This work was supported by grants funded by the British Heart Foundation (BHF), Dinosaur Trust, McAlpine Foundation, Fondation Leducq, Fight for Sight, the Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute of Health Research including (i) the BHF Oxbridge Centre of Regenerative Medicine [RM/13/3/30159], (ii) the BHF Cambridge Centre of Research Excellence, (iii) Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and (iv) Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, and supported the Cambridge NIHR BRC Cell Phenotyping Hub. MLO is funded by a BHF Intermediate Fellowship. FNK is funded by a BHF PhD Studentship.

BOEC生成プロトコルの概略図を図1に示されています。 1.採血や密度勾配遠心<ol><li>各ドナーのために、2つの50mlコニカル遠心管のそれぞれにクエン酸ナトリウムを3mlを加えます。静脈穿刺によって血液の60ミリリットルを収集し、各チューブに30ミリリットルを追加します。混合する優しく2〜3回反転します。それに応じて調整クエンボリュームで、プロトコルで血液のわずか40ミリリットルを使用してください。 注：血液サンプルを採取後2時間以内に処理されることが不可欠です。成長コロニー収率の著しい減少で血液結果の処理を遅延。 </li><li>まず混合するボトルを数回反転させて密度勾配遠心分離媒体を含む新しいコニカルチューブを準備します。無菌フードでは、50mlコニカルチューブ（血液のすべての10ミリリットルのための1チューブ、ドナーあたり6チューブ）あたりの密度勾配遠心分離培地の15ミリリットルを追加します。 </li><li>ダルベッコのリン酸を1：1に希釈血液-Buffered生理食塩水（DPBS）。作業面と20°の角度に密度勾配遠心分離媒体を含むチューブを傾け。ピペットエイドおよび25 mlの血清学的ピペットを使用して、ゆっくりと徐々に傾斜管の壁ダウン血液を添加することにより、媒体上に希釈された血液を21 mlのレイヤ。 注：これを行うと、密度勾配層と血液の混合を最小限に抑えることができますし、より厳しいバフィーコートだけでなく、強化された収量を生成します。 </li><li>アクセルとブレーキをオフにして室温で35分間、400×gで遠心分離し、サンプル。 </li><li> 2.4 - この遠心分離期間中、ステップ2.1で詳述コラーゲンコーティングを開始します。これらの手順は、3.1のステップに進む前に完了していることを確認します。 </li></ol> T-75フラスコおよび培養培地の調製の2コラーゲンコーティング注：細胞培養​​フードで次の手順を実行します。 <ol><li>在庫のTyを希釈して50μg/ mlのコラーゲン溶液を準備します私は0.02M酢酸10mlにコラーゲンPE 例：コラーゲン在庫について4.05 mg / mlの、0.02 M酢酸10 mlにコラーゲンの123.5μLを加えるの濃度で。滅菌フィルターコラーゲン懸濁液を使用前。 </li><li>血清学的ピペットを使用して、T 75、細胞培養フラスコへのコラーゲン溶液の7.5 mLを加え。このボリュームは、5μgのコラーゲン/ cm 2の（または375μgの/フラスコ）を与えます。 RTで1時間コートフラスコ。 </li><li>メーカーが提供する成長因子サプリメントと内皮基礎培地を補充することによってBOEC生成に使用される血管内皮増殖培地を準備します。すべてのサプリメントを追加するが、血清を追加しないでください。 BOEC生成培地15mlのを準備するために、成長因子サプリメントを含有する内皮増殖培地の12.5 mlに定義されたウシ胎児血清（FBS）を2.5mlを加えます。 </li><li> 、1時間のコーティング期間の後第3節で説明したステップに進んでコラーゲン溶液を吸引し、ピペッティングにより残留酢酸を洗い流します10ミリリットルのDPBSインチDPBSを吸引除去し、もう一度この洗浄ステップを繰り返します。ステップ3.3の間に得られた細胞懸濁液は、この時点でめっきする準備ができていない場合は、乾燥アウトからコラーゲンコーティングを維持するためにフラスコにBOEC世代媒体5mLのを追加します。 </li></ol> 3.収集とPBMNCsのめっき<ol><li>ステップ1.4において概説密度勾配遠心分離後、注意深く滅菌プラスチック製トランスファーピペットを用いて、軟膜層を収集します。軟膜の収集は、各チューブからの細胞懸濁液とプラズマの約20ミリリットルが得られるはずです。密度勾配媒体を移送避けます。 </li><li>単核細胞懸濁液1を希釈：DPBS中1と混合するために反転します。最大でブレーキとアクセルで300×gで20分間、室温で遠心分離します。 </li><li>遠心分離した後、ダウンを繰り返し、各ペレットにBOEC世代培地1mlを添加し、ピペッティングにより上清および再懸濁細胞を吸引します。プール細胞は、懸濁液残りの培地で10mlにDトップアップ総容量。 </li><li>総細胞数、細胞懸濁液のサンプルを10μlの推定を取得し、赤血球を溶解しますチュルク液490μLで50倍に希釈します。血球計数器を用いて希釈細胞懸濁液の10μlのサンプルをカウントします。 注：血液の60mLのがめっきに約100〜150×10 6の白血球細胞が得られるはずです。 </li><li>シングル、コラーゲンコートT-75フラスコにプレート全体の細胞懸濁液、5％CO 2を含む加湿雰囲気中で37℃で15mLの/フラスコと文化にトップアップ中量。この時点で播種した細胞は、継代0を表します。 注：これは、後で、またはBOECsを生成することができる別の研究所にPBMNCsを輸送するためにBOECsを導出するために前のBOEC分離に孤立PBMNCsを凍結することが可能です。しかし、凍結PBMNCsはBOEC分離の効率を低下させることができることに留意することが重要です。 S方法については、以下のEE部8。 </li></ol> 4.長期細胞培養<ol><li>新鮮BOEC生成培地15mlを加えることによって、培地を2日毎に変更（5：内皮細胞増殖培地の1：1混合物およびFBSを定義）。週末のために、培地の変更は、3日ごとに遅延させることができます。 注：伸長コロニーを培養7日および14日の間に表示されます。 </li><li>成長コロニーの出現のために日7月14日にBOEC培養フラスコを監視します。古典的な内皮石畳の形態を示す細胞の円形グループなどのコロニーを識別します。 </li><li>コロニーまたは複数のコロニーをフラスコ内で識別されると、メディアの変更を続行し、コロニーが継代前にコロニー当たり約1000〜2000個の細胞まで成長することができます。ラフ視覚推定を通じてコロニーあたりの細胞数を決定します。 注：ガイドとして、それは一週間最初の成長コロニーの同定後の経過初期の成長コロニーのが通例です。 </li> &lt;LI&gt; DPBS 10mlで二回フラスコをすすぐことによって継代細胞。 1Xトリプシン-EDTAの5 mlを加え、5分間37℃のインキュベーターでインキュベートします。 5分後、培地（FBSを含有する）を10 mlのトリプシンを中和し、ピペット操作を繰り返すと、懸濁液中に細胞をもたらします。 </li><li>遠心5分間300×gでサスペンション、新鮮BOEC世代培地15ml中に再懸濁し、（継代1、P1を表す）は、新しいT-75フラスコに、全細胞懸濁液をプレート。いいえコラーゲンコーティングは必要ありません。 </li><li>細胞がコンフルエント（フラスコ当たりおよそ3〜5×10 6個の細胞 ）になるまで上記のように培地交換を続けます。コンフルエント後、継代細胞、ステップ4.3に記載のように。 注：以降通路2から、細胞はもはやBOEC生成培地を必要とせず、内皮細胞増殖培地と10％の標準的な熱不活性化FBSで培養することができます。コラーゲンの存在がBOEC proliferを高めることができることを示唆する証拠があるので、コラーゲンコーティングは、今後の任意のステップとして使用することができエーション率。 </li><li>継続継代のために、などの低細胞密度がBOECsが増殖を停止させることができ、T-75フラスコあたり75万細胞よりも少ないプレートなし。 </li></ol> 5.凍結融解BOEC文化<ol><li> 5分間300×gで4.3節と遠心分離機で説明したように細胞をトリプシン処理。培地10mlに再懸濁上清を吸引除去します。これは、内皮細胞増殖培地を必要としません。 10％標準FBSを含むDMEMで十分です。血球計数器を使用して、手動細胞数を実行するように細胞懸濁液の10μlのサンプルを収集します。 </li><li>氷のように冷たい凍結保存培地（50％FBSおよび10％DMSOを40％のDMEM）で2×10 6細胞/ mlで再遠心し、再懸濁します。液体窒素に転送する前に少なくとも2時間、-80℃の冷凍庫で氷冷イソプロパノール凍結保存容器と場所に場所バイアルを、各バイアルに0.5ミリリットル（10 6細胞 ）を追加します。以上24時間-80℃で細胞に放置しないでください。 </lI&gt; <li>セルを解凍するには、15ミリリットルコニカル遠心チューブに予め温めた培地10mlを追加します。 注：継代1細胞を解凍する場合、解凍後の最初の2日間のFBSを定義して20％を補充した内皮細胞増殖培地中に解凍します。これは、今後、より安定した細胞の単離につながります。 </li><li>わずかな氷の結晶がバイアル内に残されるまで、穏やかに攪拌しながら37℃の水浴中で液体窒素と融解から細胞を取り出します。コニカル遠心チューブにバイアル滴下の内容を追加し、5分間300×gでスピンダウン。 </li><li> 10ミリリットルEGM-2MV + 10％FBS中で上清を吸引および再懸濁細胞ペレット。 T-75フラスコとトップまで15ミリリットルの培地に追加します。 </li></ol>フローサイトメトリーによるBOECsの6キャラクタリゼーション<ol><li>染色緩衝液1ml当たり10 6細胞の濃度でセクション4.4および再懸濁で説明したように第4節で説明BOECコロニーは、トリプシン処理細胞を拡大することが許可されたら（DPBSウィットH 2％FBSおよび2mM EDTA）。 </li><li> CD45、CD14、CD34、CD31（一時20希釈ですべてを使用）またはVEGFR2（1:10希釈）（詳細については表1を参照）に対する蛍光標識抗体を用いて10 5個の細胞を結合します。暗所で4℃で30分間インキュベートします。 </li><li> 5分間300×gで1ミリリットル染色緩衝液および遠心分離で細胞を洗浄します。上清を吸引し、分析のために400μlの染色緩衝液中に再懸濁します。 4℃で細胞を維持し、分析前に、光から保護。 </li><li>アッセイで使用する蛍光標識抗体を検出するために装備サイトメーター上のサイトメトリー分析を実行します。 </li><li>前方調整および側方散乱電圧だけでなく、FITCおよびAPCのチャネルの電圧によってサイトメーターで細胞集団を識別するために染色されていないBOECサンプルを使用してください。 </li><li>各蛍光色素のためのアイソタイプ染色された細胞を使用してしきい値をゲートするかを決定します。 presencに基づいて、各細胞表面マーカーの陽性を評価蛍光色素のためのアイソタイプコントロールに対する蛍光強度のピークシフトのeが分析されています。 </li></ol>免疫蛍光顕微鏡によるBOECsの7キャラクタリゼーション<ol><li>プレートBOECs内皮細胞増殖培地500μl中5×10 4個の細胞ウェル当たり+ 10％熱不活性化FBSの密度でカバースリップなしの24ウェル、平底組織培養プレート中で、37に付着して成長するままにC°、5％CO 2の細胞がウェル（光microsope下で目視検査によって推定コンフルエントに）それぞれの面積の少なくとも70〜80％をカバーするまで。 </li><li> DPBS 1mlで5分間、各ウェル中の細胞を洗浄します。 </li><li> DPBS中の4％パラホルムアルデヒド溶液500μlを用いて4℃で細胞O / Nを修正。 </li><li>ウェルあたりのDPBS 1mlで3×5分間、細胞を洗浄します。それぞれ、ピペットと吸引器を使用して、DPBSを追加し、削除します。 </li><li> DPBS中0.2％のポリソルベート20で3×10分間、細胞を透過性。 </li&gt; <li> DPBS中に10％FBSを含有するブロッキング緩衝液中で室温で1時間、細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li>またはvWFを（1：250）：CD34（10 / mlの）、CD144（300 1）に対する一次抗体を含む抗体希釈緩衝液（DPBS中の0.1％ウシ血清アルブミン）300μlの中で4°CO / Nで染色細胞。