Name: preparation of macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon by chemical solution deposition
Uploaded: 2015-12-21T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 7 min 37 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition at JoVE.com

この作品は、部分的に小細胞エナジーACGにINSIS-CNRS（1D-RENOX）とスペイン政府（MAT2012-35324とPIE-201460I004）のPEPSプロジェクトによって資金を供給されました。

ゾルの​​調製<ol><li>ラボバランスおよび磁気攪拌子を配置したヒュームフード中のゲルフィルムを調製する前に予め加水分解テトラエチルオルトシリケート（TEOS）日の溶液を調製します。このステップでは、プロトコルを通じてラボのコート、手袋、安全メガネを着用してください。 <ol><li>テフロンコーティングされた磁気撹拌棒がCTABの1.68グラムの重量を量る含む50ミリリットルのビーカーでは、時計皿で覆い、ビーカーを48.13エタノール10mlおよびHCl、35％の3.00ミリリットルを加え、CTABが完全に溶解するまで撹拌します。 </li><li>攪拌しながら、（約1〜2の割合で毎秒低下）をビーカーに滴下して、TEOSの7.37ミリリットルを加え、時計皿でフラスコをカバーし、それは、O / Nを攪拌してみましょう。 </li></ol></li><li>次の日、のSr 2+の1 M水溶液を調製。経年ソリューションは、Srの塩の再沈殿する傾向があるのでちょうどゲルフィルムの調製前に、この、次の手順を実行します。 <ol><li> 6.6計量25ミリリットルのメスフラスコへのSrCl 2の654グラム・6H 2 O。 </li><li> 25ミリリットル（フラスコマークにメニスカス接線）までの超純水（例えば、ミリQ）を追加し、プラスチック製のキャップでフラスコを閉じ、ゆっくりと塩化ストロンチウムを溶解するフラスコを振ります。 </li></ol></li><li> / NとOを攪拌したゾルを含む50 mlのガラスビーカーへのSr 2+の1 M水溶液2mlを加えます。 25分間溶液を撹拌しました。 </li><li>最終的には実験室の安全性と環境保護プロトコルに従って生成された残基を廃棄してください。 </li></ol> 2.ゲル膜堆積Si上の（100）基板<ol><li>基板の作製<ol><li>ダイヤモンドチップまたはAを使用して、ウェハのフラットに平行または垂直方向にウェハを切断することにより、200ミクロンの厚さを有する（100）シリコンウェハ2インチのp型の5 CMで約2cmのシリコンスラブをカット鋭利な物体。広告でこの手順を実行します例えばバンス、ゲル膜の堆積前の日。 </li><li>ただ、ゲルの堆積前に、エタノールで基板をきれいにし、それらを乾燥させたり乾燥を促進するため、窒素の流れや圧縮空気を使用しています。ステップ1.3の完了を待っている間に、この手順を実行します。 </li></ol></li><li>コー​​トフィルム。均質なマクロ孔構造を得るためには20％、RTで55％の相対湿度の条件下でのこのステップを実行します。 <ol><li>ディップコーティングシーケンスを確立します。スラブが開始位置で少なくとも2センチメートルソリューションレベルより上で、1センチ底の上になるように考慮したSiスラブの実際の長さを取って最初と最後の位置、ビーカー内の溶液のレベルを選択します浸漬の終わりにビーカー。 150ミリメートル/分浸漬し、離脱速度の両方を設定します。ゼロに浸漬時間（最終位置での時間）を設定します。 </li><li>そうでステップ1.3場所ビーカーが完了するとディップコーターアームからぶら下がったSiスラブの下によく中心の位置にリューション。 </li><li>スラブが水平に対してできるだけ垂直で確保し、クリップでディップコーターアームにシリコンスラブの一方の端を固定してください。 </li><li>ディップコーティングシーケンスを実行し、ディップコーターアームからのSiスラブをクリップを取り除きます。追加のSiスラブと手順を繰り返し2.2.3と2.2.4は、溶液の安定性が損なわれないことを確実にするために、1時間を超えてこれらの準備を拡張しないように注意しながら、より多くのフィルムを製造します。 </li></ol></li><li>最終的には実験室の安全性と環境保護プロトコルに従って生成されたソリューションを廃棄してください。 </li></ol>熱処理によって3.ジェルフィルムの結晶化<ol><li> Si上のゲル膜の熱処理（100）。 <ol><li>プログラム空気雰囲気中で、以下の熱処理を実行するための炉：3℃/分で室温から1000℃まで加熱し、1000℃で保持します; C 5時間3℃/分で室温まで冷却しました。 </li><li> 、アルミナボートに浸漬被覆Si基板を置き、炉内でそれを導入し、熱処理を行います。 </li></ol></li><li>結晶化したフィルムのクリーニング。 <ol><li>結晶化の際にフィルム表面にexpulsedされたのSr 2+の蓄積を削除してから、脱イオン水で最初の映画を洗い流した後、エタノールとするために、濃HNO 3で3時間結晶化されたフィルムを浸し。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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	<li>Esser, A. T., Smith, K. C., Gowrishankar, T. R., Vasilkoski, Z., Weaver, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+for+the+intracellular+manipulation+of+organelles+by+conventional+electroportation.">Mechanisms for the intracellular manipulation of organelles by conventional electroportation.</a> Biophys. J. 98 (11), 2506-2514 (2010).</li><li>Stava, E., Yu, M., Shin, H. C., Shin, H., Kreft, D. J., Blick, R. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+fabrication+and+piezoelectric+tuning+of+micro-+and+nanopores+in+single+crystal+quartz.">Rapid fabrication and piezoelectric tuning of micro- and nanopores in single crystal quartz.