私たちは、発現プラスミドのためにその場プローブ 、感覚生物学イメージング施設と聴覚とバランスのためのセンターのためのジョンズホプキンス大学センターで博士ドリスK.呉に感謝します。この作品は、LEにNIDCDグラントT32 DC000023によってサポートされていました

卵と未孵化胚の世話をし、倫理的かつ人道的に扱われます。未孵化胚の使用のためのすべてのプロトコルは、医学、ボルチモア、メリーランド州のジョンズ・ホプキンス大学で動物実験委員会によって承認されました。 1.卵と発現構築物の作製<ol><li> 卵： <ol><li> 37℃で、その両側に平らに横たわっ（ ガルスガルス ）4ダース受精鶏卵- 3をインキュベートします。 <ol><li>インキュベーションの24時間後、卵のラウンドバックエンドから注射器で卵白の3 CCを引き出し、明確なテープで穴を塞ぎます。これは、卵19の上にアクセスするためのウィンドウを切断する際に胚がシェルに付着することなく、胚へのアクセスを容易にするためにできるように、胚および卵殻との間に空気室を作成します。 </li><li>インキュベーション時間の117時間で、ハンバーガーとハミルトン20発達段階に応じて胚を上演E4（HH24-25）で（ 図1Dを参照してください）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 発現は、構築します： <ol><li>試薬を用いてプラスミドDNAと市販の調製キットの製造業者によって提供されるプロトコルを準備します。準備の最終段階で、1.5ミリリットルチューブにキットで提供500μlのTE（トリスEDTA）バッファーにDNAを溶出します。 </li><li>エタノールを試験管に3 M酢酸ナトリウムを50μl、100％エタノール1mlを添加することにより、それを濃縮するDNAを沈殿させます。 -20°CO / Nでチューブを置きます。 </li><li>遠心機で4℃で14,000rpmで30分間チューブ。上清を除去し、室温で10分間、ペレットを空気乾燥させます。 〜4μgの/μlの濃度が得られるはずです15μlのTE緩衝液中のペレットを、溶解させます。 注：ここで使用されるコントロール発現構築物は、ニワトリβアクチンプロモーターによって駆動されたPME-IRES-GFP 10、またはPCI-H2B-IRES-RFPです<sCMVプロモーターによって駆動される&gt; 10、アップ。 </li></ol></li></ol> OVOマイクロエレクトロポレーションではとOVO細胞増殖アッセイ2.チキン<ol><li> 発現構築物およびマイクロエレクトロポレーションのOVOマイクロインジェクションには ： <ol><li> 2.5×2.5ミリメートルボックスプラチナ暖房フィラメントのため、以下の最適化されたパラメータを用いて、マイクロピペットプラーを使用して、細い針にガラスキャピラリーチューブを引い：圧力= 500、ヒート= 600°C、プル= 64、ベロシティ= 105、およびTime = 150ミリ秒（ 表1参照）。 </li><li> （ 図1A参照）左目と顕微鏡に隣接する右利きマイクロマニピュレーターステージを設定します。右利きのマイクロマニピュレーターは、ガラスキャピラリー針を保持し、左ききのマイクロマニピュレーターは、電極（ 図1A）を保持します。 </li><li>切断することにより、マイクロインジェクション用細かく引っ張らガラスキャピラリー針を準備鉗子で針の先端を顕微鏡下での作業中。 </li><li>顕微鏡下での作業中に、0.1％ファストグリーンで着色のプラスミドDNA 2.5μlのマイクロマニピュレーターを用いて手で手動で針を埋めます。 </li><li> （ 図1A参照）、金型/卵保持装置内にその側に横たわって卵を置きます。はさみ19（ 図1A）を使用して、卵の上に丸い窓をカットします。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で働いているが、慎重にピンセットを用いて胚を重ねる2膜を開きます。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で働いているが、手動マイクロマニピュレーターを用いて、マイクロエレクト​​ロポレーションにより右手を使用して、マイクロインジェクションにより右耳の小胞内腔へのプラスミドDNAの約〜0.5μLを提供します。 <ol><li>同時に左手holdinを使用しながら、これを行うには、右側のマイクロマニピュレーター（ 図1B-D）とDNAと右耳の小胞の内腔をマイクロ注入胚の頭部がステージE4でディップので、胚の頭部を安定するためのGA鉗子。これは耳の小胞が破損しますので、耳の小胞の内腔を越えてマイクロ注入しないでください。 </li><li>すぐにマイクロインジェクションした後、顕微鏡下での作業中に、正（アノード）白金電極の前方腹右耳のベシクルと並列に負の2ミリメートルの電極（陰極）に2ミリメートルを配置するために左側のマイクロマニピュレーターを使用1ミリメートル離れた（ 図1 Cを参照）。 100ミリ秒の持続時間と200ミリ秒間隔で12 Vで4パルスを配信します。左耳の小胞は、内部未処理のコントロールとして機能します。 注：1×PBSに浸した綿棒でエレクトロポレーションの間に電極を清掃してください。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> OVO細胞増殖アッセイでは ： <ol><li>すぐにエレクトロポレーション後に手動で全体に50μlのEDUの溶液を滴下することにより0.25 mg / mlで1×PBS中EDUの50μlを添加しますピペットを用いて卵内の胚。テープで卵を密封し、18インキュベーターに戻す - 96時間。 </li><li>慎重にテープを除去し、18の後に耳の小胞内に蛍光GFPまたはRFP信号のための胚を確認- （ 図1 EE &#39;を参照）は、標準的な蛍光顕微鏡を用いて24時間。蛍光シグナルが存在する場合、（ &#39;&#39;図1 FPを参照）、この時点で分析のために胚を収穫するか、テープで再密封し、収穫のためのインキュベーターに戻し、後の段階で分析します。 注： - 7時間エレクトロポレーションの10後のPME-IRES-GFP構築物でGFPシグナルの発現は6明らかです。 </li></ol></li></ol> RNA in situハイブリダイゼーションおよび免疫組織化学のための3胚の収穫と組織処理<ol><li>鉗子を使用して胚を収穫。冷たい1×PBS中で胚を洗浄します。その首によって頭部を切断することによって、胚の頭部を削除します鉗子を使用して、4℃で4％パラホルムアルデヒドO / Nに頭を置きます。頭の中の4％パラホルムアルデヒドの浸透を可能にするために鉗子を使用して脳を穿刺。 </li><li> 4℃で（1×PBS中）を、30％スクロースO / Nでヘッドを脱水。 </li><li>ドライアイスとメチルブタン（2-メチルブタン）のスラリー中で急速凍結により凍結保護媒体中に頭をマウントします。また、急速に液体窒素で凍結保護媒体中に頭を凍結します。 -80℃で取り付けられたヘッドを保管してください。 </li><li>厚さ12μmの組織切片に頭を凍結切片とsuperfrosted顕微鏡用スライドガラス上にすべての内耳を含む組織切片を収集します。 </li><li>以前4,21に記載されているように 、in situハイブリダイゼーションおよび免疫組織化学で標準RNAを実行して、キットの製造業者によって提供されたプロトコル以下EDU細胞増殖を分析。 注：髪の細胞は、ウサギポリクローナルα-MyosinVIIa（MYO7A）ANを用いて同定することができますtibody（1：1,000、プロテウスBiosciences社）および蛍光標識二次抗体（1：250、ヤギ抗ウサギのAlexaFluor 488; Invitrogen社）。 </li></ol> 4.イメージキャプチャと処理<ol><li>デジタルイメージング機器を入れて撮影します。 （倍率5倍から40倍までの範囲）を、標準的な広視野顕微鏡を用いて、標準的な蛍光顕微鏡及びその場での結果と画像免疫組織化学の結果。 </li><li>画像処理ソフトウェアを用いて画像を処理します。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

オボマイクロエレクトロポレーションでのここで説明する方法が開発聴覚器官への遺伝子導入用に最適化されています。それは、典型的には、遺伝子の機能/発現を操作するために使用されるプラスミドDNAに基づく発現ベクターと互換性があります。 E4でのエレクトロポレーションのタイミングは、聴覚器官にHCの開発に注力調査に最適です。最も重要なステップは、針で深すぎ...