詳細については表1 を参照してください。 </li><li> DPBSで5×10分間の未結合の一次抗体を洗い流します。 </li><li> （1：200ですべての） 表1に詳述するように、適切な蛍光標識二次抗体と室温で1時間、細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li> DPBSで5×10分間、非結合二次抗体を洗い流します。 </li><li> RTで10分間、DPBS中1μg/ mlの4 &#39;、6-ジアミジノ-2-フェニルインドール（DAPI）で細胞をインキュベートします。 </li><li>さらに3×5分間DPBSで細胞を洗浄。 </li><li>アタッチ用いた蛍光励起用の外部光源を備えた倒立顕微鏡を用いて100倍の倍率で画像セル、キャプチャ画像その後の分析をオフラインでのEDデジタルカメラ。 </li></ol> 8.凍結融解PBMNCs <ol><li>ステージ3.2の終了時に、遠心分離後、培地を吸引し、手動で繰り返しピペッティングを上にして、およびP1000のピペットチップを使用したダウン細胞ペレットを崩壊させます。細胞懸濁液を生成するために穏やかに混合することを確認し、凍結培地、90％血清、10％DMSO中の1ミリリットルを追加します。第5節で説明したようにクライオバイアルと凍結融解に細胞懸濁液を転送します。 </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Yancopoulos, G. D., Klagsbrun, M., Folkman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vasculogenesis,+angiogenesis,+and+growth+factors:+ephrins+enter+the+fray+at+the+border.">Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and growth factors: ephrins enter the fray at the border.</a> Cell. 93, 661-664 (1998).</li><li>Flamme, I., Fr&#246;lich, T., Risau, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+of+vasculogenesis+and+embryonic+angiogenesis.">Molecular mechanisms of vasculogenesis and embryonic angiogenesis.</a> J Cell Physiol. 173, 206-210 (1997).</li><li>Asahara, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+putative+progenitor+endothelial+cells+for+angiogenesis.">Isolation of putative progenitor endothelial cells for angiogenesis.</a> Science. 275, 964-967 (1997).</li><li>Shi, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+for+circulating+bone+marrow-derived+endothelial+cells.">Evidence for circulating bone marrow-derived endothelial cells.</a> Blood. 92, 362-367 (1998).</li><li>Ormiston, M. L., Deng, Y., Stewart, D. J., Courtman, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Innate+immunity+in+the+therapeutic+actions+of+endothelial+progenitor+cells+in+pulmonary+hypertension.">Innate immunity in the therapeutic actions of endothelial progenitor cells in pulmonary hypertension.</a> Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 43, 546-554 (2010).</li><li>Hur, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+two+types+of+endothelial+progenitor+cells+and+their+different+contributions+to+neovasculogenesis.">Characterization of two types of endothelial progenitor cells and their different contributions to neovasculogenesis.</a> Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 24, 288-293 (2004).</li><li>Lin, Y., Weisdorf, D. J., Solovey, A., Hebbel, R. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origins+of+circulating+endothelial+cells+and+endothelial+outgrowth+from+blood.">Origins of circulating endothelial cells and endothelial outgrowth from blood.</a> J Clin Invest. 105, 71-77 (2000).</li><li>Yoder, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Redefining+endothelial+progenitor+cells+via+clonal+analysis+and+hematopoietic+stem/progenitor+cell+principals.">Redefining endothelial progenitor cells via clonal analysis and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell principals.</a> Blood. 109, 1801-1809 (2007).</li><li>Toshner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcript+analysis+reveals+a+specific+HOX+signature+associated+with+positional+identity+of+human+endothelial+cells.">Transcript analysis reveals a specific HOX signature associated with positional identity of human endothelial cells.</a> PLOS ONE. 9, e91334 (2014).</li><li>Toshner, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+dysfunction+of+endothelial+progenitors+in+pulmonary+arterial+hypertension.">Evidence of dysfunction of endothelial progenitors in pulmonary arterial hypertension.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 180, 780-787 (2009).</li><li>Wang, J. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+storage+and+secretion+of+von+Willebrand+factor+in+blood+outgrowth+endothelial+cells+derived+from+patients+with+von+Willebrand+disease.">Analysis of the storage and secretion of von Willebrand factor in blood outgrowth endothelial cells derived from patients with von Willebrand disease.</a> Blood. 121, 2762-2772 (2013).</li><li>O'Neill, C. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Therapeutic+revascularisation+of+ischaemic+tissue:+the+opportunities+and+challenges+for+therapy+using+vascular+stem/progenitor+cells.">Therapeutic revascularisation of ischaemic tissue: the opportunities and challenges for therapy using vascular stem/progenitor cells.</a> Stem Cell Res &amp; Ther. 3, 31 (2012).</li><li>Geti, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Practical+and+Efficient+Cellular+Substrate+for+the+Generation+of+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cells+from+Adults:+Blood-Derived+Endothelial+Progenitor+Cells.">A Practical and Efficient Cellular Substrate for the Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Adults: Blood-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells.</a> Stem Cells TM. 1, 855-865 (2012).</li><li>Prasain, N., Meador, J. L., Yoder, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phenotypic+and+functional+characterization+of+endothelial+colony+forming+cells+derived+from+human+umbilical+cord+blood.">Phenotypic and functional characterization of endothelial colony forming cells derived from human umbilical cord blood.</a> Journal of Vis Exp: JoVE. , (2012).</li><li>Martin-Ramirez, J., Hofman, M., van den Biggelaar, M., Hebbel, R. P., Voorberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+outgrowth+endothelial+cells+from+peripheral+blood.">Establishment of outgrowth endothelial cells from peripheral blood.</a> Nat Prot. 7, 1709-1715 (2012).</li><li>Hofmann, N. A., Reinisch, A., Strunk, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+large+scale+expansion+of+adult+human+endothelial+colony+forming+progenitor+cells.">Isolation and large scale expansion of adult human endothelial colony forming progenitor cells.</a> Journal of Vis Exp: JoVE. , (2009).</li></ol>