</a> Lab Chip. 13 (1), 156-160 (2013).</li><li>Varshneya, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses. , (1994).</li><li>Christov, M., Kirov, G. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ratio+of+dissolving+surface+area/growing+surface+area+in+the+hydrothermal+growth+of+quartz.">The ratio of dissolving surface area/growing surface area in the hydrothermal growth of quartz.</a> J. Cryst. Growth. 131 (3-4), 560-564 (1993).</li><li>Bertone, J. F., Cizeron, J., Wahi, R. K., Bosworth, J. K., Colvin, V. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrothermal+synthesis+of+quartz+nanocrystals.">Hydrothermal synthesis of quartz nanocrystals.</a> Nano Lett. 3, 655-659 (2003).</li><li>Jiang, Y., Brinker, C. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydrothermal+synthesis+of+monodisperse+single-crystalline+alpha-quartz+nanospheres.">Hydrothermal synthesis of monodisperse single-crystalline alpha-quartz nanospheres.</a> Chem. Comm. 47 (26), 7524-7526 (2011).</li><li>Okabayashi, M., Miyazaki, K., Kono, T., Tanaka, M., Toda, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+Spherical+Particles+with+Quartz+Single.">Preparation of Spherical Particles with Quartz Single.</a> Chem. Lett. 34 (1), 58-59 (2005).</li><li>Carretero-Genevrier, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Soft-Chemistry-Based+Routes+to+Epitaxial+&#945;-Quartz+Thin+Films+with+Tunable+Textures.">Soft-Chemistry-Based Routes to Epitaxial &#945;-Quartz Thin Films with Tunable Textures.</a> Science. 340 (6134), 827-831 (2013).</li><li>Brinker, C. J., Clem, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quartz+on+Silicon.">Quartz on Silicon.</a> Science. 340 (6134), 818-819 (2013).</li><li>Brinker, C. J., Lu, Y., Sellinger, A., Fan, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaporation-Induced+Self-Assembly:+Nanostructures+Made+Easy.">Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly: Nanostructures Made Easy.</a> Adv. Mater. 11 (7), 579-585 (1999).</li><li>Griffith, C. S., Sizgek, G. D., Sizgek, E., Scales, N., Yee, P. J., Luca, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mesoporous+Zirconium+Titanium+Oxides.+Part+1:+Porosity+Modulation+and+Adsorption+Properties+of+Xerogels.">Mesoporous Zirconium Titanium Oxides. Part 1: Porosity Modulation and Adsorption Properties of Xerogels.</a> Langmuir. 24 (21), 12312-12322 (2008).</li><li>Lu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+formation+of+supported+cubic+and+hexagonal+mesoporous+films+by+sol-gel+dip-coating.">Continuous formation of supported cubic and hexagonal mesoporous films by sol-gel dip-coating.</a> Nature. 389 (6649), 364-368 (1997).</li><li>Drisko, G. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Water-Induced+Phase+Separation+Forming+Macrostructured+Epitaxial+Quartz+Films+on+Silicon.">Water-Induced Phase Separation Forming Macrostructured Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon.</a> Adv. Funct. Mater. 24 (35), 5494-5502 (2014).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

