This research was supported by the Gottfried Wilhelm-Leibniz Grant from the German Research Foundation (DFG) awarded to Thomas Mussweiler.

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R., Glenn, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=do+I+think+what+you+think?+Epistemic+social+tuning+and+implicit+prejudice.">do I think what you think? Epistemic social tuning and implicit prejudice.</a> J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 93 (6), 957-972 (2007).</li><li>Mueller, P. A., Oppenheimer, D. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Pen+Is+Mightier+Than+the+Keyboard.">The Pen Is Mightier Than the Keyboard.</a> Advantages of Longhand Over Laptop Note Taking. Psychol. Sci. 25, 1159-1168 (2014).</li><li>Wichman, A. L., Brunner, R. P., Weary, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immediate+and+delayed+effects+of+causal+uncertainty+inductions+on+uncertainty+accessibility.">Immediate and delayed effects of causal uncertainty inductions on uncertainty accessibility.</a> J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 44 (4), 1106-1113 (2008).</li><li>Loewenstein, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Out+of+control:+Visceral+influences+on+behavior.">Out of control: Visceral influences on behavior.</a> Organ. Behav. Hum. Dec. 65 (3), 272-292 (1996).</li><li>Keng, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huggy+Pajama:+A+mobile+parent+and+child+hugging+communication.">Huggy Pajama: A mobile parent and child hugging communication.</a> Proceedings of the 7th international conference on interaction design and children. , 250-257 (2008).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

توضح هذه المقالة مجموعة من التدابير بشأن كيفية التعامل مع الناس يمكن ويمكن أن تقلل من عدم اليقين عن طريق التجريبية بدلا من الطريق المعرفي. وعلاوة على ذلك، فإنه يدل على طريقة لتفعيل تجريبيا عدم الاستقرار البيئي تمكين الباحثين من دراسة كيفية هذا النوع من عدم اليقين، إ?...