The authors have nothing to disclose.

We present a detailed protocol that allows for the robust and efficient derivation of BOECs from adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs). Our protocol includes two important refinements that represent advances on previous methods of BOEC isolation.14-16 These include the absence of heparin in the initial PBMNC culture medium and the use of defined, embryonic stem cell-qualified serum. This latter refinement is of particular importance. Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-qualified serum is a more consistent grade of serum and, although it is not known yet what component(s) are enriched in the serum that benefit BOEC isolation, the impact of this defined serum on the efficiency of BOEC generation is clear in our hands. In addition, we have also had success in isolating BOECs using human serum, thereby allowing for the generation of BOECs for clinical translation. In our hands, this refined protocol results in the successful isolation of stable BOEC cultures from greater than 90% of donors, making it one of the most reliable BOEC generation methods reported thus far. Although the use of particular sera is critical to BOEC generation, it also represents a primary limitation of the current protocol. Future improvements to the technique could include the generation of these cells in serum-free, defined culture conditions.
Critical Steps in the protocol include processing blood samples as soon as possible after collection, complete harvesting of the buffy coat cells after density gradient centrifugation and the timely passaging of initial colonies from P0 to P1. This passaging step is critical to establishment of a stable isolation. Like other endothelial cells, BOECs appear to be very sensitive to plating density. If the plating density after passaging is too low, the BOECs will not proliferate. Conversely, if the colonies are allowed to become overconfluent before passaging, the cells will also cease to proliferate and have the tendency to convert into an elongated, mesenchymal cell phenotype. If few colonies appear from days 7 to 14, or if the colonies are small in size, troubleshooting can include increasing cell density by passaging P0 colonies into a T-25 flask instead of a T-75.
Once the technique is mastered, the resultant BOECs can be used in several applications, including in vitro studies of endothelial cell biology, disease modeling and drug screening, as well as in vivo cell transplantation therapies. An important consideration for the development of any cell therapy process is to use cells that are free from pathogenic mutations. We have previously shown that BOECs isolated using our protocol possess genomes that are free from copy number variations and are thus representative of the individual from which they were collected. In addition, we have also demonstrated that the majority of BOEC-derived iPSC lines are free from copy number variations.13 This contrasts with previous reports of copy number variation in fibroblast-derived iPSCs. To date, these cells remain the only iPSCs for which this degree of genomic fidelity has been reported. This feature is important for the field of iPSC biology and the use of iPSCs in disease modeling, drug screening and future cell transplantation therapies.