提示された方法は、Si上のマクロポーラス石英フィルムを製造するためのボトムアップ・アプローチです。石英膜の製造の標準的な方法、切断および大水熱成長した結晶の研磨に基づいて、トップダウン技術と比較して、プロトコールに記載された方法を用いて制御することができる150と450nmの間の厚さを有する非常に薄いフィルムを得ることができ離脱率。石英膜の厚さ、及び圧電応答の制...

α-水晶のような圧電材料は電圧バイアスに提出された場合には、機​​械的な変形を受けます。この材料は多孔質である場合、これらの体積変化は、生体細胞小器官を生きている中で観察することができるものと同様の応答システムを作成し、気孔膨張または収縮につながることができます。1変形可能な多孔質のα石英は微細加工、2を使用して製造されているが、このような技術はまだできません3次元細孔構造を生成し、かつ細孔直径が数百ナノメートルのオーダーです。構造化アモルファスシリカの結晶化は、高い表面エネルギーと粗大化と溶融に起因する建築変形による不均一核生成によって妨げられてきました。シリカのすべての形態が非常に安定したSiO 4四面体のネットワーク上に構築されているので、アモルファスシリカ、α石英や他のSiO 2の多形の形成の自由エネルギーは、広い温度範囲でほぼ等しく、メイキン困難非晶質シリカゲルの結晶からの単一の多形体としてα石英を生成するためにG 3構造の非晶質シリカの制御された結晶は、石英は比較的遅い核形成速度が、非常に速い成長速度を示すことである難しくなる他の態様、 10から94ナノメートル/秒の間で報告された。急速な成長と相まって4,5遅い核形成は、このように、元の形態が失われ、元のナノポーラス構造よりもはるかに大きい結晶を生成する傾向があります。例えばNa +及びLi +などのアルカリ金属は、しばしば水熱処理と組み合わせて、α石英を結晶化するために使用されている。5,6も、チタン4+ / の Ca 2+の組み合わせはにシリカの球状粒子を結晶化するために使用されましたシリコンアルコキシドを用いたソフト化学経路による石英。7しかし、石英に構造化されたアモルファスシリカ膜の制御された結晶化が課題に残りました。 2の核生成と成長を触媒することが見出されている。8,9エピタキシー」jove_content &quot;&gt;は、α石英、および&lt;100&gt;シリコン基板との良好な不整合から生じます配向圧電薄膜を製造します。蒸発によって誘導される自己組織化メソポーラスシリカフィルムを生成するためには、1999年10は 、この技術が研究されており、可変サイズと中間相の気孔を生成するために、様々な条件下でのテンプレート剤の多くに適用使用されています。これは、メソ細孔サイズのsubnanometric変化が細孔構造にこの大規模な注意を検証する、多孔システム11を介して溶質拡散に対する劇的な効果を有し得ることが見出されました。また、内部のシリカ孔系へのアクセスは、テンプレートのミセル相を制御することによって得ることができる。12 ここで、合成ルートT帽子は、新規相分離が実証されている使用して非晶質シリカ層の厚さと細孔サイズを超える空前の制御を可能にする。13これらのフィルムは、周囲圧力で空気中1000℃でのSr（II）塩、結晶化するために、α-石英を浸透させています。この結晶化プロセスを使用して保持できる細孔サイズが決定され、壁の厚さと膜厚の効果が検討されています。最後に、圧電性および細孔系の変形が検討されています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Dip coater</td><td>Nadetech&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ND-DC 11/150&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Furnace</td><td>Nabertherm&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R 50/250/12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Atomic Force Microscope</td><td>Agilent&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5500 LS</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Silicon wafers</td><td>SHE Europe Ltd.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SrCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&amp;middot;6H&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>13909</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CTAB</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>H5582</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ethanol Absolute&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>161086</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HCl 35% solution</td><td>PanReac</td><td>721019</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TEOS</td><td>Aldrich</td><td>131903</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

preparation of macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon by chemical solution deposition

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step process based on the preparation of a sol in a one-pot synthesis which is followed by the deposition of a gel film on Si(100) substrates by evaporation induced self-assembly using the dip-coating technique and ends with a thermal treatment of the material to induce the gel crystallization and the growth of the quartz film. The formation of a silica gel is based on the reaction of a tetraethyl orthosilicate and water, catalyzed by HCl, in ethanol. However, the solution contains two additional components that are essential for preparing mesoporous epitaxial quartz films from these silica gels dip-coated on Si. Alkaline earth ions, like Sr2+ act as glass melting agents that facilitate the crystallization of silica and in combination with cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) amphiphilic template form a phase separation responsible of the macroporosity of the films. The good matching between the quartz and silicon cell parameters is also essential in the stabilization of quartz over other SiO2 polymorphs and is at the origin of the epitaxial growth.

材料合成の進行は、異なる側面を監視することによって制御しました。ディップコーティングプロセスの後にいずれかのフィルムの側面、緑色レーザおよび走査電子顕微鏡（SEM）後方散乱電子モード（ 図1A-B）の画像の反射点における回折構造の最終的な外観を観察することができます。結晶化工程の後に、原子間力顕微鏡（AFM）トポグラフィ画像（ <stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition at JoVE.com

Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition

A protocol is presented for the preparation of piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial films of quartz on silicon by solution chemistry using dip-coating and thermal treatments in air.

化学溶液法によるシリコン上のマクロポーラスエピタキシャル石英薄膜の作製

This work describes the detailed protocol for preparing piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial quartz films on silicon(100) substrates. This is a three-step ...

preparation-macroporous-epitaxial-quartz-films-on-silicon-chemical

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

9.2K ビュー.  CNRS-École Centrale de Lyon. A protocol is presented for the preparation of piezoelectric macroporous epitaxial films of quartz on silicon by solution chemistry using dip-coating and thermal treatments in air. 

ビデオ: Preparation of Macroporous Epitaxial Quartz Films on Silicon by Chemical Solution Deposition

Polycrystalline Silicon Thin-film Solar cells with Plasmonic-enhanced Light-trapping