哺乳類や鳥類の聴覚感覚器官との間の形態や細胞パターニングの違いにもかかわらず、感覚HCの開発を担当した分子の要因と経路は、進化的に1-3で保存していると考えられています。聴覚のHCとその周辺のSCを収容する基底乳頭は、内耳の耳胞のoutpocketingとして開発しています。初期のHCとSC前駆細胞のプールには、耳プラコード/耳のカップ神経感覚有能なドメイン（NSD）内に指定されています。フェイト・マッピングデータは、神経や感覚系統がリンクされていることの証拠を提供し、マウスやニワトリの4,5で耳のカップや耳胞の前-腹側領域に位置NSDから生じます。まず、神経芽細胞は、最終的には聴覚と前庭神経節に分割聴覚・前庭神経節の神経細胞を生じさせるためにNSDから剥離し。これらのニューロンは、脳幹における内耳および核の感覚のHCを支配します。細胞番目NSDに残るでメカノ伝達感覚のHCおよびその関連のSCからなる、聴覚感覚器官を含む様々な感覚パッチを生じると考えられています。 ひよことマウスの両方で、聴覚器官感覚前駆細胞周期の出口とHCの分化は、対向する勾配で発生します。ひよこでは、聴覚前駆細胞周期の出口が〜E5の周りに始まり、頂点にベースから進行し、中心部から周辺部6へ。 1日後、HC分化が頂点に始まり、ベース7に進みます。複雑な手術を必要とする、他のモデル系に子宮内で胚を操作するとは対照的に、機能的なメカニズムが卵内で比較的容易に調べることができるように鶏における内耳の開発を研究することは、多くの技術的な利点を提供します。ここで説明する方法は、推定basilaに目的の遺伝子を標的とするために、卵のマイクロエレクトロポレーションに使用しています特にE4で耳胞で前方 - 腹側R乳頭エリア。 卵内エレクトロポレーションは十分に確立され、一般的に8月14日に使用されている技術です。エレクトロポレーション技術の原理は、ヌクレオチド（ 例えば、プラスミドDNA、合成DNA、またはRNAオリゴヌクレオチド）、負に帯電しているという事実に基づいています。 DNAは、目的の組織に注入されます。電流が組織を横切って配置されると、電流は、細胞壁に過渡毛穴を開き、負に帯電したDNAは、正極（陽極）に向かって流れるように、DNAの取り込みを可能にします。機能獲得型実験のために、目的の遺伝子は、一般的に緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）または赤色蛍光タンパク質（RFP）のために適切な発現カセットを含む発現プラスミドにサブクローニングします。機能喪失実験のために、プラスミドベースのドミナントネガティブリプレッサー構築物またはRNAi、またはモルホリノ構築物は、cはommonly 15,16を使用していました。ベースのプラスミド、典型的には、マイクロRNA（miRNAの）機能のmiRNAスポンジ構造を、抑制するために、17を使用することができます。 卵マイクロエレクトロポレーション法で容易に全胚にEDUを添加することによって卵細胞増殖アッセイ中で組み合わせることができ、ここで説明する方法は、聴覚器官に増殖および分化を制御する分子機構を調査することを可能にします。 エレクトロポレーションおよびEDUの添加は、一日の聴覚器官における細胞周期の出口の開始前である耳胞でE4で行われます。聴覚器官の分析は、典型的には18行う - E5（感覚前駆細胞周期の出口の開始）、E6（HC分化の開始）、及び（HC分化中）E7でエレクトロポレーション後96時間に、以降〜E9（HC分化の終わり）まで。遺伝子導入のこのエレクトロポレーション法は、約3〜4日間持続する一過性であるbecauSEは、目的の遺伝子がゲノムに統合されませんが、この方法は、このようなTol2の媒介遺伝子導入11として、ゲノムに統合する能力を持っている適当なプラスミドDNAベースの発現ベクターでの使用にも適用可能です。この方法堅牢なGFPまたはRFP発現と、蝸牛に〜4日間持続する信号は、フェード、その時点の後、まだ聴覚器官の複雑な発達を研究するための十分な時間窓を提供します。 卵内遺伝子導入法ではこれは新規であり、特に聴覚器官にHCの開発に注力調査のために最適であるE4で推定聴覚器官を、ターゲットとすることができます。それは、11,12またはin vitroでの脳底乳頭の外植片培養18の使用に比べ、はるかに年下の発達段階をエレクトロポレーションの代替方法、に優れた付加です。

