We would like to thank Dr. Hiroshi Miyazaki, Dr. Scott Henderson, Dr. Todd Kitten, Dr. Justin Hutcherson, Dr. Catherine Jauregui, and Collin R. Berry. This work was supported by NIH NIDCR grants R01DE016124, R01DE018039, and R01DE023304 to J.P. Lewis.
Microscopy was performed at the VCU Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Microscopy Facility, supported, in part, with funding from NIH-NINDS Center core grant (5P30NS047463).

Authors have nothing to disclose.

上記のすべての方法は、真核細胞で嫌気性細菌の相互作用を評価するために、特定のアッセイを設計することができます。しかし、成功した実験を行うには、いくつかの考慮事項があります。最初の研究で使用される菌株です。 それは彼らが同じような成長段階にあり、上記の違いと同様の細胞濃度を達成侵入効率13に影響を与えることができること生存アッセ?...

嫌気性細菌は、人間の体のほぼすべての面にコロニーを形成します。酸素濃度が低い腸管および尿生殖路の細菌叢において優勢が、それらはまた、皮膚、口、鼻、喉1上に高レベルで存在します。嫌気性細菌は、内因性感染症の一般的な原因であり、病気のサイトから頻繁に分離されています。しかし、その気難しい性質上、嫌気性菌が分離し、培養することは困難です。嫌気性細菌が関与する研究が制限された条件の下で行われなければなりません。現代嫌気培養技術は、研究者は、多くの嫌気性実験室株、あるいは臨床分離2,3を研究するために必要な嫌気性の設定を模倣することができます。 病原性嫌気性細菌は、それらが存在する宿主細胞とのダイナミックな関係と共進化を開発しました。ほとんどの嫌気性菌はinfectiに到達する前に宿主免疫応答による殺傷に影響されやすいです組織単位（OU）レベル。しかし、いくつかの病原性細菌から逃れるか、宿主の免疫応答を破壊するメカニズムを開発しました。彼らは、 ポルフィロモナス・ジンジバリス 、両方の経口に関与し、グラム陰性嫌気性菌。4に信号を送るような免疫認識の回避、免疫メディエーターの中和、細胞性免疫の変化、宿主細胞の浸潤、および免疫の変更などのメカニズムを通じてこの目標を達成し、口外疾患、 ホスト5-7の病原性の変化を引き起こすことができる非常に適合細菌性病原体の一例です。 歯と歯肉粘膜組織との間に形成された深い裂け目に計上バイオフィルムプラークのポケットには、大気中の酸素8から保護されている嫌気性細菌を抱くことができます。これらの歯周ポケットは、P.など、様々な嫌気性病原体のためのニッチとして機能ジンジバリス 9。P.ジンジバリス改造が可能であるキーストン病原体であります歯周病10の発症と進行を促進する方法で、口腔微生物のコミュニティをる。これは、宿主タンパク質の広いスペクトルに対して活性である毒性因子を大量に生成し、宿主防御の回避11ためのメカニズムを提供します。また、上皮細胞、内皮細胞、線維芽細胞、 および in vitro および in vivo 12-14 15 で歯根膜細胞に侵入することが可能です。効果的に宿主細胞に侵入することにより、P。ジンジバリスは、宿主の免疫を逃れることができます。宿主細胞の効果的な侵入だけでなく、細菌が宿主防御をエスケープすることを可能にするだけでなく、将来の再感染するためのリザーバとして働くだけでなく、宿主細胞を変化させます。宿主細胞が細菌の接着および内在化に関与する分子機構の研究が必要とされています。いくつかの研究室での研究は 、Pの内部に関連する分子事象を理解することに焦点を当てています宿主細胞によってジンジバリス同様に抑制し、免疫応答をハイジャックし、敵対的な宿主防御機構を生き残るために使用されるメカニズムとして。 宿主細胞に侵入することができる病原体を同定し、特徴付けることが可能な多くのアッセイがあります。これは、酸素の不存在下でかさばる器具に依存して研究を行うことが困難であるためしかし、嫌気性病原体によるインビトロ研究は、主に研究者のために多くの実験的な問題を引き起こします。これは、真核細胞が増殖するために酸素を必要とし、従って、組織培養インキュベーター中で別途用意しなければならないという事実によって悪化します。このような障害物を回避する一つの方法は、大気中の酸素の下で研究を行うことであろうが、それは、嫌気性細菌の増殖を不可能にするであろう。別の方法は、感染して宿主細胞の相互作用を研究するために加熱殺菌細菌を使用することであろう。しかし、違いは、ホスト病原体interactiの関連性を低下させる熱殺菌し、生菌の間に存在します16に。これは、宿主細胞との相互作用変更のない表現で生菌を研究するために中央です。 Pを培養するため、方法嫌気性環境におけるジンジバリスが与えられます 。また、2つの簡単なコスト効率の高いプロトコルがPの能力を評価するための実証されヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞（HUVEC）によって内在するジンジバリス 。最初のプロトコルは、人気のある抗生物質保護アッセイに基づいています。アッセイは簡単であるが、嫌気性微生物を用いた検討事項が挙げられます。第二プロトコルは、相互作用可視化する蛍光顕微鏡の使用を必要とし、Pを内在化ジンジバリス 。各アッセイは、制限および嫌気性細菌の侵襲性を研究するための研究者に概要を提供するために説明される利点を有します。現在の原稿は 、P を研究しているがジンジバリス及びHUVECを、これらのプロトコルは、他の多くの嫌気性細菌のために使用することができます宿主細胞の他のタイプのように。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Vinyl Anaerobic Chamber-Type B</td><td>Coy Laboratory Products</td><td></td><td>Model 2000 incubator&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>TSA II Trypticase Soy Agar with 5% Sheep Blood</td><td>BBL</td><td>221261</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells 10-donor Pool</td><td>LifeLine Technology</td><td>FC-0044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VascuLife VEGF Medium Complete Kit</td><td>LifeLine Technology</td><td>LL-0003</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TrypKit</td><td>LifeLine</td><td>LL-0013</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Saponin</td><td>Riedel-de Haen</td><td>16109</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gentamicin Sulfate Salt</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>G-1264</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metronidazole</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M-3761</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BCECF-AM</td><td>LifeTechnologies</td><td>B1150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TRITC Phalloidin&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P1951</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>18 mm Circular Coverslips</td><td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td><td>72222-01</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>VectaShield Mounting Medium with DAPI</td><td>Vector Laboratories</td><td>H-1200</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