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To compensate for lower light absorption such physically thin devices have to incorporate light-trapping which increases their optical thickness. Light scattering by textured surfaces is a common technique but it cannot be universally applied to all solar cell technologies. Some cells, for example those made of evaporated silicon, are planar as produced and they require an alternative light-trapping means suitable for planar devices. Metal nanoparticles formed on planar silicon cell surface and capable of light scattering due to surface plasmon resonance is an effective approach.
The paper presents a fabrication procedure of evaporated polycrystalline silicon solar cells with plasmonic light-trapping and demonstrates how the cell quantum efficiency improves due to presence of metal nanoparticles.
To fabricate the cells a film consisting of alternative boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers is deposited on glass substrate by electron beam evaporation. An Initially amorphous film is crystallised and electronic defects are mitigated by annealing and hydrogen passivation. Metal grid contacts are applied to the layers of opposite polarity to extract electricity generated by the cell. Typically, such a ~2 &mu;m thick cell has a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 14-16 mA/cm2, which can be increased up to 17-18 mA/cm2 (~25% higher) after application of a simple diffuse back reflector made of a white paint.
To implement plasmonic light-trapping a silver nanoparticle array is formed on the metallised cell silicon surface. A precursor silver film is deposited on the cell by thermal evaporation and annealed at 23&deg;C to form silver nanoparticles. Nanoparticle size and coverage, which affect plasmonic light-scattering, can be tuned for enhanced cell performance by varying the precursor film thickness and its annealing conditions. An optimised nanoparticle array alone results in cell Jsc enhancement of about 28%, similar to the effect of the diffuse reflector. The photocurrent can be further increased by coating the nanoparticles by a low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2, and applying the diffused reflector. The complete plasmonic cell structure comprises the polycrystalline silicon film, a silver nanoparticle array, a layer of MgF2, and a diffuse reflector. The Jsc for such cell is 21-23 mA/cm2, up to 45% higher than Jsc of the original cell without light-trapping or ~25% higher than Jsc for the cell with the diffuse reflector only.
Introduction
Light-trapping in silicon solar cells is commonly achieved via light scattering at textured interfaces. Scattered light travels through a cell at oblique angles for a longer distance and when such angles exceed the critical angle at the cell interfaces the light is permanently trapped in the cell by total internal reflection (Animation 1: Light-trapping). Although this scheme works well for most solar cells, there are developing technologies where ultra-thin Si layers are produced planar (e.g. layer-transfer technologies and epitaxial c-Si layers) 1 and or when such layers are not compatible with textures substrates (e.g. evaporated silicon) 2. For such originally planar Si layer alternative light trapping approaches, such as diffuse white paint reflector 3, silicon plasma texturing 4 or high refractive index nanoparticle reflector 5 have been suggested.
Metal nanoparticles can effectively scatter incident light into a higher refractive index material, like silicon, due to the surface plasmon resonance effect 6. They also can be easily formed on the planar silicon cell surface thus offering a light-trapping approach alternative to texturing. For a nanoparticle located at the air-silicon interface the scattered light fraction coupled into silicon exceeds 95% and a large faction of that light is scattered at angles above critical providing nearly ideal light-trapping condition (Animation 2: Plasmons on NP). The resonance can be tuned to the wavelength region, which is most important for a particular cell material and design, by varying the nanoparticle average size, surface coverage and local dielectric environment 6,7. Theoretical design principles of plasmonic nanoparticle solar cells have been suggested 8. In practice, Ag nanoparticle array is an ideal light-trapping partner for poly-Si thin-film solar cells because most of these design principle are naturally met. The simplest way of forming nanoparticles by thermal annealing of a thin precursor Ag film results in a random array with a relatively wide size and shape distribution, which is particularly suitable for light-trapping because such an array has a wide resonance peak, covering the wavelength range of 700-900 nm, important for poly-Si solar cell performance. The nanoparticle array can only be located on the rear poly-Si cell surface thus avoiding destructive interference between incident and scattered light which occurs for front-located nanoparticles 9. Moreover, poly-Si thin-film cells do not requires a passivating layer and the flat base-shaped nanoparticles (that naturally result from thermal annealing of a metal film) can be directly placed on silicon further increases plasmonic scattering efficiency due to surface plasmon-polariton resonance 10.
The cell with the plasmonic nanoparticle array as described above can have a photocurrent about 28% higher than the original cell. However, the array still transmits a significant amount of light which escapes through the rear of the cell and does not contribute into the current. This loss can be mitigated by adding a rear reflector to allow catching transmitted light and re-directing it back to the cell. Providing sufficient distance between the reflector and the nanoparticles (a few hundred nanometers) the reflected light will then experience one more plasmonic scattering event while passing through the nanoparticle array on re-entering the cell and the reflector itself can be made diffuse - both effects further facilitating light scattering and hence light-trapping. Importantly, the Ag nanoparticles have to be encapsulated with an inert and low refractive index dielectric, like MgF2 or SiO2, from the rear reflector to avoid mechanical and chemical damage 7. Low refractive index for this cladding layer is required to maintain a high coupling fraction into silicon and larger scattering angles, which are ensured by the high optical contrast between the media on both sides of the nanoparticle, silicon and dielectric 6. The photocurrent of the plasmonic cell with the diffuse rear reflector can be up to 45% higher than the current of the original cell or up to 25% higher than the current of an equivalent cell with the diffuse reflector only.

Polycrystalline silicon thin-film solar cells on glass are fabricated by deposition of boron and phosphorous doped silicon layers followed by crystallisation, defect passivation and metallisation. Plasmonic light-trapping is introduced by forming Ag nanoparticles on the silicon cell surface capped with a diffused reflector resulting in ~45% photocurrent enhancement.

プラズモニック·強化されたライトトラップによる多結晶シリコン薄膜太陽電池

One of major approaches to cheaper solar cells is reducing the amount of semiconductor material used for their fabrication and making cells thinner. To ...