最近までは、新しい血管の出生後の発生は、既存の血管の内皮細胞からの新しい血管の出芽のように定義される、血管新生と呼ばれるプロセスを介して排他的に起こると考えられていた。1このプロセスは、脈管形成の対比、または胚発生の間に排他的に起こると考えられていた血管内皮前駆細胞からの血管のデノボ形成2が、より最近の研究では、同定され、成人の末梢血中の内皮前駆細胞（EPC）を循環する単離しました。これらの細胞は、培養中で成熟内皮細胞に分化する能力を有し、出生後の血管に関与すると考えられている。3,4 これらのEPCの単離および拡張のためのプロトコールは、典型的にはvascul含む内皮増殖因子を含む培地で、末梢血単核細胞（PBMNCs）の培地を含みますAR内皮増殖因子（VEGF）および線維芽細胞増殖因子-2 5-8 EPC培養は劇的に異なる細胞型の多様性を生み出します。初期の文化（&lt;7日）は、「初期」のEPCとして文献で知られている単球細胞の種類によって支配されています。その名前にもかかわらず、これらの細胞は、単球マーカーCD14を発現し、前駆細胞マーカーCD34について陰性であると古典内皮マーカーCD31およびVEGF受容体2（VEGFR2）の最小限のレベルで発現する。5継続文化は、細胞の二次集団に生じます後半伸長のEPCまたは内皮様細胞のように控えめなコロニーを出現する血液伸長内皮細胞（BOECs）、として知られています。単球の早期のEPCとは異なり、また、内皮コロニー形成細胞（ECFCs）、伸長内皮細胞または後期成長内皮細胞と呼ばれているBOECsは、内皮細胞単層の典型的なものである敷石状の形態を示し、表面マーカーに非常に似ています5遺伝子発現9は、内皮細胞に成熟します。 末梢血からの内皮様細胞の生成は、特に、肺動脈性肺高血圧症（PAH）10またはフォンヴィレブランド病などの血管障害に関連した内皮細胞の機能不全の研究のために、いくつかの利点を提供しています。11前BOECsの可用性に、内皮細胞は死だけや臓器移植の際に外植臓器由来、または出生時の臍帯静脈から単離することができました。この減少可用性は、内皮、心臓血管疾患の患者由来の細胞、ならびに内皮細胞および血液細胞または壁細胞のいずれかの間の相互作用の生物学の理解に重大な制限を表します。また、これらのソースからの内皮細胞の純粋な集団を単離し、培養して技術的に困難であり、これらの方法によって誘導された細胞のみが限られを示しますD増殖能力。 BOECsは、したがって、患者由来の初代内皮細胞の単離および培養のための貴重な代理を提供しています。 それらのインビトロ用途に加えて、BOECsは、自家細胞移植療法においても有用である可能性があります。これらのアプリケーションは、内皮細胞の血管新生を促進するための移植（12およびその中の参考文献を参照のこと）、ならびに人工多能性幹細胞（iPS細胞）の発生の両方を含む。13 BOEC由来のiPS細胞は、疾患のモデリングのために使用され、出発物質として巨大な可能性を提供することができ自家細胞治療用材料。 BOECsは、より速く、皮膚線維芽細胞よりも高い効率で再プログラム。さらに、BOECsも翻訳アプリケーションに適して任意の技術の本質的な特徴である、核型異常のないiPS細胞の生成を可能にします。患者の血液サンプルAからiPS細胞を生成する能力LSOは、それによって創傷治癒障害を有する患者からの細胞の発生を促進する、皮膚生検および皮膚線維芽細胞の生成のための必要性を排除する、または非常に若いです。 以下に詳述するプロトコル、によって承認され、国家研究倫理サービス委員会（東イングランド）のガイドラインに沿って行われ、比較的小容量から90％以上の効率でBOECsの生成のための、シンプルで信頼性の高い方法を提供する（60 ml）の末梢血。これらの細胞は、高度に増殖性であり、単一の血液サンプルからの細胞の数百万の生成を可能にする、繰り返し継代することができます。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">For blood collection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mL syringe with luer-lok tip</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309653</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>19G Surflo Winged Infusion Set</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SV-19BL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>StarLab</td>
			<td>E1450</td>
			<td>2 per donor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Citrate</td>
			<td>Martindale Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td>270541</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">For buffy coat isolation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ficoll-Paque Plus</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>17-1440-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile wrapped plastic transfer pipettes</td>
			<td>Appleton Woods</td>
			<td>KC231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Turk&#8217;s Solution</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>1.093E+09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">For cell culture, passaging and freezing cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type 1 Collagen (derived from rat tail)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>35-4236</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s PBS (without Ca2+ and Mg2+)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.02M Acetic Acid&#160;</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A6283</td>
			<td>prepared in reagent grade water</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Endothelial Growth Medium-2MV 
			(containing Bullet Kit, but not serum)</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>CC-3202</td>
			<td>Note: It is essential that the medium does not contain heparin.&#160;&#160; 
			Do not use EGM-2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (U.S.), Defined</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10x Trypsin EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>T4174</td>
			<td>Dilute to 1x in PBS prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat Inactivated FBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10500-064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>41965-039</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>276855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nalgene Mr. Frosty Freezing Container</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C1562</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">For flow cytometric characterization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD14</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555397</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG1k, Clone: WM59 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD31</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555445</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG1k, Clone: WM59 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD34</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555824</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG1k, Clone: 581/CD34 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated mouse anti-human CD45</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560976</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG1k, Clone: HI30 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#160;APC-conjugated mouse anti-human VEGFR2</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>FAB357A</td>
			<td>Mouse IgG1, Clone: 89106 
			Dilution: 1:10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC-conjugated mouse IgG1k isotype control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555748</td>
			<td>Clone: MOPC-21 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-conjugated mouse IgG1k isotype control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>555751</td>
			<td>Clone: MOPC-21 
			Dilution: 1:20</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-conjugated mouse IgG1k isotype control</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>IC002A 
			Dilution: 1:10</td>
			<td>Clone: 11711</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA, 0.5M solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">For immunofluorescent microscopy&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning Costar 24-well tissue culture plate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS3527</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polysorbate 20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P2287</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal mouse anti-human CD34 antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>MAB72271</td>
			<td>Clone 756510, IgG1, use at 10 &#956;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal goat anti-human VE-cadherin (CD144)</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>AF938</td>
			<td>Antigen affinity- purified IgG, use at 1:300</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal rabbit anti-human Von Willebrand Factor (vWF)</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab154193</td>
			<td>Clone EPSISR15, use at 1:250</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse IgG (H+L) secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-21202</td>
			<td>Polyclonal, 2 mg/ml, use at 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-goat IgG (H+L) secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-11055</td>
			<td>Polyclonal, 2 mg/ml, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-rabbit IgG (H+L) secondary antibody, Alexa Fluor 568 conjugate</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>A-10042</td>
			<td>Polyclonal,&#160; 2 mg/ml, 1:200</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DAPI (4&#8242;,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole dihydrochloride)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D9542</td>
			<td>use at 1 &#956;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

generation and culture of blood outgrowth endothelial cells from human peripheral blood