porphyromonas gingivalis as a model organism for assessing interaction of anaerobic bacteria with host cells

嫌気性細菌は、これまで、このような腸、口、膣などの多くのヒトのニッチで好気性菌数を上回ります。また、嫌気性感染は一般的であり、しばしば先住民起源のものです。ヒトの細胞に侵入するためにいくつかの嫌気性病原体の能力は、彼らに先天性免疫を逃れるためだけでなく、宿主細胞の挙動を調節するために、適応策を提供します。しかし、嫌気性細菌は、イベントの実験的調査中に生きていることを確保することが課題を提起することができる。 ポルフィロモナス・ジンジバリス 、グラム陰性嫌気性菌は、真核生物の非食細胞の多様な侵入が可能です。この記事では、成功した文化とは、Pの能力を評価する方法について説明ジンジバリスは、ヒト臍帯静脈内皮細胞（HUVEC）を浸潤します。宿主細胞と相互作用する細菌を可視化するために成功裏に侵入し、宿主内で生存することができる細菌を測定するためのものを、その他：2つのプロトコルが開発されました。これらの技術はanaeの使用を必要とP.を供給する robic室最適な成長のための嫌気性環境でジンジバリス 。 第一のプロトコルは、主に細菌に​​よる宿主細胞の浸潤を研究するために使用される抗生物質保護アッセイに基づいています。しかし、抗生物質保護アッセイは限られています。抗生物質処置および宿主細胞の溶解後に培養可能である唯一の細胞内細菌が測定されます。生と死の両方の宿主細胞と相互作用するすべての細菌を評価するために、我々は、宿主 - 病原体相互作用を調べるために、蛍光顕微鏡を使用するプロトコルを開発しました。細菌は蛍光2 &#39;、7&#39;-ビス - （2-カルボキシエチル）-5-（および-6） - カルボキシフルオレセインアセトキシメチルエステル（BCECF-AM）で標識し、嫌気性条件下で真核細胞を感染させるために使用されます。 0.2％トリトンX-100で透過処理し、パラホルムアルデヒドで固定した後、宿主細胞は、それぞれ、細胞骨格と細胞核を標識するためのTRITCファロイジンおよびDAPIで標識されます。複数のIMA異なる焦点（Zスタック）で撮影されたGESは、細菌の時空間視覚化のために得られます。本研究で使用した方法は、任意の培養可能嫌気性菌及び任意の真核細胞型に適用することができます。