عدم اليقين، والسوابق وعواقبه، هو موضوع التحقيق للغاية في الاقتصاد، وعلم النفس، والتسويق. وهذا أمر مفهوم، حيث ان الاشخاص المجتمع الحديث وتواجه باستمرار مع عدم اليقين: في قراراتهم اليومية للتسوق، ومهنهم، وديناميات أسرهم. تعلم التفاوض والتعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين وبالتالي أصبحت شرطا للحياة الحديثة. يتم تعريف عدم اليقين بشكل عام وعدم وجود المعرفة. حتى الآن، وقد ركزت معظم البحوث في مجال التسويق وصنع القرار على عدم اليقين بسبب بدائل الخيارات. بسبب معلومات ناقصة، ويشعر الناس غير متأكدين من البدائل المتاحة وفائدة هذه البدائل 1،2. من أجل الحد من عدم اليقين هذا، والناس كثيرا ما يحاول زيادة قاعدة معارفهم وطلب معلومات إضافية 2-4. ومع ذلك، بالإضافة إلى الشعور غير مؤكد بسبب المعلومات الناقصة، ويتعرض أيضا الناسلعدم اليقين بسبب أحداث خارجية لا يمكن التنبؤ بها والسيطرة عليها والتي من تأثير من الصعب الحكم على حياة المرء في المستقبل 5،6. هذا عدم الاستقرار البيئي ينشأ عندما لا يعرف المرء كيف أن البيئة قد تتغير، وبالتالي لا يمكن تعيين الاحتمالات لاحتمال للأحداث المستقبلية. ومن الأمثلة على هذا النوع من عدم اليقين هي لتقلبات المثال الاقتصادية والتهديدات من الهجمات الإرهابية، والتغيرات السياسية. في ظل هذه الشكوك تستحضر الظروف، ببساطة تبحث عن معلومات ستفشل لمكافحة عدم اليقين. خصوصا بسبب عدم الاستقرار البيئي من أي وقت مضى أكثر انتشارا في المجتمع الحديث، وهناك القليل جدا معروف عن كيف يمكن لهذا الغموض يؤثر صنع القرار والاختيار، فإنه من الأهمية بمكان لتطوير المنهج التجريبي الجديد لتنشيط بشكل موقعي عدم الاستقرار البيئي. هذا البروتوكول يلبي هذه الاحتياجات. وعلاوة على ذلك، تقليديا كان التركيز على cognitاستراتيجيات إيف الناس استخدام عند مواجهة عدم اليقين. له بحوث على سبيل المثال أثبتت ذلك - إلى جانب الحصول على معلومات إضافية - الناس أصبحت أكثر وثيق في التفكير حول مواقفهم 7، والتأكيد على العدالة وإجراءات عادلة 8، وينظرون إلى أنماط وهمية في محفزات عشوائية عند مواجهة عدم اليقين 9. ومع ذلك، الناس ليسوا دائما قادرة على التعامل معرفيا مع عدم اليقين، وعلى سبيل المثال عندما تفتقر الوقت أو عندما يكون لديهم قدرة محدودة المعرفية للقيام بذلك. وفي هذه الحالة قد تستخدم بديل، الطريق التجريبي والسعي لمسي الأحاسيس الناعمة للتعامل بكفاءة مع والحد من عدم اليقين. يمكن أن تتأثر الحكم البشري من خلال التجارب الجسدية التي تنتقل عن طريق الاتصال الحسية صنع الأنظمة مع العالم الخارجي (أي والمرئية، أو الصوتية لمسي). ويمكن لهذه المشاعر تؤثر أحكامنا دون الدلالي، التفسير المعرفي للمدخلات الحسية 10. توكهينج شيء ينة قد يكون مثل هذا جسدي خبرة الناس في البحث عنه عند الاضطرار إلى التعامل مع عدم اليقين. في مرحلة الطفولة، وغالبا ما يتم تخفيف مشاعر عدم الراحة عن طريق اللمس الجسدي مثل عقد أو الربت من قبل مقدمي الرعاية أو شعور اللعب محبوب الناعمة. من خلال هذه التجارب المبكرة مع لمسة، ليونة يصبح يرتبط بقوة مع الراحة والأمان، وبالتالي يمكن أن تكون أداة فعالة لمحاربة عدم اليقين. ولكن ما هو نوع من الإحساس لمسي لينة وتساعد في التعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين؟ أي نوع؟ ويجب أن يكون من ذوي الخبرة ليونة أو بما فيه الكفاية عندما يتم مجرد النظر إلى خصائص لينة من كائن على شاشة الكمبيوتر؟ ويتناول هذا البروتوكول هذه القضايا. إلى جانب الاستراتيجيات التي يستخدمها الناس للتعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين، فإنه من الأهمية معرفة ما إذا كانت استراتيجية معينة وظيفية. يتم قياس وظائف نعومة تسعى يمكن على سبيل المثال ذاتي من خلال إنشاء مستوى واحد من عدم اليقين قبل وبعد عقد ذلكmething لينة (مستوى عدم اليقين مع مرور الوقت). وهناك طريقة أخرى لتقييم الحد من عدم اليقين بصورة غير مباشرة عن طريق استخدام مهمة غامضة، مثل ثلجي صورة العمل (SPT) 11. وتتكون هذه المهمة مجموعة من الصور التي هي جزء لا يتجزأ الكائنات في الثلوج البصرية. يتعين على المشاركين تشير إلى الكائن الذي يعتقدون أنه خفية وراء الثلوج وعدم تأكدهم فيما يتعلق جوابهم. وأخيرا، واستبيان شخصية (عدم اليقين التعصب مقياس 12) يمكن أن تستخدم لقياس ما إذا كان ليونة ويمكن أيضا زيادة التسامح العام الشخص تجاه عدم اليقين في الحياة اليومية.