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in these individuals. However, the recent identification of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs), generated from circulating endothelial progenitors in adult peripheral blood, may circumvent this limitation by offering an endothelial-like, primary cell surrogate for patient-derived endothelial cells. Beyond their value to understanding endothelial biology and disease modeling, BOECs have potential uses in endothelial cell transplantation therapies. They are also a suitable cellular substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via nuclear reprogramming, offering a number of advantages over other cell types. We describe a method for the reliable generation, culture and characterization of BOECs from adult peripheral blood for use in these and other applications. This approach (i) allows for the generation of patient-specific endothelial cells from a relatively small volume of adult peripheral blood and (ii) produces cells that are highly similar to primary endothelial cells in morphology, cell signaling and gene expression.

血液を60mlのバフィーコート単核細胞の単離は、典型的には6 100-150x10総白血球をもたらします。単一のT-75フラスコにプレーティングしたとき、未溶解細胞懸濁液中の細胞の大多数は、それが困難な明視野顕微鏡を使用して、個々の接着細胞を解決することができます。繰り返し中の変更は、非接着細胞のクリアランスをもたらし、「初期」のEPC単球の接着性の人口の可視化を可能にします。 7日目に、T-75は、約7×10 6これらの細長い接着細胞のが含まれています。 7〜14日から、BOECsのコロニーをフラスコ（ 図2A）内に表示されます。コロニーは、最初の3〜5に隣接するセルとして表示されます。伸長コロニー数は、血液の60 mlのあたり1から10個のコロニーから変えることができます。一般的には、（ すなわち 、20〜25歳）の若いドナーはまた、以前の文化の中で表示される成長コロニー、より多くの数を生成する傾向があります。BOECsは、数百の細胞からなる円形のコロニーを形成する細胞のこの中央のグループから増殖します。これらのコロニー内の細胞は、古典的な内皮石畳の形態を示します。 彼らは植民地あたり約1000個の細胞が含まれている場合には、通路初期コロニーに好適です。伸長コロニーは、通常7日文化の中で彼らの元の外観の後にこのサイズに達します。元のコロニーを新たなT-75フラスコに継代されると、それらは（ 図2B）、5日以内にコンフルエントな単層（フラスコ当たり3-5x10 6細胞 ）を形成するように増殖しなければなりません。アイソレーションの小さな割合（&lt;10％）で、成長コロニーが表示されない、またはこの初期継代工程の後に、十分に増殖しません。彼らの最初の継代後の低増殖性を示すBOECsはほとんど安定BOECアイソレーションとなり、多くの場合、2〜3の通路内に増殖を停止するために行くん。単球のBOECの文化の中に含まれている初期のEPCは、非増殖性であり、典型的には1-2の通路内の培養液から消去されます。これらの初期の細胞のクリアランスは、継代を繰り返し継代と非増殖初期のEPCの希釈後に再付着する初期の細胞の故障細胞死に起因するものです。 継代1細胞を、培養中にさらに継代または後で使用するためにダウンして凍結することができます。安定した分離が生成されると、細胞が静止になる前に通路8または9までアップ3-5新しいT-75フラスコに1コンフルエントなフラスコの割合で継代することができます。ここでも、細胞密度は文化を通じて重要です。我々の経験では、ないより少ない75万よりも細胞は増殖停止を引き起こす可能性が低い細胞密度として、T-75フラスコ中に播種する必要があります。 BOECsの高い増殖能力にもかかわらず、細胞は、このような（フラスコ当たりすなわち 、&gt; 5×10 6細胞 ）overconfluentになることを許されるべきではないCONVERSを引き起こす可能性があります<html>非増殖性の表現型へのBOECsのイオン。 我々はBOECとして標識されている任意のセルは、内皮マーカーのための適切な細胞表面および細胞内染色を表示することを提案しています。 BOECsの特徴付けは、典型的な内皮細胞マーカーについて染色後、フローサイトメトリー（ 図3）または蛍光顕微鏡（ 図4）によって達成することができます。 BOECsは、内皮表面マーカーCD31とVEGFR2について陽性であると、単球マーカーCD14および汎白血球マーカーCD45について陰性です。 BOECsもヴァイベル - パラーデ体をposessため、ディスクリート、斑点状の細胞質染色としてフォンビルブランド因子（vWF）を発現します。例えば、肺動脈または大動脈内皮細胞などの他の成熟内皮細胞型とは異なり、BOECsは、それらの表面上に前駆細胞および活性化マーカーCD34を発現します。 ftp_upload / 53384 / 53384fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; BOEC生成プロトコルの図1の概略図。末梢血単核細胞は、定義されたFBSを含む内皮細胞増殖培地中のコラーゲンコートしたプレート上での密度勾配遠心分離して培養することにより静脈血から単離されます。 BOECコロニーを培養の7〜14日以内に表示されます。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図2" src="/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig2.jpg" /> 図代表BOEC文化の2明視野画像。（A）伸長コロニーは石畳の単分子層に配置され、中心点から放射状に増殖している内皮様細胞の集合体として存在日7と14のコロニーの間の文化に表示されます。周囲の成長コロニーは付着モノです初期の培養中の細胞の大部分を構成するcytic細胞。先に説明したように、これらの細胞は、「早期の」内皮前駆細胞は、紡錘状の形態を有しており、単球マーカーCD14を発現します。非増殖性単球細胞が死滅するか失敗のいずれかとして継代後（B）は、増殖性の高いBOECsは継代後に再接続するために、文化を引き継ぎます。スケールバー250μmの。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図3" src="/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig3.jpg" /> 図フローサイトメトリーによるBOECsの3キャラ。BOECsをトリプシン処理し、特定の表面マーカー（赤線）に対する蛍光コンジュゲートアイソタイプコントロール抗体（満たされたピークを灰色）、または抗体で染色しました。サイトメトリー特性評価のための表面マーカー造血マーカーCD45およびCD14、内皮マーカーCD31とVEGFR2とprogentiorおよび内皮活性化マーカーCD34を含む<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig3large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a> <img alt="図4" src="/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig4.jpg" /> 内皮細胞マーカーにBOECsの図4.免疫蛍光染色。BOECsの代表的な免疫蛍光画像は、内皮細胞表面マーカーCD144（VEカドヘリン、右上のパネル）およびフォンヴィレブランド因子（vWF、右下のパネル）糖タンパク血に対する抗体で免疫染色。核DAPI染色を示す対応するパネルが左側に表示されます。スケールバーは50μm。 CD144のため。 <a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/53384/53384fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">拡大表示はこちらをクリックしてください</a>この図のバージョン。

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood at JoVE.com

Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

This protocol allows for the reliable generation and characterization of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from a small volume of adult peripheral blood. BOECs can be used as a surrogate for endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders and as a substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.