上記で概説したプロトコルはPとの間の宿主-病原体相互作用を研究に使用しましたジンジバリスおよび内皮細胞。P.ジンジバリス W83 と P. PG0228の欠失を保有するジンジバリス V3150を研究に使用しました。 PG0228は、最終的にPの相互作用に影響を与える可能性があるRNAおよびタンパク質のレベルを変化させることができるタンパク質をコードすることが予?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells at JoVE.com

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

This article presents two protocols: one to measure anaerobic bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize anaerobic bacteria interacting with host cells. This study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type.

宿主細胞と嫌気性菌の相互作用を評価するためのモデル生物としてポルフィロモナス・ジンジバリス

Anaerobic bacteria far outnumber aerobes in many human niches such as the gut, mouth, and vagina. Furthermore, anaerobic infections are common and ...

porphyromonas-gingivalis-as-model-organism-for-assessing-interaction

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

26.2K ビュー.  Virginia Commonwealth University. This article presents two protocols: one to measure anaerobic bacteria that can successfully invade and survive within the host, and the other to visualize anaerobic bacteria interacting with host cells. This study can be applied to any cultivable anaerobe and any eukaryotic cell type. 

ビデオ: Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

The interplay between host and microbiota has been long recognized and extensively described. The mouth is similar to other sections of the gastrointestinal tract, as resident microbiota occurs and prevents colonisation by exogenous bacteria. Indeed, more than 600 species of bacteria are found in the oral cavity, and a single individual may carry around 100 different at any time. Oral bacteria possess the ability to adhere to the various niches in the oral ecosystem, thus becoming integrated within the resident microbial communities, and favouring growth and survival. However, the flow of bacteria into the gut during swallowing has been proposed to disturb the balance of the gut microbiota. In fact, oral administration of P. gingivalis shifted bacterial composition in the ileal microflora. We used a synthetic community as a simplified representation of the natural oral ecosystem, to elucidate the survival and viability of oral bacteria subjected to simulated gastrointestinal transit conditions. Fourteen species were selected, subjected to in vitro salivary, gastric, and intestinal digestion processes, and presented to a multicompartment cell model containing Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells to simulate the gut mucosal epithelium. This model served to unravel the impact of swallowed bacteria on cells involved in the enterohepatic circulation. Using synthetic communities allows for controllability and reproducibility. Thus, this methodology can be adapted to assess pathogen viability and subsequent inflammation-associated changes, colonization capacity of probiotic mixtures, and ultimately, potential bacterial impact on the presystemic circulation.

Assessing the Viability of a Synthetic Bacterial Consortium on the In Vitro Gut Host-microbe Interface

Gut host-microbe interactions were assessed using a novel approach combining a synthetic oral community, in vitro gastrointestinal digestion, and a model of the small intestine epithelium. We present a method that can be adapted to evaluate cell invasion of pathogens and multi-species biofilms, or even to test probiotic formulations&#39; survivability.

培養腸宿主微生物インターフェイスで合成細菌コンソーシアムの実行可能性を評価します。

The interplay between host and microbiota has been long recognized and extensively described. The mouth is similar to other sections of the ...

生化学

A Mouse Model for Pathogen-induced Chronic Inflammation at Local and Systemic Sites

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including neoplastic, autoimmune, and chronic inflammatory diseases. Emerging evidence implicates pathogen-induced chronic inflammation in the development and progression of chronic diseases with a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Due to the complex and multifactorial etiology of chronic disease, designing experiments for proof of causality and the establishment of mechanistic links is nearly impossible in humans. An advantage of using animal models is that both genetic and environmental factors that may influence the course of a particular disease can be controlled. Thus, designing relevant animal models of infection represents a key step in identifying host and pathogen specific mechanisms that contribute to chronic inflammation.
Here we describe a mouse model of pathogen-induced chronic inflammation at local and systemic sites following infection with the oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis, a bacterium closely associated with human periodontal disease. Oral infection of specific-pathogen free mice induces a local inflammatory response resulting in destruction of tooth supporting alveolar bone, a hallmark of periodontal disease. In an established mouse model of atherosclerosis, infection with P. gingivalis accelerates inflammatory plaque deposition within the aortic sinus and innominate artery, accompanied by activation of the vascular endothelium, an increased immune cell infiltrate, and elevated expression of inflammatory mediators within lesions. We detail methodologies for the assessment of inflammation at local and systemic sites. The use of transgenic mice and defined bacterial mutants makes this model particularly suitable for identifying both host and microbial factors involved in the initiation, progression, and outcome of disease. Additionally, the model can be used to screen for novel therapeutic strategies, including vaccination and pharmacological intervention.