工学

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the quality factor (Q) of the cavity, can be in excess of 500ns for cavities with Q factors above 100 million. As a result of their low material losses, silica microcavities have demonstrated some of the longest photon lifetimes to date1-2. Since a portion of the circulating light extends outside the resonator, these devices can also be used to probe the surroundings. This interaction has enabled numerous experiments in biology, such as single molecule biodetection and antibody-antigen kinetics, as well as discoveries in other fields, such as development of ultra-low-threshold microlasers, characterization of thin films, and cavity quantum electrodynamics studies.3-7
The two primary silica resonant cavity geometries are the microsphere and the microtoroid. Both devices rely on a carbon dioxide laser reflow step to achieve their ultra-high-Q factors (Q&gt;100 million).1-2,8-9 However, there are several notable differences between the two structures. Silica microspheres are free-standing, supported by a single optical fiber, whereas silica microtoroids can be fabricated on a silicon wafer in large arrays using a combination of lithography and etching steps. These differences influence which device is optimal for a given experiment.
Here, we present detailed fabrication protocols for both types of resonant cavities. While the fabrication of microsphere resonant cavities is fairly straightforward, the fabrication of microtoroid resonant cavities requires additional specialized equipment and facilities (cleanroom). Therefore, this additional requirement may also influence which device is selected for a given experiment.
Introduction
An optical resonator efficiently confines light at specific wavelengths, known as the resonant wavelengths of the device. 1-2 The common figure of merit for these optical resonators is the quality factor or Q. This term describes the photon lifetime (&tau;o) within the resonator, which is directly related to the resonator's optical losses. Therefore, an optical resonator with a high Q factor has low optical losses, long photon lifetimes, and very low photon decay rates (1/&tau;o). As a result of the long photon lifetimes, it is possible to build-up extremely large circulating optical field intensities in these devices. This very unique property has allowed these devices to be used as laser sources and integrated biosensors.10
A unique sub-class of resonators is the whispering gallery mode optical microcavity. In these devices, the light is confined in circular orbits at the periphery. Therefore, the field is not completely confined within the device, but evanesces into the environment. Whispering gallery mode optical cavities have demonstrated some of the highest quality factors of any optical resonant cavity to date.9,11 Therefore, these devices are used throughout science and engineering, including in fundamental physics studies and in telecommunications as well as in biodetection experiments. 3-7,12
Optical microcavities can be fabricated from a wide range of materials and in a wide variety of geometries. A few examples include silica and silicon microtoroids, silicon, silicon nitride, and silica microdisks, micropillars, and silica and polymer microrings.13-17 The range in quality factor (Q) varies as dramatically as the geometry. Although both geometry and high Q are important considerations in any field, in many applications, there is far greater leverage in boosting device performance through Q enhancement. Among the numerous options detailed previously, the silica microsphere and the silica microtoroid resonator have achieved some of the highest Q factors to date.1,9 Additionally, as a result of the extremely low optical loss of silica from the visible through the near-IR, both microspheres and microtoroids are able to maintain their Q factors over a wide range of testing wavelengths.18 Finally, because silica is inherently biocompatible, it is routinely used in biodetection experiments.
In addition to high material absorption, there are several other potential loss mechanisms, including surface roughness, radiation loss, and contamination loss.2 Through an optimization of the device size, it is possible to eliminate radiation losses, which arise from poor optical field confinement within the device. Similarly, by storing a device in an appropriately clean environment, contamination of the surface can be minimized. Therefore, in addition to material loss, surface scattering is the primary loss mechanism of concern.2,8
In silica devices, surface scattering is minimized by using a laser reflow technique, which melts the silica through surface tension induced reflow. While spherical optical resonators have been studied for many years, it is only with recent advances in fabrication technologies that researchers been able to fabricate high quality silica optical toroidal microresonators (Q&gt;100 million) on a silicon substrate, thus paving the way for integration with microfluidics.1
The present series of protocols details how to fabricate both silica microsphere and microtoroid resonant cavities. While silica microsphere resonant cavities are well-established, microtoroid resonant cavities were only recently invented.1 As many of the fundamental methods used to fabricate the microsphere are also used in the more complex microtoroid fabrication procedure, by including both in a single protocol it will enable researchers to more easily trouble-shoot their experiments.

We describe the use of a carbon dioxide laser reflow technique to fabricate silica resonant cavities, including free-standing microspheres and on-chip microtoroids. The reflow method removes surface imperfections, allowing long photon lifetimes within both devices. The resulting devices have ultra high quality factors, enabling applications ranging from telecommunications to biodetection.

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

Whispering gallery resonant cavities confine light in circular orbits at their periphery.1-2 The photon storage lifetime in the cavity, quantified by the ...

Atomically Defined Templates for Epitaxial Growth of Complex Oxide Thin Films

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain such surfaces are described. The first approach is the preparation of single terminated perovskite SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates. Wet etching was used to selectively remove one of the two possible surface terminations, while an annealing step was used to increase the smoothness of the surface. The resulting single terminated surfaces allow for the heteroepitaxial growth of perovskite oxide thin films with high crystalline quality and well-defined interfaces between substrate and film. In the second approach, seed layers for epitaxial film growth on arbitrary substrates were created by Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition of nanosheets. As model system Ca2Nb3O10- nanosheets were used, prepared by delamination of their layered parent compound HCa2Nb3O10. A key advantage of creating seed layers with nanosheets is that relatively expensive and size-limited single crystalline substrates can be replaced by virtually any substrate material.