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gene transfer into the chicken auditory organ by in ovo micro-electroporation

ニワトリ胚は、遺伝子機能の操作は、 卵で比較的容易に行うことができるように胚発生を研究するための理想的なモデル系です。内耳の聴覚感覚器官は聞くする当社の能力にとって重要です。これは、メカノ形質導入有毛細胞（HCS）と周囲のグリア細胞様細胞（SCS）をサポートで構成されて専門性の高い感覚上皮を収容します。聴覚器官の構造的な違いにもかかわらず、聴覚器官の発達を制御する分子メカニズムは、進化的に哺乳類と鳥類の間で保存されている、卵 、エレクトロポレーションでは 、E1での初期段階に大部分が限定されている- 。E3。原因E5での聴覚器官の相対的な開発後期に、E3過去オボエレクトロポレーション中による聴覚器官の操作が原因後の段階でのニワトリ胚の高度な発展には困難です。ここに提示された方法は、で目的の遺伝子を標的化するための過渡的遺伝子導入法でありますステージE4 - オボマイクロエレクトロポレーションで経由して開発鶏の聴覚感覚器官でE4.5。この方法は、従来のプラスミドDNAベースの発現ベクターでgain-及び喪失機能のために適用可能であり、で全胚にEDU（5-エチニル-2&#39;-デオキシウリジン）を加えることによって卵細胞増殖アッセイにおいて組み合わせることが可能でエレクトロポレーションの時間。緑色または赤色蛍光タンパク質（GFPまたはRFP）発現プラスミドの使用は、実験者がすぐにエレクトロポレーションが正常に開発内耳の聴覚部分を対象とするかどうかを決定することを可能にします。この方法の論文では、GFPエレクトロポレーション標本の代表的な例が示されています。エレクトロポレーション後96時間および聴覚器官のプロ感覚の領域にGFPの標的化RNA in situハイブリダイゼーションによって確認された-胚は18を収穫しました。メソッド紙はまた、細胞prolifを分析するチミジンアナログEDUの使用のために最適化されたプロトコルを提供しますeration。免疫標識を結合し、EDUのクリック化学EDU基づく細胞増殖アッセイの例が提供されます。

緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）発現カセットは〜得、100ミリ秒のパルス持続時間と200ミリ秒の間隔で12 Vおよび4パルスの最適化されたパラメータを使用して開発鶏脳底乳頭（BP）に標的にされたからなるこの方法紙プラスミドDNAでBPに標的化プラスミドDNAの50％の胚の生存率および効率。 （;白矢印、図1のE-E &#39;）とGFP発現が時間経過にわたって追跡することが...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation at JoVE.com

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、<em&gt;卵内</em&gt;マイクロエレクト​​ロポレーション

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

gene-transfer-into-chicken-auditory-organ-ovo-micro

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

9.4K ビュー.  The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine. The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ. 