ヒト末梢血からの血液伸長内皮細胞の生成と文化

Historically, the limited availability of primary endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders has hindered the study of the molecular ...

generation-culture-blood-outgrowth-endothelial-cells-from-human

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

18.8K ビュー.  University of Cambridge. This protocol allows for the reliable generation and characterization of blood outgrowth endothelial cells (BOECs) from a small volume of adult peripheral blood. BOECs can be used as a surrogate for endothelial cells from patients with vascular disorders and as a substrate for the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells.

ビデオ: Generation and Culture of Blood Outgrowth Endothelial Cells from Human Peripheral Blood

Enrichment of NK Cells from Human Blood with the RosetteSep Kit from StemCell Technologies

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system and play major roles in fighting against cancer and infections, but are also implicated in the early stages of pregnancy and transplant rejection. These cells are present in peripheral blood, from which they can be isolated. Cells can be isolated using either positive or negative selection. For positive selection we use antibodies directed to a surface marker present only on the cells of interest whereas for negative selection we use cocktails of antibodies targeted to surface markers present on all cells but the cells of interest. This latter technique presents the advantage of leaving the cells of interest free of antibodies, thereby reducing the risk of unwanted cell activation or differenciation. In this video-protocol we demonstrate how to separate NK cells from human blood by negative selection, using the RosetteSep kit from StemCell technologies. The procedure involves obtaining human peripheral blood (under an institutional review board-approved protocol to protect the human subjects) and mixing it with a cocktail of antibodies that will bind to markers absent on NK cells, but present on all other mononuclear cells present in peripheral blood (e.g., T lymphocytes, monocytes...). The antibodies present in the cocktail are conjugated to antibodies directed to glycophorin A on erythrocytes. All unwanted cells and red blood cells will therefore be trapped in complexes. The mix of blood and antibody cocktail is then diluted, overlayed on a Histopaque gradient, and centrifuged. NK cells (&gt;80% pure) can be collected at the interface between the Histopaque and the diluted plasma. Similar cocktails are available for enrichment of other cell populations, such as human T lymphocytes.

Natural killer cells are a small population of lymphocytes. Here we show how to isolate these cells from human blood by negative selection, using a kit from StemCell Technologies. The cells obtained are viable and untouched by antibodies, and therefore ready to be used for a number of procedures.

StemCell Technologies社からRosetteSepキットと人間の血液からNK細胞の濃縮

Natural killer (NK) cells are large granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that belong to the innate immune system and play major roles in fighting against cancer ...

生物学

Isolation and Culture of Pulmonary Endothelial Cells from Neonatal Mice

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have shown to be convenient, easy to obtain and culture, and thus are the most widely studied endothelial cells. However, for research focused on processes like angiogenesis, permeability or many others, microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) are a much more physiologically relevant model to study 2. Furthermore, ECs isolated from knockout mice provide a useful tool for analysis of protein function ex vivo. Several approaches to isolate and culture microvascular ECs of different origin have been reported to date 3-7, but consistent isolation and culture of pure ECs is still a major technical problem in many laboratories. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol on a reliable and relatively simple method of isolating and culturing mouse lung endothelial cells (MLECs). In this approach, lung tissue obtained from 6- to 8-day old pups is first cut into pieces, digested with collagenase/dispase (C/D) solution and dispersed mechanically into single-cell suspension. MLECS are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to Dynabeads using a Magnetic Particle Concentrator (MPC). Such purified cells are cultured on gelatin-coated tissue culture (TC) dishes until they become confluent. At that point, cells are further purified using Dynabeads coupled to anti-ICAM-2 antibody. MLECs obtained with this protocol exhibit a cobblestone phenotype, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy, and their endothelial phenotype has been confirmed using FACS analysis with anti-VE-cadherin 8 and anti-VEGFR2 9 antibodies and immunofluorescent staining of VE-cadherin. In our hands, this two-step isolation procedure consistently and reliably yields a pure population of MLECs, which can be further cultured. This method will enable researchers to take advantage of the growing number of knockout and transgenic mice to directly correlate in vivo studies with results of in vitro experiments performed on isolated MLECs and thus help to reveal molecular mechanisms of vascular phenotypes observed in vivo.

Here, we describe a protocol for isolation and culture of murine pulmonary endothelial cells. This method comprises mechanic and enzymatic lung tissue dissociation as well as a 2-step purification process using anti-PECAM-1 and anti-ICAM-2 antibodies conjugated to magnetic beads, which produces a pure endothelial cell population of mostly microvascular origin.

新生児マウスからの肺血管内皮細胞の単離と培養

Endothelial cells provide a useful research model in many areas of vascular biology. Since its first isolation 1, human umbilical vein endothelial cells ...

Phenotypic and Functional Characterization of Endothelial Colony Forming Cells Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Blood

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of circulating endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were first identified in adult human peripheral blood by Asahara et al. in 1997 2 bringing an infusion of new hypotheses and strategies for vascular regeneration and repair. EPCs are rare but normal components of circulating blood that home to sites of blood vessel formation or vascular remodeling, and facilitate either postnatal vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, or arteriogenesis largely via paracrine stimulation of existing vessel wall derived cells3. No specific marker to identify an EPC has been identified, and at present the state of the field is to understand that numerous cell types including proangiogenic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, circulating angiogenic cells, Tie2+ monocytes, myeloid progenitor cells, tumor associated macrophages, and M2 activated macrophages participate in stimulating the angiogenic process in a variety of preclinical animal model systems and in human subjects in numerous disease states4, 5. Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are rare circulating viable endothelial cells characterized by robust clonal proliferative potential, secondary and tertiary colony forming ability upon replating, and ability to form intrinsic in vivo vessels upon transplantation into immunodeficient mice6-8. While ECFCs have been successfully isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy adult subjects, umbilical cord blood (CB) of healthy newborn infants, and vessel wall of numerous human arterial and venous vessels 6-9, CB possesses the highest frequency of ECFCs7 that display the most robust clonal proliferative potential and form durable and functional blood vessels in vivo8, 10-13. While the derivation of ECFC from adult peripheral blood has been presented14, 15, here we describe the methodologies for the derivation, cloning, expansion, and in vitro as well as in vivo characterization of ECFCs from the human umbilical CB.

Endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) are circulating endothelial cells with robust clonal proliferative potential that display intrinsic in vivo vessel forming ability. Phenotypic and functional characterization of outgrowth endothelial cells derived from CB are important to identify and isolate bona fide ECFCs for potential clinical application in repairing damaged tissues.

ヒト臍帯血由来血管内皮コロニー形成細胞の表現型および機能解析

Longstanding views of new blood vessel formation via angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and arteriogenesis have been recently reviewed1. The presence of ...

Generation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Peripheral Blood Using the STEMCCA Lentiviral Vector

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, generating so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)1-4. Patient-specific iPSCs lack the ethical concerns that surround embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and would bypass possible immune rejection. Thus, iPSCs have attracted considerable attention for disease modeling studies, the screening of pharmacological compounds, and regenerative therapies5.
We have shown the generation of transgene-free human iPSCs from patients with different lung diseases using a single excisable polycistronic lentiviral Stem Cell Cassette (STEMCCA) encoding the Yamanaka factors6. These iPSC lines were generated from skin fibroblasts, the most common cell type used for reprogramming. Normally, obtaining fibroblasts requires a skin punch biopsy followed by expansion of the cells in culture for a few passages. Importantly, a number of groups have reported the reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells into iPSCs7-9. In one study, a Tet inducible version of the STEMCCA vector was employed9, which required the blood cells to be simultaneously infected with a constitutively active lentivirus encoding the reverse tetracycline transactivator. In contrast to fibroblasts, peripheral blood cells can be collected via minimally invasive procedures, greatly reducing the discomfort and distress of the patient. A simple and effective protocol for reprogramming blood cells using a constitutive single excisable vector may accelerate the application of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community. Furthermore, reprogramming of peripheral blood cells allows for the generation of iPSCs from individuals in which skin biopsies should be avoided (i.e. aberrant scarring) or due to pre-existing disease conditions preventing access to punch biopsies.
Here we demonstrate a protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) using a single floxed-excisable lentiviral vector constitutively expressing the 4 factors. Freshly collected or thawed PBMCs are expanded for 9 days as described10,11 in medium containing ascorbic acid, SCF, IGF-1, IL-3 and EPO before being transduced with the STEMCCA lentivirus. Cells are then plated onto MEFs and ESC-like colonies can be visualized two weeks after infection. Finally, selected clones are expanded and tested for the expression of the pluripotency markers SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81. This protocol is simple, robust and highly consistent, providing a reliable methodology for the generation of human iPSCs from readily accessible 4 ml of blood.

Here we show a simple and effective protocol for the generation of human iPSCs from 3-4 ml of peripheral blood using a single lentiviral reprogramming vector. Reprogramming of readily available blood cells promises to accelerate the utilization of iPSC technology by making it accessible to a broader research community.

STEMCCAレンチウイルスベクターを用いた末梢血からのヒト人工多能性幹細胞の生成

Through the ectopic expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc, human somatic cells can be converted to a pluripotent state, ...

Purification and microRNA Profiling of Exosomes Derived from Blood and Culture Media

Stable miRNAs are present in all body fluids and some circulating miRNAs are protected from degradation by sequestration in small vesicles called exosomes. Exosomes can fuse with the plasma membrane resulting in the transfer of RNA and proteins to the target cell. Their biological functions include immune response, antigen presentation, and intracellular communication. Delivery of miRNAs that can regulate gene expression in the recipient cells via blood has opened novel avenues for target intervention. In addition to offering a strategy for delivery of drugs or RNA therapeutic agents, exosomal contents can serve as biomarkers that can aid in diagnosis, determining treatment options and prognosis.	Here we will describe the procedure for quantitatively analyzing miRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNA) from exosomes secreted in blood and cell culture media. Purified exosomes will be characterized using western blot analysis for exosomal markers and PCR for mRNAs of interest. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold labeling will be used to validate exosomal morphology and integrity. Total RNA will be purified from these exosomes to ensure that we can study both mRNA and miRNA from the same sample. After validating RNA integrity by Bioanalyzer, we will perform a medium throughput quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to identify the exosomal miRNA using Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) cards and gene expression studies for transcripts of interest.	
 These protocols can be used to quantify changes in exosomal miRNAs in patients, rodent models and cell culture media before and after pharmacological intervention. Exosomal contents vary due to the source of origin and the physiological conditions of cells that secrete exosomes. These variations can provide insight on how cells and systems cope with stress or physiological perturbations. Our representative data show variations in miRNAs present in exosomes purified from mouse blood, human blood and human cell culture media.	
 Here we will describe the procedure for quantitatively analyzing miRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNA) from exosomes secreted in blood and cell culture media. Purified exosomes will be characterized using western blot analysis for exosomal markers and PCR for mRNAs of interest. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunogold labeling will be used to validate exosomal morphology and integrity. Total RNA will be purified from these exosomes to ensure that we can study both mRNA and miRNA from the same sample. After validating RNA integrity by Bioanalyzer, we will perform a medium throughput quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) to identify the exosomal miRNA using Taqman Low Density Array (TLDA) cards and gene expression studies for transcripts of interest.
 These protocols can be used to quantify changes in exosomal miRNAs in patients, rodent models and cell culture media before and after pharmacological intervention. Exosomal contents vary due to the source of origin and the physiological conditions of cells that secrete exosomes. These variations can provide insight on how cells and systems cope with stress or physiological perturbations. Our representative data show variations in miRNAs present in exosomes purified from mouse blood, human blood and human cell culture media

The presence of stable microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes has generated immense interest as a novel mode of intercellular communication, for their potential utility as biomarkers and as a route for therapeutic intervention. Here we demonstrate exosome purification from blood and culture media followed by quantitative PCR to identify miRNAs being transported.

血と文化メディア由来エキソソームの精製およびマイクロRNAプロファイリング

Stable miRNAs are present in all body fluids and some circulating miRNAs  are protected from degradation by sequestration in small vesicles called  ...

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using episomal plasmids and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors. The advantages of this approach include: (1) the use of a minimal amount of peripheral blood as a source material; (2) nonintegrating reprogramming vectors; (3) a cost effective method for generating vector free iPSCs; (4) a single transfection; and (5) the use of small molecules to facilitate epigenetic reprogramming. Briefly, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are isolated from routine phlebotomy samples and then cultured in defined growth factors to yield a highly proliferative erythrocyte progenitor cell population that is remarkably amenable to reprogramming. Nonintegrating, nontransmissible episomal plasmids expressing OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, MYCL, LIN28A, and a p53 short hairpin (sh)RNA are introduced into the derived erythroblasts via a single nucleofection. Cotransfection of an episome that expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) allows for easy identification of transfected cells. A separate replication-deficient plasmid expressing Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is also added to the reaction mixture for increased expression of episomal proteins. Transfected cells are then plated onto a layer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (iMEFs) for continued reprogramming. As soon as iPSC-like colonies appear at about twelve days after nucleofection, HDAC inhibitors are added to the medium to facilitate epigenetic remodeling. We have found that the inclusion of HDAC inhibitors routinely increases the generation of fully reprogrammed iPSC colonies by 2 fold. Once iPSC colonies exhibit typical human embryonic stem cell (hESC) morphology, they are gently transferred to individual iMEF-coated tissue culture plates for continued growth and expansion.