Various procedures are outlined to prepare atomically defined templates for epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. Chemical treatments of single crystalline SrTiO3 (001) and DyScO3 (110) substrates were performed to obtain atomically smooth, single terminated surfaces. Ca2 Nb3 O10- nanosheets were used to create atomically defined templates on arbitrary substrates.

複合酸化物薄膜のエピタキシャル成長のために原子的に定義されたテンプレート

Atomically defined substrate surfaces are prerequisite for the epitaxial growth of complex oxide thin films. In this protocol, two approaches to obtain ...

化学

Soft Lithographic Functionalization and Patterning Oxide-free Silicon and Germanium

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a stable interface that permits efficient electron transport and protects underlying substrates from oxidative degradation. Group IV semiconductors can be effectively protected with highly-ordered self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) composed of simple alkyl chains that act as impervious barriers to both organic and aqueous solutions. Simple alkyl SAMs, however, are inert and not amenable to traditional patterning techniques. The motivation for immobilizing organic molecular systems on semiconductors is to impart new functionality to the surface that can provide optical, electronic, and mechanical function, as well as chemical and biological activity. 
Microcontact printing (&mu;CP) is a soft-lithographic technique for patterning SAMs on myriad surfaces.1-9 Despite its simplicity and versatility, the approach has been largely limited to noble metal surfaces and has not been well developed for pattern transfer to technologically important substrates such as oxide-free silicon and germanium. Furthermore, because this technique relies on the ink diffusion to transfer pattern from the elastomer to substrate, the resolution of such traditional printing is essentially limited to near 1 &mu;m.10-16
In contrast to traditional printing, inkless &mu;CP patterning relies on a specific reaction between a surface-immobilized substrate and a stamp-bound catalyst. Because the technique does not rely on diffusive SAM formation, it significantly expands the diversity of patternable surfaces. In addition, the inkless technique obviates the feature size limitations imposed by molecular diffusion, facilitating replication of very small (&lt;200 nm) features.17-23 However, up till now, inkless &mu;CP has been mainly used for patterning relatively disordered molecular systems, which do not protect underlying surfaces from degradation.
Here, we report a simple, reliable high-throughput method for patterning passivated silicon and germanium with reactive organic monolayers and demonstrate selective functionalization of the patterned substrates with both small molecules and proteins. The technique utilizes a preformed NHS-reactive bilayered system on oxide-free silicon and germanium. The NHS moiety is hydrolyzed in a pattern-specific manner with a sulfonic acid-modified acrylate stamp to produce chemically distinct patterns of NHS-activated and free carboxylic acids. A significant limitation to the resolution of many &mu;CP techniques is the use of PDMS material which lacks the mechanical rigidity necessary for high fidelity transfer. To alleviate this limitation we utilized a polyurethane acrylate polymer, a relatively rigid material that can be easily functionalized with different organic moieties. Our patterning approach completely protects both silicon and germanium from chemical oxidation, provides precise control over the shape and size of the patterned features, and gives ready access to chemically discriminated patterns that can be further functionalized with both organic and biological molecules. The approach is general and applicable to other technologically-relevant surfaces.

Here we describe a simple method for patterning oxide-free silicon and germanium with reactive organic monolayers and demonstrate functionalization of the patterned substrates with small molecules and proteins. The approach completely protects surfaces from chemical oxidation, provides precise control over feature morphology, and provides ready access to chemically discriminated patterns.

ソフトリソグラフィ機能化およびパターニング酸化物フリーシリコンとゲルマニウム

The development of hybrid electronic devices relies in large part on the integration of (bio)organic materials and inorganic semiconductors through a ...

生物工学

Fabrication of Large-area Free-standing Ultrathin Polymer Films

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films. Typically, ultrathin films are prepared using either sacrificial layers, which may damage the film or affect its mechanical properties, or they are made on freshly cleaved mica, a substrate that is difficult to scale. Further, the size of ultrathin film is typically limited to a few square millimeters. In this method, we modify a surface with a polyelectrolyte that alters the strength of adhesion between polymer and deposition substrate. The polyelectrolyte can be shown to remain on the wafer using spectroscopy, and a treated wafer can be used to produce multiple films, indicating that at best minimal amounts of the polyelectrolyte are added to the film. The process has thus far been shown to be limited in scalability only by the size of the coating equipment, and is expected to be readily scalable to industrial processes. In this study, the protocol for making the solutions, preparing the deposition surface, and producing the films is described.

We describe a method for the fabrication of large-area (up to 13 cm diameter) and ultrathin (as thin as 8 nm) polymer films. Instead of using a sacrificial interlayer to delaminate the film from its substrate, we use a self-limiting surface treatment suitable for arbitrarily large areas.