ビデオ: Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying the biology of retinal neurons, particularly photoreceptors. The applications of this system go beyond basic research, as they can easily be adapted to high throughput technologies for drug development. However, genetic manipulation of retinal photoreceptors in these cultures has proven to be very challenging, posing an important limitation to the usefulness of the system. We have recently developed and validated an ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation technique that increases the rate of transfection of retinal cells in these cultures by five-fold compared to other currently available protocols1. In this method embryonic chick eyes are enucleated at stage 27, the RPE is removed, and the retinal cup is placed in a plasmid-containing solution and electroporated using easily constructed custom-made electrodes. The retinas are then dissociated and cultured using standard procedures. This technique can be applied to overexpression studies as well as to the downregulation of gene expression, for example via the use of plasmid-driven RNAi technology, commonly achieving transgene expression in 25% of the photoreceptor population. The video format of the present publication will make this technology easily accessible to researchers in the field, enabling the study of gene function in primary retinal cultures. We have also included detailed explanations of the critical steps of this procedure for a successful outcome and reproducibility.

Efficient Gene Transfer in Chick Retinas for Primary Cell Culture Studies: An Ex-ovo Electroporation Approach

Embryonic chick retinal cell cultures constitute valuable tools for the study of photoreceptor biology. We have developed an efficient gene transfer technique based on ex&#160;ovo plasmid electroporation of the retinas prior to culture. This technique considerably increases transfection efficiencies over currently available protocols, making genetic manipulation feasible for this system.

初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：<em&gt;元オボ</em&gt;エレクトロポレーションアプローチ

The cone photoreceptor-enriched cultures derived from embryonic chick retinas have become an indispensable tool for researchers around the world studying ...

発生生物学

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

Methods for Precisely Localized Transfer of Cells or DNA into Early Postimplantation Mouse Embryos

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, cell culture has been widely used in developmental biology studies. However, it is important to determine whether in vitro cultured cells truly represent in vivo cell types. Grafting cells into embryos, followed by an assessment of their contribution during development is a useful method to determine the potential of in vitro cultured cells. In this study, we describe a method for grafting cells into a defined site of early postimplantation mouse embryos, followed by ex vivo culture. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing precise localization and adjustment of the number of cells receiving exogenous DNA with both high transfection efficiency and low cell death. These techniques, which do not require any specialized equipment, render experimental manipulations of the gastrulation and early organogenesis-stage mouse embryo possible, allowing analysis of commitment in cultured cell subpopulations and the effect of genetic manipulations in situ on cell differentiation.

We demonstrate a method for grafting cultured cells into defined sites of early mouse embryos to determine their in vivo potential. We also introduce an optimized electroporation method that uses glass capillaries of known diameter, allowing the precise delivery of exogenous DNA into a few cells in the embryos.

早期着床後のマウス胚への細胞やDNAの正確​​ローカライズ転送する方法

Manipulation and culture of early mouse embryos is a powerful yet largely under-utilized technology enhancing the value of this model system. Conversely, ...

Grafting of Beads into Developing Chicken Embryo Limbs to Identify Signal Transduction Pathways Affecting Gene Expression

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression and activation of signal transduction pathways. This technique allows the delivery of signaling molecules at precisely defined developmental stages for specific times. After this embryos can be harvested and gene expression examined, for example by in situ hybridization, or activation of signal transduction pathways observed with immunostaining.
In this video heparin beads soaked in FGF18 or AG 1-X2 beads soaked in U0126, a MEK inhibitor, are grafted into the limb bud in ovo. This shows that FGF18 induces expression of MyoD and ERK phosphorylation and both endogenous and FGF18 induced MyoD expression is inhibited by U0126. Beads soaked in a retinoic acid antagonist can potentiate premature MyoD induction by FGF18.
This approach can be used with a wide range of different growth factors and inhibitors and is easily adapted to other tissues in the developing embryo.

By grafting beads soaked in growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways into developing embryos it is possible to directly test their effects in vivo. In this protocol beads are grafted into the limb bud to determine the effects of these molecules on gene expression and signal transduction.