Animal models have proven to be invaluable tools in defining host and pathogen specific mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic inflammation. Here we describe a mouse model of oral infection with the human pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis and detail methodologies to assess the progression of inflammation at local and systemic sites.

局所および全身所における病原体により誘導される慢性炎症のためのマウスモデル

Chronic inflammation is a major driver of pathological tissue damage and a unifying characteristic of many chronic diseases in humans including ...

免疫・感染学

Robust Ligature-Induced Model of Murine Periodontitis for the Evaluation of Oral Neutrophils

The main advantages of studying the pathophysiology of periodontal disease utilizing murine models are the reduced cost of animals, array of genetically modified strains, the vast number of analyses that can be performed on harvested soft and hard tissues. However, many of these systems are subject to procedural criticisms. As an alternative, the ligature-induced model of periodontal disease, driven by the localized development and retention of a dysbiotic oral microbiome, can be employed, which is rapidly induced and relatively reliable. Unfortunately, the variants of ligature-induced murine periodontitis protocol are isolated to focal regions of the periodontium and subject to premature avulsion of the installed ligature. This minimizes the amount of tissue available for subsequent analyses and increases the number of animals required for study. This protocol describes the precise manipulations required to place extended molar ligatures with improved retention and usage of a novel rinse technique to recover oral neutrophils in mice with an alternative approach that mitigates the aforementioned technical challenges.

This article presents a protocol for establishing a ligature-induced model of murine periodontitis involving multiple maxillary molars, resulting in larger areas of the involved gingival tissue and bone for subsequent analysis as well as reduced animal usage. A technique to assess oral neutrophils in a manner analogous to human subjects is also described.

口腔好中球評価のためのマウス歯肉炎の堅牢な合字誘発モデル

The main advantages of studying the pathophysiology of periodontal disease utilizing murine models are the reduced cost of animals, array of genetically ...

Models of Murine Vaginal Colonization by Anaerobically Grown Bacteria

The mammalian vagina can be colonized by many bacterial taxa. The human vaginal microbiome is often dominated by Lactobacillus species, but one-in-four women experience bacterial vaginosis, in which a low level of lactobacilli is accompanied by an overgrowth of diverse anaerobic bacteria. This condition has been associated with many health complications, including risks to reproductive and sexual health. While there is growing evidence showing the complex nature of microbial interactions in human vaginal health, the individual roles of these different anaerobic bacteria are not fully understood. This is complicated by the lack of adequate models to study anaerobically grown vaginal bacteria. Mouse models allow us to investigate the biology and virulence of these organisms in vivo. Other mouse models of vaginal bacterial inoculation have previously been described. Here, we describe methods for the inoculation of anaerobically grown bacteria and their viable recovery in conventionally raised C57Bl/6 mice. A new, less stressful procedural method for vaginal inoculation and washing is also described. Inoculation and viable recovery of Gardnerella are outlined in detail, and strategies for additional anaerobes such as Prevotella bivia and Fusobacterium nucleatum are discussed.

The protocol presents a mouse model of vaginal colonization with anaerobically cultured human vaginal bacteria. We focus on Gardnerella vaginalis,&#160;while including suggestions for Prevotella bivia and Fusobacterium nucleatum. This protocol can also be used as a guide for vaginal inoculations and viable recovery of other anaerobically grown bacteria.

嫌気性増殖細菌によるマウス膣コロニー形成モデル

The mammalian vagina can be colonized by many bacterial taxa. The human vaginal microbiome is often dominated by Lactobacillus species, but one-in-four ...