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experimental research examining how people can cope with uncertainty through soft haptic sensations

ويحيط البشر باستمرار من عدم اليقين والتغيير. السؤال الذي يطرح نفسه كيف يمكن للناس التعامل مع مثل هذه الشكوك. حتى الآن، وقد ركزت معظم البحوث على الاستراتيجيات المعرفية الناس تعتمد على التعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين. ومع ذلك، خصوصا عند الشك يرجع إلى أحداث غير متوقعة المجتمعية (على سبيل المثال، والأزمات الاقتصادية والثورات السياسية والتهديدات الإرهابية) من أي واحد غير قادر على الحكم على تأثير ذلك على مستقبل الحية، استراتيجيات المرء المعرفية (مثل الحصول على معلومات إضافية) ومن المرجح أن تفشل لمكافحة عدم اليقين. بدلا من ذلك، تناقش هذه الورقة أسلوب يدل على أن الناس قد تعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين بالخبرة من خلال الأحاسيس لمسي لينة. وبشكل أكثر تحديدا، بسبب لمس شيء ناعم يخلق شعورا من الراحة والأمن، والناس يفضلون الأشياء مع ليونة بالمقارنة مع خصائص أصعب عند الشعور غير مؤكد. تسعى ليونة هو أداة فعالة للغاية وفعالة للتعامل مع حالة عدم اليقين كما أووتتوفر في جميع الأوقات أيدي ص. يصف هذا البروتوكول مجموعة من الأساليب يتظاهرون 1) كيف البيئية (الامم المتحدة) اليقين يمكن تفعيلها بشكل موقعي مع إجراء فتيلة التجريبي، 2) أن جودة تجربة ليونة (نوع من النعومة وكيف هو من ذوي الخبرة) المسائل و3) كيف يمكن الحد من عدم اليقين باستخدام طرق مختلفة.

وقد استخدمت هذه الدراسات للتحقيق 1) ما إذا كان الناس يفضلون مع خصائص الأشياء الناعمة عند مواجهة عدم اليقين و 2) ما إذا كانت تبحث عن ليونة عند مواجهة عدم اليقين غير وظيفية، أي سواء كان ذلك يقلل من عدم اليقين. تم استخدام الإجراء فتيلة (المذكورة أعلاه) لمعالجة تجريبيا ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations at JoVE.com

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

البحوث التجريبية دراسة كيف يمكن الناس على التكيف مع عدم اليقين من خلال لينة لمسي الأحاسيس

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

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8.9K Views.  VU University. To date research has focused on cognitive strategies people adopt to cope with uncertainty. This research examines instead an experiential way of dealing with uncertainty and introduces a set of experimental methods showing how the experience of haptic softness can serve as a tool to deal with uncertainty.

Video: Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

How to Detect Amygdala Activity with Magnetoencephalography using Source Imaging

In trace fear conditioning a conditional stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS), which is presented after a brief stimulus free period (trace interval)1. Because the CS and UCS do not co-occur temporally, the subject must maintain a representation of that CS during the trace interval. In humans, this type of learning requires awareness of the stimulus contingencies in order to bridge the trace interval2-4. However when a face is used as a CS, subjects can implicitly learn to fear the face even in the absence of explicit awareness*. This suggests that there may be additional neural mechanisms capable of maintaining certain types of "biologically-relevant" stimuli during a brief trace interval. Given that the amygdala is involved in trace conditioning, and is sensitive to faces, it is possible that this structure can maintain a representation of a face CS during a brief trace interval.
It is challenging to understand how the brain can associate an unperceived face with an aversive outcome, even though the two stimuli are separated in time. Furthermore investigations of this phenomenon are made difficult by two specific challenges. First, it is difficult to manipulate the subject's awareness of the visual stimuli. One common way to manipulate visual awareness is to use backward masking. In backward masking, a target stimulus is briefly presented (&lt; 30 msec) and immediately followed by a presentation of an overlapping masking stimulus5. The presentation of the mask renders the target invisible6-8. Second, masking requires very rapid and precise timing making it difficult to investigate neural responses evoked by masked stimuli using many common approaches. Blood-oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) responses resolve at a timescale too slow for this type of methodology, and real time recording techniques like electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) have difficulties recovering signal from deep sources.
However, there have been recent advances in the methods used to localize the neural sources of the MEG signal9-11. By collecting high-resolution MRI images of the subject's brain, it is possible to create a source model based on individual neural anatomy. Using this model to "image" the sources of the MEG signal, it is possible to recover signal from deep subcortical structures, like the amygdala and the hippocampus*.

This article describes how to record amygdala activity with magnetoencephalography (MEG). In addition this article will describe how to conduct trace fear conditioning without awareness, a task that activates the amygdala. It will cover 3 topics: 1) Designing a trace conditioning paradigm using backward masking to manipulate awareness. 2) Recording brain activity during the task using magnetoencephalography. 3) Using source imaging to recover signal from subcortical structures.

