk and presents a difficult challenge in designing and implementing patient ...

医学

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

マウスモデルにおける乳がんの脳転移の腫瘍の低酸素動態の in vivo生物発光イメージングに

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Combination Radiotherapy in an Orthotopic Mouse Brain Tumor Model

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the understanding of the mechanics of tumor invasion, and direct intracerebral inoculation of tumor provides the opportunity of observing the invasive process in a physiologically appropriate environment2. As far as human brain tumors are concerned, the orthotopic models currently available are established either by stereotaxic injection of cell suspensions or implantation of a solid piece of tumor through a complicated craniotomy procedure3. In our technique we harvest cells from tissue culture to create a cell suspension used to implant directly into the brain. The duration of the surgery is approximately 30 minutes, and as the mouse needs to be in a constant surgical plane, an injectable anesthetic is used. The mouse is placed in a stereotaxic jig made by Stoetling (figure 1). After the surgical area is cleaned and prepared, an incision is made; and the bregma is located to determine the location of the craniotomy. The location of the craniotomy is 2 mm to the right and 1 mm rostral to the bregma. The depth is 3 mm from the surface of the skull, and cells are injected at a rate of 2 &mu;l every 2 minutes. The skin is sutured with 5-0 PDS, and the mouse is allowed to wake up on a heating pad. From our experience, depending on the cell line, treatment can take place from 7-10 days after surgery. Drug delivery is dependent on the drug composition. For radiation treatment the mice are anesthetized, and put into a custom made jig. Lead covers the mouse's body and exposes only the brain of the mouse. The study of tumorigenesis and the evaluation of new therapies for GBM require accurate and reproducible brain tumor animal models. Thus we use this orthotopic brain model to study the interaction of the microenvironment of the brain and the tumor, to test the effectiveness of different therapeutic agents with and without radiation.

The purpose of this article is to describe the use of an orthotopic glioblastoma model for chemoradiation studies. This article will go though cell processing, implanting, and radiotherapy of the mouse using an intracranial model.

同所性マウス脳腫瘍モデルのコンビネーション放射線治療

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) are the most common and aggressive adult primary brain tumors1. In recent years there has been substantial progress in the ...

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer cells into immunodeficient mice. Subcutaneous xenograft models have been valuable for preclinical screening and evaluation of new therapeutic treatments. There are a number of advantages to using a subcutaneous model; 1) rapid, 2) reproducible, and 3) tumor establishment, growth, and response to therapeutic agents may be monitored by visual inspection. However, substantial evidence has shed light on the short-comings of subcutaneous xenograft models1-3. For instance, medicinal treatments demonstrating curative properties in subcutaneous xenograft models often have no notable impact on the human disease. The microenvironment of the site of xenographic transplantation or injection lies at the heart of this dissimilarity.
Orthotopic tumor xenograft models provide a more biologically relevant context in which to study the disease. The advantages of implanting diseased cells or tissue into their anatomical origin equivalent within a host animal includes a suitable site for tumor-host interactions, development of disease-related metastases and the ability to examine site-specific influence on investigational therapeutic remedies. Therefore, orthotopic xenograft models harbor far more clinical value because they closely reproduce human disease. For these reasons, a number of groups have taken advantage of an orthotopic thyroid cancer model as a research tool4-7.
Here, we describe an approach that establishes an orthotopic model for the study of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC), which is highly invasive, resists treatment, and is virtually fatal in all diagnosed patients. Cultured ATC cells are prepared as a dissociated cellular suspension in a solution containing a basement membrane matrix. A small volume is slowly injected into the right thyroid gland. Overall appearance and health of the mice are monitored to ensure minimal post-operative complications and to gauge pathological penetrance of the cancer. Mice are sacrificed at 4 weeks, and tissue is collected for histological analysis. Animals may be taken at later time-points to examine more advance progression of the disease. Production of this orthotopic mouse model establishes a platform that accomplishes two objectives: 1) further our understanding of ATC pathology, and 2) screen current and future therapeutic agents for efficacy in combating ATC.

Generation of an orthotopic mouse model of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is described here. This technique employs surgical placement of human anaplastic thyroid cancer cells into the thyroid of immunodeficient mice, thus creating a more clinically relevant setting to study disease progression as well as screen innovative therapeutic interventions.

甲状腺未分化癌の同所性マウスモデル

Several types of animal models of human thyroid carcinomas have been established, including subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic implantation of cancer ...