Organotypic Tissue Model Systems for Investigating Host-Pathogen Interactions In Vitro

Recapitulating the host-pathogen interface at the epithelial or mucosal barrier in vitro remains a challenging prospect for infection biologists. While in-house grown 2D epithelial monolayers lack true representation of the in vivo situation, commercially available tissue models are often overlooked due to their cost and practicality. However, with careful planning, such models provide reproducible platforms for a vast array of different applications. Here, we report the use of epithelial models that can be utilized for a wide variety of experimental purposes to investigate host-pathogen interactions in various ecological niches, such as the oral cavity, skin, and vaginal mucosa. From simple planktonic cells to complex biofilm co-culture, epithelial models are used to assess microbial adherence and invasion, and to evaluate the host response at a transcriptional and/or protein level, with scope for more detailed profiling using different omics approaches. Furthermore, these biological systems can be used as more accurate test beds for evaluating conventional and novel antimicrobial activity in a complex host-pathogen microenvironment in vitro. The protocols described herein document how models are handled upon arrival and prepared in the laboratory for co-culture stimulation with biofilm communities. The methods detail how experimental outputs are achieved from the model systems, including the processing of tissue, the co-culture setup, and data generation. These experiments include host gene expression through single- and multiplex qPCR analyses and inflammatory protein detection using ELISAs. In conclusion, epithelial models provide useful in vitro systems for preclinical investigatory studies into simple or complex host-pathogen interactions.

The present protocol outlines the application of organotypic tissue models for investigating host-pathogen interactions in vitro. Specifically, the model system described uses a multi-layered oral epithelium exposed to microorganisms associated with biofilms (dental plaque) within the context of oral health versus disease.

In Vitroでの宿主-病原体相互作用の研究のための器官型組織モデルシステム

Recapitulating the host-pathogen interface at the epithelial or mucosal barrier in vitro remains a challenging prospect for infection biologists. While ...

Establishing Stable Binary Cultures of Symbiotic Saccharibacteria from the Oral Cavity

Many bacterial species cannot be cultured in the laboratory using standard methods, posing a significant barrier to studying the majority of microbial diversity on earth. Novel approaches are required to culture these uncultured bacteria so that investigators can effectively study their physiology and lifestyle using the powerful tools available in the laboratory. The Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) is one of the largest groups of uncultivated bacteria, comprising ~15% of the living diversity on earth. The first isolate of this group was a member of the Saccharibacteria phylum, 'Nanosynbacter lyticus' strain TM7x. TM7x is an unusually small bacterium that lives as a symbiont in direct contact with a bacterial host, Schaalia odontolytica, strain XH001. Taking advantage of the unusually small cell size and its lifestyle as a symbiotic organism, we developed a protocol to rapidly culture Saccharibacteria from dental plaque. This protocol will show how to filter a suspension of dental plaque through a 0.2 &#181;m filter, then concentrate the collected Saccharibacteria cells and infect a culture of host organisms. The resulting coculture can be passaged as any normal bacterial culture and infection is confirmed by PCR. The resulting binary culture can be maintained in the laboratory and used for future experiments. While contamination is a possibility, the binary culture can be purified by either further filtering and reinfection of host, or by plating the binary culture and screening for infected colonies. We hope this protocol can be expanded to other sample types and environments, leading to the cultivation of many more species in the CPR.

We demonstrate a method for isolating difficult-to-grow members of the novel bacterial phylum, Saccharibacteria, by filtering dental plaque and co-culturing with host bacteria.

口腔から共生サッカリバクテリアの安定したバイナリ培養を確立する

Many bacterial species cannot be cultured in the laboratory using standard methods, posing a significant barrier to studying the majority of microbial ...

生物学

Measuring the Migration and Biofilm Formation of Various Bacteria

As microbes that thrive in the host body primarily have adaptive abilities that facilitate their survival, methods for classifying and identifying their nature would be beneficial in facilitating their characterization. Currently, most studies focus only on one specific characterization method; however, the isolation and identification of microorganisms from the host is a continuous process and usually requires several combinatorial characterization methods. Herein, we describe methods of identifying the microbial biofilm-forming ability, the microbial respiration state, and their chemotaxis behavior. The methods are used to identify five microbes, three of which were isolated from the bone tissue of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (Corynebacterium stationis, Staphylococcus cohnii subsp. urealyticus, and Enterococcus faecalis) and two from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC)-Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923&#160;and Enterococcus faecalis V583. The microbes isolated from the SD rat bone tissue include the gram-positive microbes. These microbes have adapted to thrive under stressful and nutrient-limiting environments within the bone matrix. This article aims to provide the readers with the specific know-how of determining the nature and behavior of the isolated microbes within a laboratory setting.

