This research was supported by the Gottfried Wilhelm-Leibniz Grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) awarded to Thomas Mussweiler.

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Psychol. 80 (3), 472-488 (2001).</li><li>Van den Bos, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncertainty+management:+The+influence+of+uncertainty+salience+on+reactions+to+perceived+procedural+fairness.">Uncertainty management: The influence of uncertainty salience on reactions to perceived procedural fairness.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 80 (6), 931-941 (2001).</li><li>Whitson, J. A., Galinsky, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lacking+control+increases+illusory+pattern+perception.">Lacking control increases illusory pattern perception.</a> Science. 322 (5898), 115-117 (2008).</li><li>Krishna, A., Schwarz, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+marketing,+embodiment,+and+grounded+cognition:+A+review+and+introduction.">Sensory marketing, embodiment, and grounded cognition: A review and introduction.</a> J. Consum. Psychol. 24 (2), 159-168 (2014).</li><li>Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H. H., Dermen, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manual for kit of factor referenced cognitive tests. , (1976).</li><li>Gerlach, A. 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Psychol. 54 (6), 1063-1070 (1988).</li><li>Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., Ladouceur, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intolerance+of+uncertainty+and+worry:+Investigating+specificity+in+a+nonclinical+sample.">Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical sample.</a> Cognitive Ther. Res. 25 (5), 551-558 (2001).</li><li>Van Horen, F., Mussweiler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft+assurance:+Coping+with+uncertainty+through+haptic+sensations.">Soft assurance: Coping with uncertainty through haptic sensations.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 54, 73-80 (2014).</li><li>Lun, J., Sinclair, S., Whitchurch, E. R., Glenn, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=do+I+think+what+you+think?+Epistemic+social+tuning+and+implicit+prejudice.">do I think what you think? Epistemic social tuning and implicit prejudice.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93 (6), 957-972 (2007).</li><li>Mueller, P. A., Oppenheimer, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pen+Is+Mightier+Than+the+Keyboard.">The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard.</a> Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychol. Sci. 25, 1159-1168 (2014).</li><li>Wichman, A. L., Brunner, R. P., Weary, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+and+delayed+effects+of+causal+uncertainty+inductions+on+uncertainty+accessibility.">Immediate and delayed effects of causal uncertainty inductions on uncertainty accessibility.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (4), 1106-1113 (2008).</li><li>Loewenstein, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Out+of+control:+Visceral+influences+on+behavior.">Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.</a> Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. 65 (3), 272-292 (1996).</li><li>Keng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huggy+Pajama:+A+mobile+parent+and+child+hugging+communication.">Huggy Pajama: A mobile parent and child hugging communication.</a> Proceedings of the 7th international conference on interaction design and children. , 250-257 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

この記事では、人々が対処することができ、経験の代わりに、認知経路を介して不確実性を減らすことができる方法についての施策のセットを記述します。さらに、この方法は、実験的不確実性のこのタイプは、選択肢の不確実性に加えて、意思決定と選択にどのように影響するかを調べるために研究者を可能にする環境の不確実性を活性化することを示しています。第三に、柔らかさのシ?...

不確実性は、その先例と結果は、経済学、心理学、マーケティングに非常調べトピックです。当然のことながらそのように、現代社会の人々のように、常に不確実性に直面している：日常の買い物の意思決定、彼らのキャリア、およびその家族のダイナミクスで。交渉し、不確実性に対処するために学ぶことはこのように現代生活の要件となっています。 不確実性は、一般的な知識の欠如として定義されます。現在まで、マーケティング、意思決定の中で最も研究が原因選択肢選択肢に不確実性に焦点を当てています。不完全な情報のため、人々は、利用可能な代替案とこれらの選択肢1,2の有用性に不安。このような不確実性を低減するために、人々は、多くの場合、それらの知識ベースを増やし、追加情報2-4を追求してみてください。 しかし、不足している情報の不確かな感じに加えて、人にも供されます予測できないと制御不可能な外部事象に対する不確実性への影響は、自分の将来の生活5,6に判断することは困難となっています。一つは環境が変化する可能性がありますので、将来の事​​象の可能性に確率を割り当てることはできません方法を知らない場合には、このような環境の不確実性が生じます。不確実性のこのタイプの例は、例えば景気変動、テロ攻撃の脅威、政治的変化のためのものです。状況を想起させるような不確実性の下では、単に情報を検索することは不確実性に対処するために失敗します。環境の不確実性は、現代社会の中で、これまで以上に普及していると非常にほとんど知られていないような不確実性が意思決定や選択にどのように影響するかについては特にあるので、それは状況的環境の不確実性を活性化するための新しい実験方法を開発するために極めて重要です。現在のプロトコルは、これらのニーズに対応。 また、伝統的に焦点がcognitにされています不確実性に直面したときに人々が使用して、IVEの戦略。人々は、より近い志向態度約 7になる公平性と公正な手続き8を強調し、不確実性に直面したときに9ランダムな刺激で幻想パターンを知覚-追加情報を求める以外に-研究は、たとえばことを示しました。しかし、人々は常に彼らは時間が不足しているか、それらが限られているとき認知能力がそうするときに認知例えば、不確実性に対処することができません。その場合には、彼らは別の、経験ルートを使用し、効率的に対処し、不確実性を減らすために、ソフト触覚感覚を求めることができます。 人間の判断は、外部の世界（ すなわち 、視覚的、音響的または触覚）に接触して感覚システムによって送信される身体の経験に影響され得ます。これらの感情は感覚入力10の意味、認知解釈せずに、当社の判断に影響を与えることができます。 Touc興何かが柔らかいような身体的体験の人は不確実性に対処することときを検索することができます。子供の頃には、不快感の感情は、多くの場合、介護者またはソフトかわいいおもちゃを感じることにより、保持または撫でなどの物理的なタッチを通じて軽減されます。タッチで、このような早期の経験を通じて、柔らかさが強く、快適さとセキュリティに関連するようになるため、不確実性を戦うための効果的なツールになります。しかし、不確実性に対処する上で、ソフト触感の種類を助けるだろうか？いずれのタイプ？柔らか経験やオブジェクトのソフトプロパティは、単にコンピュータの画面上で見ているときには十分であるべきか？このプロトコルは、これらの問題に対処します。 人々は、不確実性に対処するために使用する戦略に加えて、それは特定の戦略が機能しているかどうかを知ることは重要です。例えば缶を求めて柔らかさの機能は前ので、保持した後の不確実性の一つのレベルを確立することによって主観的に測定することがソフト（時間の不確実性のレベルを）mething。より間接的に不確実性の低減を評価する別の方法は、このような雪に覆われたピクチャタスク（SPT）11として 、あいまいなタスクを使用することです。このタスクは、オブジェクトが視覚雪の中で埋め込まれている写真のセットで構成されます。参加者は、自分の答えに関して雪とその不確実性の背後に隠されていると思うどのオブジェクトを示す必要があります。最後に、人格アンケート（不確実不耐性尺度12）は、柔らかさも、日常生活の中での不確実性に向けて、人の一般的な耐性を高めることができるかどうかを測定するために使用することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Medialab</td>
			<td>Empirisoft</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Program to create and run experiments&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qualtrics</td>
			<td>Qualtrics.com</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Online survey program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPSS Version 21</td>
			<td>IBM</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Statistical program</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental research examining how people can cope with uncertainty through soft haptic sensations