كيفية الكشف عن نشاط اللوزة مع الدماغ المغناطيسي باستخدام التصوير المصدر

In trace fear conditioning a conditional  stimulus (CS) predicts the occurrence of the unconditional stimulus (UCS),  which is presented after a brief ...

Stimulating the Lip Motor Cortex with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. Researchers have used single-pulse and repetitive TMS to stimulate the lip representation in the motor cortex. The excitability of the lip motor representation can be investigated by applying single TMS pulses over this cortical area and recording TMS-induced motor evoked potentials (MEPs) via electrodes attached to the lip muscles (electromyography; EMG). Larger MEPs reflect increased cortical excitability. Studies have shown that excitability increases during listening to speech as well as during&#160;viewing speech-related movements. TMS can be used also to disrupt the lip motor representation. A 15-min train of low-frequency sub-threshold repetitive stimulation has been shown to suppress motor excitability for a further 15-20 min. This TMS-induced disruption of the motor lip representation impairs subsequent performance in demanding speech perception tasks and modulates auditory-cortex responses to speech sounds. These findings are consistent with the suggestion that the motor cortex contributes to speech perception. This article describes how to localize the lip representation in the motor cortex and how to define the appropriate stimulation intensity for carrying out both single-pulse and repetitive TMS experiments.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception.&#160; This article describes how to record motor evoked potentials (MEPs) from the lip muscles and how to disrupt the motor lip representation using repetitive TMS.

تحفيز الشفاه موتور اللحاء مع تحفيز المغناطيسي عبر الجمجمة

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has proven to be a useful tool in investigating the role of the articulatory motor cortex in speech perception. ...

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the frequency of their negative thoughts by actively suppressing them. We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying thought suppression in at-risk and depressed individuals. Three groups of women were studied; a major depressive disorder group, an at-risk group (having a first degree relative with depression) and controls. Participants performed a mixed block-event fMRI paradigm involving thought suppression, free thought and motor control periods. Participants identified the re-emergence of &#8220;to-be-suppressed&#8221; thoughts (&#8220;popping&#8221; back into conscious awareness) with a button press. During thought suppression the control group showed the greatest activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. During the re-emergence of intrusive thoughts compared to successful re-suppression of those thoughts, the control group showed the greatest activation of the anterior cingulate cortices, followed by the at-risk, then depressed group. At-risk participants displayed anomalies in the neural regulation of thought suppression resembling the dysregulation found in depressed individuals. The predictive value of these changes in the onset of depression remains to be determined.

We aim to identify the neural correlates underlying sustained and transient thought suppression, and thought re-emergence in controls, at-risk and depressed individuals. Activation was greatest for controls compared to the at-risk and the depressed group in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during thought suppression and anterior cingulate cortex during thought re-emergence.

تصميم وتنفيذ دراسة الرنين المغناطيسي الوظيفي دراسة الفكر قمع في الشابات مع والمعرضة للخطر، للاكتئاب

Ruminative brooding is associated with increased vulnerability to major depression. Individuals who regularly ruminate will often try to reduce the ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, underlying mechanisms of placebo responses are not fully understood. It has repeatedly been shown that placebo responses are associated with changes in neural activity but for many conditions it is unclear whether they also affect the target organ, such as the stomach in motion sickness. Therefore, we present a methodology for the multivariate assessment of placebo responses by subjective, behavioral and objective measures in motion sickness with a rotation chair paradigm. The physiological correlate of motion sickness is a shift in gastric myoelectrical activity towards tachygastria that can be recorded with electrogastrography. The presented study applied the so-called balanced placebo design (BPD) to investigate the effects of ginger compared to placebo and the effects of expectations by verbal information. However, the study revealed no significant main or interactional effects of ginger (as a drug) or information on outcome measures but showed interactions when sex of participants and experimenters are taken into considerations. We discuss limitations of the presented study and report modifications that were used in subsequent studies demonstrating placebo responses when rotation speed was lowered. In general, future placebo studies have to identify the appropriate target organ for the studied placebo responses and to apply the specific methods to assess the physiological correlates.