Generation of Subcutaneous and Intrahepatic Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Xenografts in Immunodeficient Mice

In vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease pathophysiology and for the preclinical evaluation of novel therapies. We present a variety of methods to generate subcutaneous or orthotopic human HCC xenografts in immunodeficient mice that could be utilized in a variety of research applications. With a focus on the use of primary tumor tissue from patients undergoing surgical resection as a starting point, we describe the preparation of cell suspensions or tumor fragments for xenografting. We describe specific techniques to xenograft these tissues i) subcutaneously; or ii) intrahepatically, either by direct implantation of tumor cells or fragments into the liver, or indirectly by injection of cells into the mouse spleen. We also describe the use of partial resection of the native mouse liver at the time of xenografting as a strategy to induce a state of active liver regeneration in the recipient mouse that may facilitate the intrahepatic engraftment of primary human tumor cells. The expected results of these techniques are illustrated. The protocols described have been validated using primary human HCC samples and xenografts, which typically perform less robustly than the well-established human HCC cell lines that are widely used and frequently cited in the literature. In comparison with cell lines, we discuss factors which may contribute to the relatively low chance of primary HCC engraftment in xenotransplantation models and comment on technical issues that may influence the kinetics of xenograft growth. We also suggest methods that should be applied to ensure that xenografts obtained accurately resemble parent HCC tissues.

Human tumor xenografts in immunodeficient mice are valuable tools to study cancer biology. Specific protocols to generate subcutaneous and intrahepatic xenografts from human hepatocellular carcinoma cells or tumor fragments are described. Liver regeneration induced by partial hepatectomy in recipient mice is presented as a strategy to facilitate intrahepatic engraftment.

免疫不全マウスの皮下および肝内ヒト肝細胞癌異種移植片の生成

In  vivo experimental models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) that recapitulate  the human disease provide a valuable platform for research into disease  ...

An Orthotopic Murine Model of Human Prostate Cancer Metastasis

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but rather the formation of distinct metastasis, the ability to effectively model this progression pre-clinically is of high value. In this model, cells are directly implanted into the ventral lobe of the prostate in Balb/c athymic mice, and allowed to progress for 4-6 weeks. At experiment termination, several distinct endpoints can be measured, such as size and molecular characterization of the primary tumor, the presence and quantification of circulating tumor cells in the blood and bone marrow, and formation of metastasis to the lung. In addition to a variety of endpoints, this model provides a picture of a cells ability to invade and escape the primary organ, enter and survive in the circulatory system, and implant and grow in a secondary site. This model has been used effectively to measure metastatic response to both changes in protein expression as well as to response to small molecule therapeutics, in a short turnaround time.

This orthotopic model of human prostate cancer allows for quantification of tumor size, circulating tumor cells, and formation of distinct metastasis to the lung. As cells must escape the primary organ, enter the blood stream, and implant into a secondary site, this model effectively recapitulates the scenario in humans.

ヒト前立腺癌転移の同所マウスモデル

Our laboratory has developed a novel orthotopic implantation model of  human prostate cancer (PCa). As PCa death is not due to the primary tumor, but  ...

Initiation of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma by Targeting of the Ductal Epithelium with Adenovirus-Cre: A Novel Transgenic Mouse Model of Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in exponential tumor growth and metastasis to distal tissues and the collapse of anti-tumor immunity. Many useful animal models exist to study breast cancer, but none completely recapitulate the disease progression that occurs in humans. In order to gain a better understanding of the cellular interactions that result in the formation of latent metastasis and decreased survival, we have generated an inducible transgenic mouse model of YFP-expressing ductal carcinoma that develops after sexual maturity in immune-competent mice and is driven by consistent, endocrine-independent oncogene expression. Activation of YFP, ablation of p53, and expression of an oncogenic form of K-ras was achieved by the delivery of an adenovirus expressing Cre-recombinase into the mammary duct of sexually mature, virgin female mice. Tumors begin to appear 6 weeks after the initiation of oncogenic events. After tumors become apparent, they progress slowly for approximately two weeks before they begin to grow exponentially. After 7-8 weeks post-adenovirus injection, vasculature is observed connecting the tumor mass to distal lymph nodes, with eventual lymphovascular invasion of YFP+ tumor cells to the distal axillary lymph nodes. Infiltrating leukocyte populations are similar to those found in human breast carcinomas, including the presence of &#945;&#946; and &#947;&#948; T cells, macrophages and MDSCs. This unique model will facilitate the study of cellular and immunological mechanisms involved in latent metastasis and dormancy in addition to being useful for designing novel immunotherapeutic interventions to treat invasive breast cancer.