Here, we present a practical method for the isolation and identification of microorganisms within the host. In this way, the physicochemical properties of microorganisms and possible ways of living in the host are clearly described.

As microbes that thrive in the host body primarily have adaptive abilities that facilitate their survival, methods for classifying and identifying their ...

Anti-Infective Efficacy in Cystic Fibrosis with Aggregate Biofilm Models

Cystic Fibrosis Aggregate Biofilm Model to Study Infection-relevant Gene Expression

Standard pre-clinical testing methods for novel antimicrobial therapeutics used to treat chronic lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis do not reflect the environmental conditions of the hostile lung niche. Current reductionist testing conditions can lead to the progression of compounds along a preclinical pipeline without evidence of their activity under cystic fibrosis lung niche-appropriate conditions. Several approaches used to study traditional antimicrobials may not be suitable for antibiotic alternatives, including anti-virulence therapeutics like anti-quorum sensing agents and siderophore inhibitors. This protocol documents an aggregate biofilm model of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to compare resistance and infection-relevant gene expression in single-species and multi-species cultures (Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans), examining colony-forming unit (CFU) reductions and changes in gene expression, using algD as an exemplar. The model was optimized for small, static volumes of bacterial cultures to allow the study of novel compounds in the discovery phase of the drug development pipeline, where compound quantities may be limited. Single-species P. aeruginosa biofilms were formed in Synthetic Cystic Fibrosis Medium 2 (SCFM2) for 24 h before treatment with meropenem at different concentrations (1, 16, and 256 &#181;g/mL) for a further 24 h. Polymicrobial biofilms were established by growing Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans together in SCFM2, then inoculating with P. aeruginosa for an additional 24 h and treating with meropenem. The lack of a direct connection between compound efficacy measures in pre-clinical testing and clinical trial results has cast doubt on the applicability of current laboratory screening tools. This model allows us to understand the impact of relevant factors on P. aeruginosa gene expression, including genes contributing to resistance and virulence, thereby bridging this gap.

This study outlines a framework for developing an aggregate polymicrobial biofilm model and optimizing an RNA extraction protocol to assess Pseudomonas aeruginosa gene expression reflective of the cystic fibrosis lung environment. Applications include evaluating antimicrobial effects and studying antibiotic alternatives under conditions relevant to cystic fibrosis.

Standard pre-clinical testing methods for novel antimicrobial therapeutics used to treat chronic lung infections in people with cystic fibrosis do not ...

Visualization of Internalized Anaerobic Bacteria within Host Endothelial Cells

Source: Wunsch, C. M. et. al., <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53408">Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
In this video, we demonstrate a procedure to visualize internalized Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic pathogenic bacterium, within human endothelial cells using confocal microscopy. The bacteria are stained with a fluorescent dye while the host endothelial cell actin cytoskeleton is labeled with a different fluorescent dye. The internalized Porphyromonas gingivalis inside endothelial cells are visualized using confocal microscopy.

宿主内皮細胞内の内在化嫌気性細菌の可視化

1. Internalization of Bacteria into Host Cells (Fluorescent Microscopy)
Note: P. gingivalis is labeled with ...

JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments

免疫学

免疫診断

画像化および視覚化技術

A Bacterial Infection Assay for Studying Anaerobic Bacteria-Host Cell Interactions

Source: Wunsch, C. M., et al. <a href="https://app.jove.com/v/53408">Porphyromonas gingivalis as a Model Organism for Assessing Interaction of Anaerobic Bacteria with Host Cells.</a> J. Vis. Exp. (2015)
This video demonstrates a technique for assessing the ability of Porphyromonas gingivalis, an anaerobic pathogenic bacterium, to adhere to and invade human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). After infecting the host cells with the bacteria, the host cells are lysed to release both adhered and internalized bacteria. When the lysate is plated in an appropriate medium, the presence of colonies indicates successful bacteria-host cell interactions.

嫌気性細菌-宿主細胞相互作用を研究するための細菌感染アッセイ

The following protocols will describe methods for culturing and studying the invasion by the anaerobic species, P. gingivalis; however, these protocols ...