An experimental rotation chair paradigm is used to investigate whether a placebo intervention on motion sickness affects subjective outcome measures only or also affects behavioral and objective measures in a balanced placebo design.

كيفية دراسة الردود همي في دوار الحركة مع دوران كرسي بارادايم في المشاركون صحي

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

استكشاف استخدام أشكال التعبير المعزولة وكليب فيلم لتقييم العاطفة الاعتراف قبل الأشخاص الذين يعانون إصابات الدماغ الرضية

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Intracortical Inhibition Within the Primary Motor Cortex Can Be Modulated by Changing the Focus of Attention

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have indicated benefits in accuracy, balance, force production, jumping performance, movement speed, oxygen consumption, and fatiguing task. Although behavioral outcomes of using an EF strategy are well explored, the underlying neural mechanisms remain unknown. A recent TMS study compared the activity of the primary motor cortex (M1) between an EF and an IF. More precisely, this study showed that, when adopting an EF, the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits is enhanced.
On the behavioral level, the present protocol tests the influence of attentional foci on the time to task failure (TTF) when performing submaximal contractions of the first dorsal interosseous (FDI). Additionally, the current paper describes two TMS protocols to assess the influence of attentional conditions on the activity of cortical inhibitory circuits within the M1. Thus, the present article describes how to use single-pulse TMS at intensities below the motor threshold (subTMS) and paired-pulse TMS, inducing short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) when applied to the M1. As these methods are assumed to reflect the responsiveness of GABAergic inhibitory neurons, without being affected by spinal reflex circuitries, they are well suited to measuring the activity of intracortical inhibitory circuits within the M1.
The results show that directing attention externally improves motor performance, as participants were able to prolong the time to task failure. Moreover, the results were accompanied by a larger subTMS-induced electromyography suppression and SICI when adopting an EF compared to an IF. As the level of cortical inhibition within the M1 was previously demonstrated to influence motor performance, the enhanced inhibition with an EF might contribute to the better movement efficiency observed in the behavioral task, indicated by a prolonged TTF with an EF.

Using two different transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocols, this manuscript describes how to measure and compare cortical inhibition within the primary motor cortex when adopting different attentional foci.

يمكن عن طريق تغيير تركيز الاهتمام التضمين تثبيط إينتراكورتيكال داخل قشرة المحرك الأساسي

It is well recognized that an external focus (EF) compared with an internal focus (IF) of attention improves motor learning and performance. Studies have ...

The Other End of the Leash: An Experimental Test to Analyze How Owners Interact with Their Pet Dogs

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective studies, so far, have addressed how the owner interacts with the dog. The goal of the present study was to record dog owners&#39; interaction styles by means of objective observation and coding. The experiment included eight standardized situations in which owners of pet dogs were asked to perform specific tasks including both positive (i.e. playing, teaching a new task, showing a preference towards an object in a food searching task, greeting after separation) and potentially distressing tasks (i.e. physical restriction during DNA sampling, putting a T-shirt onto the dog, giving basic obedience commands while the dog was distracted). The video recordings were coded off-line using a specifically designed coding scheme including scores for communication, social support, warmth, enthusiasm, and play style, as well as frequency of behaviors like petting, praising, commands, and attention sounds. Exploratory Factor Analysis of the 20 variables measured revealed 3 factors, labeled as Owner Warmth, Owner Social Support, and Owner Control, which can be viewed as analogues to parenting style dimensions. The experimental procedure introduced here represents the first standardized measure of interaction styles of dog owners. The methodology presented here is a useful tool to investigate individual variation in the interaction style of pet dog owners that can be used to explain differences in the dog-human relationship, dogs&#39; behavioral outcomes, and dogs stress coping strategies, all crucial elements both from a theoretical and applied point of view.

This article presents eight different experimental tasks, mirroring the everyday life of dogs and owners, used to analyze how owners interact with their dogs in a standardized way. The tasks included both positive (e.g. play) and negative (potentially stressful) situations (e.g. physical restriction).