Here we describe a protocol for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells from peripheral blood using an episome based reprogramming strategy and histone deacetylase inhibitors.

エピソームおよびHDAC阻害剤を用いて血液からの効率的なiPS細胞の生成

This manuscript illustrates a protocol for efficiently creating integration-free human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from peripheral blood using ...

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on changes in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO). In order to understand how [Ca2+]i, NO and downstream molecules are handled by a blood vessel in response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators, we developed a novel technique that applies calcium-labeling (or NO-labeling) dyes with two photon microscopy to measure calcium handling (or NO production) in isolated blood vessels. Described here is a detailed step-by-step procedure that demonstrates how to isolate an aorta from a rat, label calcium or NO within the endothelial or smooth muscle cells, and image calcium transients (or NO production) using a two photon microscope following physiological or pharmacological stimuli. The benefits of using the method are multi-fold: 1) it is possible to simultaneously measure calcium transients in both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in response to different stimuli; 2) it allows one to image endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in their native setting; 3) this method is very sensitive to intracellular calcium or NO changes and generates high resolution images for precise measurements; and 4) described approach can be applied to the measurement of other molecules, such as reactive oxygen species. In summary, application of two photon laser emission microscopy to monitor calcium transients and NO production in the endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated blood vessel has provided high quality quantitative data and promoted our understanding of the mechanisms regulating vascular function.

Two-photon Imaging of Intracellular Ca2+ Handling and Nitric Oxide Production in Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells of an Isolated Rat Aorta

Vascular cell functiondepends on activity of intracellular messengers. Described here is an ex vivo two photon imaging method that allows the measurement of intracellular calcium and nitric oxide levels in response to physiological and pharmacological stimuli in individual endothelial and smooth muscle cells of an isolated aorta.

細胞内カルシウムの二光子イメージング<sup&gt; 2+</sup&gt;取扱い及び内皮における一酸化窒素産生および単離されたラット大動脈の平滑筋細胞

Calcium is a very important regulator of many physiological processes in vascular tissues. Most endothelial and smooth muscle functions highly depend on ...

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

"Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of centromere-kinetochore proteins during the cell cycle remains a fundamental tool in investigating the mechanism(s) of these proteins. Advanced imaging methods in fluorescence microscopy provide remarkable resolution of centromere-kinetochore components and allow direct observation of specific molecular components of the centromeres and kinetochores. In addition, methods of indirect immunofluorescent (IIF) staining using specific antibodies are crucial to these observations. However, despite numerous reports about IIF protocols, few discussed in detail problems of specific centromere-kinetochore proteins.1-4 Here we report optimized protocols to stain endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells by using paraformaldehyde fixation and IIF staining. Furthermore, we report protocols to detect Flag-tagged exogenous CENP-A proteins in human cells subjected to acetone or methanol fixation. These methods are useful in detecting and quantifying endogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins and Flag-tagged CENP-A proteins, including those in human cells.

Here we report protocols to detect endogenous and exogenous centromere-kinetochore proteins in human cells and quantify these protein levels at centromeres-kinetochores by indirect immunofluorescent staining through the use of fixation (paraformaldehyde, acetone, or methanol fixation).

内因性の免疫蛍光分析および外因性セントロメア、動原体タンパク質

"Centromeres" and "kinetochores" refer to the site where chromosomes associate with the spindle during cell division. Direct visualization of ...

Isolation and Characterization of Microvesicles from Peripheral Blood

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including small endosomal-derived exosomes (Exos, diameter &#60; 100 nm) and large plasma membrane-derived microvesicles (MVs, diameter &#62; 100 nm) is a fundamental cellular process that occurs in all living cells. These vesicles transport proteins, lipids and nucleic acids specific for their cell of origin and in vitro studies have highlighted their importance as mediators of intercellular communication. EVs have been successfully isolated from various body fluids and especially EVs in blood have been identified as promising biomarkers for cancer or infectious diseases. In order to allow the study of MV subpopulations in blood, we present a protocol for the standardized isolation and characterization of MVs from peripheral blood samples. MVs are pelleted from EDTA-anticoagulated plasma samples by differential centrifugation and typically possess a diameter of 100 - 600 nm. Due to their larger size, they can easily be studied by flow cytometry, a technique that is routinely used in clinical diagnostics and available in most laboratories. Several examples for quality control assays of the isolated MVs will be given and markers that can be used for the discrimination of different MV subpopulations in blood will be presented.

Extracellular vesicles present in blood have been suggested as novel biomarkers for various diseases. Here, we present a protocol for the isolation of large plasma membrane-derived microvesicles from peripheral blood samples and their subsequent analysis by conventional flow cytometry and Western Blotting.

末梢血からの微小胞の単離とキャラクタリゼーション

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) including small endosomal-derived exosomes (Exos, diameter &#60; 100 nm) and large plasma membrane-derived ...

A Uniform Shear Assay for Human Platelet and Cell Surface Receptors via Cone-plate Viscometry

Many biological cells/tissues sense the mechanical properties of their local environments via mechanoreceptors, proteins that can respond to forces like pressure or mechanical perturbations. Mechanoreceptors detect their stimuli and transmit signals via a great diversity of mechanisms. Some of the most common roles for mechanoreceptors are in neuronal responses, like touch and pain, or hair cells which function in balance and hearing. Mechanosensation is also important for cell types which are regularly exposed to shear stress such as endothelial cells, which line blood vessels, or blood cells which experience shear in normal circulation. Viscometers are devices that detect the viscosity of fluids. Rotational viscometers may also be used to apply a known shear force to fluids. The ability of these instruments to introduce uniform shear to fluids has been exploited to study many biological fluids including blood and plasma. Viscometry may also be used to apply shear to the cells in a solution, and to test the effects of shear on specific ligand-receptor pairs. Here, we utilize cone-plate viscometry to test the effects of endogenous levels of shear stress on platelets treated with antibodies against the platelet mechanosensory receptor complex GPIb-IX.

We describe an in-solution method to apply uniform shear to platelet surface receptors using cone-plate viscometry. This method may also be used more broadly to apply shear to other cell types and cell-fragments and need not target a specific ligand-receptor pair.

コーンプレート Viscometry を介したヒト血小板および細胞表面レセプターに対する均一なせん断アッセイ

Many biological cells/tissues sense the mechanical properties of their local environments via mechanoreceptors, proteins that can respond to forces like ...