大面積自立超薄ポリマーフィルムの作製

This procedure describes a method for the fabrication of large-area and ultrathin free-standing polymer films.  Typically, ultrathin films are prepared ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and forging. Adoption of this technique is proceeding despite disagreement concerning the underlying mechanism responsible for EAD. The experimental procedure described herein enables a more explicit study compared to previous EAD research by removing thermal effects, which are responsible for disagreement in interpreting previous EAD results. Furthermore, as the procedure described here enables EAD observation in situ and in real time in a transmission electron microscope (TEM), it is superior to existing post-mortem methods that observe EAD effects post-test. Test samples consist of a single crystal copper (SCC) foil having a free-standing tensile test section of nanoscale thickness, fabricated using a combination of laser and ion beam milling. The SCC is mounted to an etched silicon base that provides mechanical support and electrical isolation while serving as a heat sink. Using this geometry, even at high current density (~3,500 A/mm2), the test section experiences a negligible temperature increase (&#60;0.02 &#176;C), thus eliminating Joule heating effects. Monitoring material deformation and identifying the corresponding changes to microstructures, e.g. dislocations, are accomplished by acquiring and analyzing a series of TEM images. Our sample preparation and in situ experiment procedures are robust and versatile as they can be readily utilized to test materials with different microstructures, e.g., single and polycrystalline copper.

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Isolating electrical and thermal effects on electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is very difficult using macroscopic samples. Metallic sample micro- and nanostructures together with a custom test procedure have been developed to evaluate the impact of applied current on the formation without joule heating and evolution of dislocations on these samples.

のための新しい方法<em&gt;現場で</em&gt;ナノスケール試料の電気機械的特性

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...

Fabrication of Ultra-thin Color Films with Highly Absorbing Media Using Oblique Angle Deposition

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present an advanced method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics. The proposed process addresses several fabrication issues, including large area processing. Specifically, the protocol describes a process for fabricating ultra-thin color films using an electron beam evaporator for oblique angle deposition of germanium (Ge) and gold (Au) on silicon (Si) substrates.&#160; Film porosity produced by the oblique angle deposition induces color changes in the ultra-thin film. The degree of color change depends on factors such as deposition angle and film thickness. Fabricated samples of the ultra-thin color films showed improved color tunability and color purity. In addition, the measured reflectance of the fabricated samples was converted into chromatic values and analyzed in terms of color. Our ultra-thin film fabricating method is expected to be used for various ultra-thin film applications such as flexible color electrodes, thin film solar cells, and optical filters. Also, the process developed here for analyzing the color of the fabricated samples is broadly useful for studying various color structures.

We present a detailed method for fabricating ultra-thin color films with improved characteristics for optical coatings. The oblique angle deposition technique using an electron beam evaporator allows improved color tunability and purity. Fabricated films of Ge and Au on Si substrates were analyzed by reflectance measurements and color information conversion.

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラー フィルムの作製

Ultra-thin film structures have been studied extensively for use as optical coatings, but performance and fabrication challenges remain.&#160; We present ...

Fabricating Reactive Surfaces with Brush-like and Crosslinked Films of Azlactone-Functionalized Block Co-Polymers

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl dimethyl azlactone) (PGMA-b-PVDMA), are presented. Due to the high reactivity of azlactone groups towards amine, thiol, and hydroxyl groups, PGMA-b-PVDMA surfaces can be modified with secondary molecules to create chemically or biologically functionalized interfaces for a variety of applications. Previous reports of patterned PGMA-b-PVDMA interfaces have used traditional top-down patterning techniques that generate non-uniform films and poorly controlled background chemistries. Here, we describe customized patterning techniques that enable precise deposition of highly uniform PGMA-b-PVDMA films in backgrounds that are chemically inert or that have biomolecule-repellent properties. Importantly, these methods are designed to deposit PGMA-b-PVDMA films in a manner that completely preserves azlactone functionality through each processing step. Patterned films show well-controlled thicknesses that correspond to polymer brushes (~90 nm) or to highly crosslinked structures (~1-10 &#956;m). Brush patterns are generated using either the parylene lift-off or interface directed assembly methods described and are useful for precise modulation of overall chemical surface reactivity by adjusting either the PGMA-b-PVDMA pattern density or the length of the VDMA block. In contrast, the thick, crosslinked PGMA-b-PVDMA patterns are obtained using a customized micro-contact printing technique and offer the benefit of higher loading or capture of secondary material due to higher surface area to volume ratios. Detailed experimental steps, critical film characterizations, and trouble-shooting guides for each fabrication method are discussed.

Surface fabrication methods for patterned deposition of nanometer thick brushes or micron thick, crosslinked films of an azlactone block co-polymer are reported. Critical experimental steps, representative results, and limitations of each method are discussed. These methods are useful for creating functional interfaces with tailored physical features and tunable surface reactivity.

ブラシのような反応性表面を加工し、アズラクトン官能基化ブロック共重合体の架橋膜

In this paper, fabrication methods that generate novel surfaces using the azlactone-based block co-polymer, poly (glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly (vinyl ...

Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Verification for Dislocation Reduction in Germanium Epitaxial Layers with Semicylindrical Voids on Silicon

Reduction of threading dislocation density (TDD) in epitaxial germanium (Ge) on silicon (Si) has been one of the most important challenges for the realization of monolithically integrated photonics circuits. The present paper describes methods of theoretical calculation and experimental verification of a novel model for the reduction of TDD. The method of theoretical calculation describes the bending of threading dislocations (TDs) based on the interaction of TDs and non-planar growth surfaces of selective epitaxial growth (SEG) in terms of dislocation image force. The calculation reveals that the presence of voids on SiO2 masks help to reduce TDD. Experimental verification is described by germanium (Ge) SEG, using an ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition method and TD observations of the grown Ge via etching and cross-sectional transmission electron microscope (TEM). It is strongly suggested that the TDD reduction would be due to the presence of semicylindrical voids over the SiO2 SEG masks and growth temperature. For experimental verification, epitaxial Ge layers with semicylindrical voids are formed as the result of SEG of Ge layers and their coalescence. The experimentally obtained TDDs reproduce the calculated TDDs based on the theoretical model. Cross-sectional TEM observations reveal that both the termination and generation of TDs occur at semicylindrical voids. Plan-view TEM observations reveal a unique behavior of TDs in Ge with semicylindrical voids (i.e., TDs are bent to be parallel to the SEG masks and the Si substrate).