Activation of latent mutations with adenovirus-Cre into the mammary ductal system results in a clinically relevant metastatic breast cancer. Incorporation of a YFP promoter allows tracking of distal metastatic tumor cells. This model is useful to study latent metastasis, anti-tumor immunity, and for designing novel immunotherapies to treat breast cancer.

乳癌の新規トランスジェニックマウスモデル：アデノ-Creを持つ乳管上皮の標的とすることにより、転移性乳癌の開始

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease involving complex cellular interactions between the developing tumor and immune system, eventually resulting in ...

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it an ideal system for tumor implantation. Furthermore, the CAM contains extracellular matrix proteins such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen, integrin alpha(v)beta3, and MMP-2, making it an attractive model to study tumor invasion and metastasis. Scientists have long taken advantage of the physiology of the CAM by using it as a model of angiogenesis. More recently, the CAM assay has been modified to work as an in vivo xenograft model system for various cancers that bridges the gap between basic in vitro work and more complex animal cancer models. The CAM assay allows for the study of tumor growth, anti-tumor therapies, and pro-tumor molecular pathways in a biologically relevant system that is both cost- and time-effective. Here, we describe the development of CAM xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with embryonic survival rates of up to 93% and reliable tumor take leading to growth of three-dimensional, vascularized tumors.

The In Ovo Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane CAM Assay as an Efficient Xenograft Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) is immunodeficient and highly vascularized, making it a natural in vivo model of tumor growth and angiogenesis. In this protocol, we describe a reliable method of growing three-dimensional, vascularized hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumors using the CAM assay.

ザ・<em&gt;卵内</em肝細胞癌の効率的な異種移植モデルとして&gt;ニワトリ絨毛尿膜（CAM）アッセイ

The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) begins to develop by day 7 after fertilization and matures by day 12. The CAM is naturally immunodeficient and ...

Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of an Orthotopic Pancreatic Cancer Mouse Model

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe respiratory motion artifact in the abdominal area. Orthotopic tumor models offer advantages over subcutaneous ones, because those can reflect the primary tumor microenvironment affecting blood supply, neovascularization, and tumor cell invasion. We have recently established a protocol of DCE-MRI of orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mouse models by securing tumors with an orthogonally bent plastic board to prevent motion transfer from the chest region during imaging. The pressure by this board was localized on the abdominal area, and has not resulted in respiratory difficulty of the animals. This article demonstrates the detailed procedure of orthotopic pancreatic tumor modeling using small animals and DCE-MRI of the tumor xenografts. Quantification method of pharmacokinetic parameters in DCE-MRI is also introduced. The procedure described in this article will assist investigators to apply DCE-MRI for orthotopic gastrointestinal cancer mouse models.

The goal of this protocol is to apply dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts in mice. DCE-MRI is a non-invasive method to analyze microvasculature in a target tissue, and useful to assess vascular response in a tumor following a novel therapy.

同所膵臓癌マウスモデルのダイナミックコントラスト強化磁気共鳴画像

Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) has been limitedly used for orthotopic pancreatic tumor xenografts due to severe ...

Orthotopic Implantation and Peripheral Immune Cell Monitoring in the II-45 Syngeneic Rat Mesothelioma Model

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment in treatment response, collectively point to the need for immune-competent orthotopic models for pre-clinical testing of these new therapies. This paper demonstrates how to establish an orthotopic immune-competent rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma. Monitoring disease progression in orthotopic models is confounded by the internal location of the tumors. To longitudinally monitor disease progression and its effect on circulating immune cells in this and other rat models of cancer, a single tube flow cytometry assay requiring only 25 &#181;l whole blood is described. This provides accurate quantification of seven immune parameters: total lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils, as well as the T-cell subsets CD4 and CD8, B-cells and Natural Killer cells. Different subsets of these parameters are useful in different circumstances and models, with the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio having the greatest utility for monitoring disease progression in the mesothelioma model. Analyzing circulating immune cell levels using this single tube method may also assist in monitoring the response to immune-based treatments and understanding the underlying mechanisms leading to success or failure of treatment.

The generation of an orthotopic rat model of pleural malignant mesothelioma by implantation of II-45 mesothelioma cells into the pleural cavity of immune competent rats is presented. A flow cytometric method to analyze seven immune cell subsets in these animals from a 25 &#181;l&#160;blood sample is also described.

II-45同系ラット中皮腫モデルにおける同所移植と末梢免疫細胞の監視

The enormous upsurge of interest in immune-based treatments for cancer such as vaccines and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and increased understanding of ...