على الطرف الآخر من المقود: اختبار تجريبي لتحليل كيفية تفاعل أصحاب مع الكلاب الأليفة

It has been suggested that the way in which owners interact with their dogs can largely vary and influence the dog-owner bond, but very few objective ...

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior approach. Recently, the lateral transfibular approach to the ankle has gained popularity since a new TAR implant was designed to be performed via this approach that results in an ideal visualization of the center of rotation of the ankle and curved resections that allow for sparing bone cuts. The aim of the present paper is to present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of the osteoarthritis of the ankle with TAR via lateral approach. We present our preoperative clinical and radiographic protocol. In addition, we describe our surgical technique with some technical tips. Finally, we report our follow-up schedule that includes the collection of clinical, functional, and radiographic data. The results of this procedure are encouraging: TAR through a lateral transfibular approach provides reliable pain relief and improvements in functional outcomes in patients with ankle osteoarthritis.

We present our preoperative, operative, and postoperative protocols for the treatment of osteoarthritis of the ankle with total ankle replacement via lateral transfibular approach.

علاج للمفاصل الكاحل مع استبدال الكاحل الكلي عن طريق اتباع نهج ترانسفيبولار الجانبية

Total ankle replacement (TAR) is a valid option for the treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The traditional surgical approach for TAR is the anterior ...

Examining Changes in HRV and Emotion Following Artmaking with Three Different Art Materials

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this study example, the emotional response and changes in heart rate variability are examined in response to artmaking with three different art materials that vary in their levels of fluidity. This protocol can be adapted to examine other types of behavior or engagement in artmaking with other materials. There are several benefits to using this protocol. Firstly, the order randomization of the materials improves the probability that the response measured is associated with its qualities and not the order of presentation. Secondly, the continuous measuring of electrocardiogram enables the examination of changes in heart rate variability after engagement with each art material and changes that might occur during the artmaking itself. The advantages of this protocol should be considered with their limitations. The music listening is before each art making session; thus, the return to baseline can only be measured in the first two conditions. The return to baseline provides information on how fast individuals recover after response to working with each of the materials. Furthermore, a more liquid material instead of gouache paint with a brush, such as finger paints, provides more difference between materials. Finally, this protocol can be adapted to specific research needs.

The goal of the protocol is to guide researchers in conducting experiments that are intended to measure changes in self-reported emotional response and heart rate variability following art making with different materials. The protocol can easily be adapted for use in a variety of behavioral conditions and activities.

دراسة التغييرات في HRV والعاطفة بعد Artmaking مع ثلاثه مواد فنيه مختلفه

This protocol enables the examination of psychological and physiological responses to different types of behavioral engagements. Specifically, in this ...

Examining Bilingual Language Control Using the Stroop Task

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the automaticity of reading, language processing, and cognitive control, among others. When looking at bilingual individuals, this task can be used to obtain measures of language interference and control in both a bilingual&#39;s first language (L1) and second language (L2), as well as for testing the bilingual advantage hypothesis. The Stroop task presents participants with color terms written in congruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in red font), incongruent colors (e.g., the word RED written in green font), in addition to noncolor terms for control (e.g., the word TREE presented in any color), and uses the reaction times from the different conditions to assess the degree of interference and facilitation. In the covert version of the Stroop bilingual task (i.e., participants respond by pressing a button rather than naming aloud), stimuli in the L1 and the L2 are typically presented in separate blocks. While this allows for a simple, yet effective assessment of processing and cognitive control in each language, it fails to capture any potential differences in processing and control within bilingual young adult groups. The present task combines single-language blocks with a novel mixed-language block to increase the level of difficulty of the task, thus making it suitable for testing cognitive control in young adults. Representative results showing differences between performance in the single-language vs. mixed-language blocks are presented, and the benefits of a mixed-language block are discussed.

This bilingual Stroop task uses Congruent, Incongruent, and Neutral stimuli presented in blocks in the first language (L1) only, the second language (L2) only, and a combination of L1 and L2. This task allows for an examination of language processing and cognitive control in both L1 and L2.

فحص التحكم في اللغة ثنائية اللغة باستخدام مهمة Stroop

The Stroop task in its many variations has been used in fields such as psychology, linguistics, and neuroscience to examine questions regarding the ...