遺伝子発現に影響を​​及ぼすシグナル伝達経路を同定するために、ニワトリ胚手足の開発にビーズのグラフト

Using chicken embryos it is possible to test directly the effects of either growth factors or specific inhibitors of signaling pathways on gene expression ...

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System

The new model presented here can be used to understand the influence of hemodynamics on specific cardiac developmental processes, at the cellular and molecular level. To alter intracardiac hemodynamics, fertilized chicken eggs are incubated in a humidified chamber to obtain embryos of the desired stage (HH17). Once this developmental stage is achieved, the embryo is maintained ex ovo and hemodynamics in the embryonic heart are altered by partially constricting the outflow tract (OFT) with a surgical suture at the junction of the OFT and ventricle (OVJ). Control embryos are also cultured ex ovo but are not subjected to the surgical intervention. Banded and control embryos are then incubated in a humidified incubator for the desired period of time, after which 2D ultrasound is employed to analyze the change in blood flow velocity at the OVJ as a result of OFT banding. Once embryos are maintained ex ovo, it is important to ensure adequate hydration in the incubation chamber so as to prevent drying and eventually embryo death. Using this new banded model, it is now possible to perform analyses of changes in the expression of key players involved in valve development and to understand the role of hemodynamics on cellular responses in vivo, which could not be achieved previously.

A Novel Ex Ovo Banding Technique to Alter Intracardiac Hemodynamics in an Embryonic Chicken System

For the first time we present here a reproducible banding procedure to alter hemodynamics in the developing heart ex ovo. This is achieved by partially constricting the outflow tract (OFT).

小説<em&gt;例OVO</emニワトリ胚のシステムで心臓内血行動態を変えるために&gt;バンディングテクニック

The new model presented here can be used to understand the influence of hemodynamics on specific cardiac developmental processes, at the cellular and ...

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that the chicken embryo is an effective research model for studying basic biological functions of auditory system development. More recently, the chicken embryo has become particularly valuable in studying gene expression, regulation and function associated with hearing. In ovo electroporation can be used to target auditory brainstem regions responsible for highly specialized auditory functions. These regions include the chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL). NM and NL neurons arise from distinct precursors of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (R5/R6). Here, we present in ovo electroporation of plasmid-encoded genes to study gene-related properties in these regions. We show a method for spatial and temporal control of gene expression that promote either gain or loss of functional phenotypes. By targeting auditory neural progenitor regions associated with R5/R6, we show plasmid transfection in NM and NL. Temporal regulation of gene expression can be achieved by adopting a tet-on vector system. This is a drug inducible procedure that expresses the genes of interest in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). The in ovo electroporation technique &#8211; together with either biochemical, pharmacological, and or in vivo functional assays &#8211; provides an innovative approach to study auditory neuron development and associated pathophysiological phenomena.

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Auditory brainstem neurons of avians and mammals are specialized for fast neural encoding, a fundamental process for normal hearing functions. These neurons arise from distinct precursors of embryonic hindbrain. We present techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes in the hindbrain of chicken embryos to study gene function during auditory development.

鶏の聴覚脳幹における卵の電気穿孔

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that ...

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors of the diseases. To validate the contribution of a dysfunction of the mutated genes to disease development, the generation of animal models carrying the mutations is one obvious approach. While germline genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are popular biological tools and exhibit reproducible results, it is restricted by time and costs. Meanwhile, non-germline GEMMs often enable exploring gene function in a more feasible manner. Since some brain diseases (e.g., brain tumors) appear to result from somatic but not germline mutations, non-germline chimeric mouse models, in which normal and abnormal cells coexist, could be helpful for disease-relevant analysis. In this study, we report a method for the induction of CRISPR-mediated somatic mutations in the cerebellum. Specifically, we utilized conditional knock-in mice, in which Cas9 and GFP are chronically activated by the CAG (CMV enhancer/chicken &#223;-actin) promoter after Cre-mediated recombination of the genome. The self-designed single-guide RNAs (sgRNAs) and the Cre recombinase sequence, both encoded in a single plasmid construct, were delivered into cerebellar stem/progenitor cells at an embryonic stage using in utero electroporation. Consequently, transfected cells and their daughter cells were labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP), thus facilitating further phenotypic analyses. Hence, this method is not only showing electroporation-based gene delivery into embryonic cerebellar cells but also proposing a novel quantitative approach to assess CRISPR-mediated loss-of-function phenotypes.