人間は常に不確実性や変化に囲まれています。質問は、人々は、このような不確実性に対処する方法を生じます。現在まで、ほとんどの研究は、人々が不確実性に対処するために採用認知戦略に焦点を当てています。しかし、不確実性が原因で予測不可能な社会的事象（ 例えば 、経済危機、政治的革命、テロの脅威）1は、（追加の情報を求めているように）自分の将来のライブ、認知戦略への影響を判断することができないうちにある場合は特に失敗する可能性があり不確実性に対処します。その代わりに、現在の用紙は、人々が柔らかい触覚を通じて経験的に不確実性に対処する可能性があることを実証する方法について説明します。柔らかい何かに触れることは、快適さと安心感を作成するため、不確実感じたときに困難な特性と比較してより具体的には、人々はよりソフトでオブジェクトを好みます。柔らかさを求めては、OUなどの不確実性に対処するための非常に効率的かつ効果的なツールですRの手はすべての回でご利用いただけます。このプロトコルは、証明する一連のメソッドを記述1）（UN）確信が状況的体験プライミング手順で活性化することができるか、環境、2）その柔らかさの経験の質（どのような柔らかさの種類とどのようにそれは、経験豊富である）の問題、3）どのように不確実性は、異なる方法を用いて還元することができます。

これらの研究は、不確実性に直面しては機能しているときには不確実性を低下させるかどうか、 すなわち 、柔軟性を探しているかどうか）、および不確実性に直面したときに2人が柔らかい性質を有する物体を好むかどうか）1を調査するために使用されました。 （上述の）プライミング手順は、実験環境（UN）確実性を操作するために使用されました。 （P = 0.01; P = 0....

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations at JoVE.com

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

人々はソフト触覚を通じて不確実性に対処することができる方法を調べる実験的研究

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

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8.9K ビュー.  VU University. To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

ビデオ: Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

ソースイメージングを使用磁図と扁桃体の活性を検出する方法

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

行動学

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

経頭蓋磁気刺激とリップモーター皮質を刺激する

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

fMRIの研究は、うつ病のため、と若い女性に思考抑制を調べると、アットリスクの設計と実装

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

健康的な参加者で回転椅子パラダイムと乗り物酔いプラセボ応答を研究するためにどのように

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

外傷性脳損傷を持つ人々によって感情の認識を評価するために単離された式とフィルムクリップの使用を探ります

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

一次運動野の皮質内抑制は注意の焦点を変更することで変調することができます。

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

ひものもう一方の端: 所有者が彼らのペットの犬と対話する方法を分析する実験

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior approach. Recently, the lateral transfibular approach to the ankle has gained popularity since a new TAR implant was designed to be performed via this approach that results in an ideal visualization of the center of rotation of the ankle and curved resections that allow for sparing bone cuts. The aim of the present paper is to present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of the osteoarthritis of the ankle with TAR via lateral approach. We present our preoperative clinical and radiographic protocol. In addition, we describe our surgical technique with some technical tips. Finally, we report our follow-up schedule that includes the collection of clinical, functional, and radiographic data. The results of this procedure are encouraging: TAR through a lateral transfibular approach provides reliable pain relief and improvements in functional outcomes in patients with ankle osteoarthritis.

We present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the ankle with total ankle replacement via lateral transfibular approach.

横 Transfibular アプローチによって総足首置換と足関節変形性関節症の治療

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

3つの異なる美術材料によるアートメイキングに続くHRVと感情の変化を調べる

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

ストループ タスクを使用したバイリンガル言語制御の検証

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...