Theoretical calculation and experimental verification are proposed for a reduction of threading dislocation (TD) density in germanium epitaxial layers with semicylindrical voids on silicon. Calculations based on the interaction of TDs and surface via image force, TD measurements, and transmission electron microscope observations of TDs are presented.

シリコン上に半円筒空隙を有するゲルマニウムエピタキシャル層の転位低減に関する理論計算と実験的検証

Reduction of threading dislocation density (TDD) in epitaxial germanium (Ge) on silicon (Si) has been one of the most important challenges for the ...

Epitaxial Nanostructured &alpha;-Quartz Films on Silicon: From the Material to New Devices

In this work, we show a detailed engineering route of the first piezoelectric nanostructured epitaxial quartz-based microcantilever. We will explain all the steps in the process starting from the material to the device fabrication. The epitaxial growth of &#945;-quartz film on SOI (100) substrate starts with the preparation of a strontium doped silica sol-gel and continues with the deposition of this gel into the SOI substrate in a thin film form using the dip-coating technique under atmospheric conditions at room temperature. Before crystallization of the gel film, nanostructuration is performed onto the film surface by nanoimprint lithography (NIL). Epitaxial film growth is reached at 1000 &#176;C, inducing a perfect crystallization of the patterned gel film. Fabrication of quartz crystal cantilever devices is a four-step process based on microfabrication techniques. The process starts with shaping the quartz surface, and then metal deposition for electrodes follows it. After removing the silicone, the cantilever is released from SOI substrate eliminating SiO2 between silicon and quartz. The device performance is analyzed by non-contact laser vibrometer (LDV) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Among the different cantilever&#8217;s dimensions included in the fabricated chip, the nanostructured cantilever analyzed in this work exhibited a dimension of 40 &#181;m large and 100 &#181;m long and was fabricated with a 600 nm thick patterned quartz layer (nanopillar diameter and separation distance of 400 nm and 1 &#181;m, respectively) epitaxially grown on a 2 &#181;m thick Si device layer. The&#160;measured&#160;resonance frequency was&#160;267 kHz and the estimated quality factor, Q, of the whole mechanical structure was Q ~ 398 under low vacuum conditions. We observed the voltage-dependent linear displacement of cantilever with both techniques (i.e., AFM contact measurement and LDV). Therefore, proving that these devices can be activated through the indirect piezoelectric effect.

Epitaxial Nanostructured &#945;-Quartz Films on Silicon: From the Material to New Devices

This work presents a detailed protocol for the microfabrication of nanostructured &#945;-quartz cantilever on a Silicon-On-Insulator(SOI) technology substrate starting from the epitaxial growth of quartz film with the dip coating method and then nanostructuration of the thin film via nanoimprint lithography.

シリコン上のエピタキシャルナノ構造α-クオーツフィルム:材料から新しいデバイスへ

In this work, we show a detailed engineering route of the first piezoelectric nanostructured epitaxial quartz-based microcantilever. We will explain all ...

化学溶液法によるシリコン上のマクロポーラスエピタキシャル石英薄膜の作製

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

プラズモニック·強化されたライトトラップによる多結晶シリコン薄膜太陽電池

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

複合酸化物薄膜のエピタキシャル成長のために原子的に定義されたテンプレート

ソフトリソグラフィ機能化およびパターニング酸化物フリーシリコンとゲルマニウム

大面積自立超薄ポリマーフィルムの作製

のための新しい方法

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラーフィルムの作製

ブラシのような反応性表面を加工し、アズラクトン官能基化ブロック共重合体の架橋膜

シリコン上に半円筒空隙を有するゲルマニウムエピタキシャル層の転位低減に関する理論計算と実験的検証

シリコン上のエピタキシャルナノ構造α-クオーツフィルム:材料から新しいデバイスへ

化学溶液法によるシリコン上のマクロポーラスエピタキシャル石英薄膜の作製

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

プラズモニック·強化されたライトトラップによる多結晶シリコン薄膜太陽電池

シリカ超高品質ファクターMicroresonatorsの作製

複合酸化物薄膜のエピタキシャル成長のために原子的に定義されたテンプレート

ソフトリソグラフィ機能化およびパターニング酸化物フリーシリコンとゲルマニウム

大面積自立超薄ポリマーフィルムの作製

のための新しい方法

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラー フィルムの作製

ブラシのような反応性表面を加工し、アズラクトン官能基化ブロック共重合体の架橋膜

シリコン上に半円筒空隙を有するゲルマニウムエピタキシャル層の転位低減に関する理論計算と実験的検証

シリコン上のエピタキシャルナノ構造α-クオーツフィルム:材料から新しいデバイスへ

斜め蒸着を使用してメディアを高吸収極薄カラーフィルムの作製