CRISPR-mediated Loss of Function Analysis in Cerebellar Granule Cells Using In Utero Electroporation-based Gene Transfer

Conventional loss-of-function studies of genes using knockout animals have often been costly and time-consuming. Electroporation-based CRISPR-mediated somatic mutagenesis is a powerful tool to understand gene functions in vivo. Here, we report a method to analyze knockout phenotypes in proliferating cells of the cerebellum.

CRISPR を介した損失関数における小脳顆粒細胞のエレクトロポレーション法による遺伝子導入の子宮内を使用して

Brain malformation is often caused by genetic mutations. Deciphering the mutations in patient-derived tissues has identified potential causative factors ...

Three-dimensional Organotypic Cultures of Vestibular and Auditory Sensory Organs

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. Moreover, although existing culture techniques allow biochemical perturbations, these methods do not provide a means to study the effects of mechanical force and tissue stiffness during development of the inner ear sensory organs. Here we describe a method for three-dimensional organotypic culture of the intact murine utricle and cochlea that overcomes these limitations. The technique for adjustment of a three-dimensional matrix stiffness described here permits manipulation of the elastic force opposing tissue growth. This method can therefore be used to study the role of mechanical forces during inner ear development. Additionally, the cultures permit virus-mediated gene delivery, which can be used for gain- and loss-of-function experiments. This culture method preserves innate hair cells and supporting cells and serves as a potentially superior alternative to the traditional two-dimensional culture of vestibular and auditory sensory organs.

Three-dimensional organotypic cultures of the murine utricle and cochlea in optically clear collagen I gels preserve innate tissue morphology, allow for mechanical stimulation through adjustment of matrix stiffness, and permit virus-mediated gene delivery.

前庭と聴覚の感覚器官の三次元切片培養

The sensory organs of the inner ear are challenging to study in mammals due to their inaccessibility to experimental manipulation and optical observation. ...

Use of Trowell-Type Organ Culture to Study Regulation of Dental Stem Cells

Organ development, function, and regeneration depend on stem cells, which reside within discrete anatomical spaces called stem cell niches. The continuously growing mouse incisor provides an excellent model to study tissue-specific stem cells. The epithelial tissue-specific stem cells of the incisor are located at the proximal end of the tooth in a niche called the cervical loop. They provide a continuous influx of cells to counterbalance the constant abrasion of the self-sharpening tip of the tooth. Presented here is a detailed protocol for the isolation and culture of the proximal end of the mouse incisor that houses stem cells and their niche. This is a modified Trowell-type organ culture protocol that enables in vitro culture of tissue pieces (explants), as well as the thick tissue slices at the liquid/air interface on a filter supported by a metal grid. The organ culture protocol described here enables tissue manipulations not feasible in vivo, and when combined with the use of a fluorescent reporter(s), it provides a platform for the identification and tracking of discrete cell populations in live tissues over time, including stem cells. Various regulatory molecules and pharmacological compounds can be tested in this system for their effect on stem cells and their niches. This ultimately provides a valuable tool to study stem cell regulation and maintenance.

The Trowell-type organ culture method has been used to unravel complex signaling networks that govern tooth development and, more recently, for studying regulation involved in stem cells of the continuously growing mouse incisor. Fluorescent-reporter animal models and live-imaging methods facilitate in-depth analyses of dental stem cells and their specific niche microenvironment.

歯科幹細胞の制御を研究するためのトロウェル型臓器培養の使用

Organ development, function, and regeneration depend on stem cells, which reside within discrete anatomical spaces called stem cell niches. The ...

Isolation of Rat Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Differentiation into Insulin-producing Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-especially those isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs)-have gained special attention as a renewable, abundant source of stem cells that does not pose any ethical concerns. However, current methods to isolate Ad-MSCs are not standardized and employ complicated protocols that require special equipment. We isolated Ad-MSCs from the epididymal fat of Sprague-Dawley rats using a simple, reproducible method. The isolated Ad-MSCs usually appear within 3 days post isolation, as adherent cells display fibroblastic morphology. Those cells reach 80% confluency within 1 week of isolation. Afterward, at passage 3-5 (P3-5), a full characterization was carried out for the isolated Ad-MSCs by immunophenotyping for characteristic MSC cluster of differentiation (CD) surface markers such as CD90, CD73, and CD105, as well as inducing differentiation of these cells down the osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic lineages. This, in turn, implies the multipotency of the isolated cells. Furthermore, we induced the differentiation of the isolated Ad-MSCs toward the insulin-producing cells (IPCs) lineage via a simple, relatively short protocol by incorporating high glucose Dulbecco&#39;s modified Eagle medium (HG-DMEM), &#946;-mercaptoethanol, nicotinamide, and exendin-4. IPCs differentiation was genetically assessed, firstly, via measuring the expression levels of specific &#946;-cell markers such as MafA, NKX6.1, Pdx-1, and Ins1, as well as dithizone staining for the generated IPCs. Secondly, the assessment was also carried out functionally by a glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) assay. In conclusion, Ad-MSCs can be easily isolated, exhibiting all MSC characterization criteria, and they can indeed provide an abundant, renewable source of IPCs in the lab for diabetes research.

Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (Ad-MSCs) can be a potential source of MSCs that differentiate into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). In this protocol, we provide detailed steps for the isolation and characterization of rat epididymal Ad-MSCs, followed by a simple, short protocol for the generation of IPCs from the same rat Ad-MSCs.

インスリン産生細胞への分化のためのラット脂肪組織間葉系幹細胞の単離

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-especially those isolated from adipose tissue (Ad-MSCs)-have gained special attention as a renewable, abundant source of ...

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

早期着床後のマウス胚への細胞やDNAの正確ローカライズ転送する方法

遺伝子発現に影響を及ぼすシグナル伝達経路を同定するために、ニワトリ胚手足の開発にビーズのグラフト

小説

鶏の聴覚脳幹における卵の電気穿孔

CRISPR を介した損失関数における小脳顆粒細胞のエレクトロポレーション法による遺伝子導入の子宮内を使用して

前庭と聴覚の感覚器官の三次元切片培養

歯科幹細胞の制御を研究するためのトロウェル型臓器培養の使用

インスリン産生細胞への分化のためのラット脂肪組織間葉系幹細胞の単離

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

初代細胞培養研究のためのひよこ網膜における効率的な遺伝子導入：

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

早期着床後のマウス胚への細胞やDNAの正確​​ローカライズ転送する方法

遺伝子発現に影響を​​及ぼすシグナル伝達経路を同定するために、ニワトリ胚手足の開発にビーズのグラフト

小説

鶏の聴覚脳幹における卵の電気穿孔

CRISPR を介した損失関数における小脳顆粒細胞のエレクトロポレーション法による遺伝子導入の子宮内を使用して

前庭と聴覚の感覚器官の三次元切片培養

歯科幹細胞の制御を研究するためのトロウェル型臓器培養の使用

インスリン産生細胞への分化のためのラット脂肪組織間葉系幹細胞の単離

早期着床後のマウス胚への細胞やDNAの正確ローカライズ転送する方法

遺伝子発現に影響を及ぼすシグナル伝達経路を同定するために、ニワトリ胚手足の開発にビーズのグラフト