Name: gene transfer into the chicken auditory organ by in ovo micro-electroporation
Uploaded: 2016-04-17T15:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 45 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation at JoVE.com

私たちは、発現プラスミドのためにその場プローブ 、感覚生物学イメージング施設と聴覚とバランスのためのセンターのためのジョンズホプキンス大学センターで博士ドリスK.呉に感謝します。この作品は、LEにNIDCDグラントT32 DC000023によってサポートされていました

卵と未孵化胚の世話をし、倫理的かつ人道的に扱われます。未孵化胚の使用のためのすべてのプロトコルは、医学、ボルチモア、メリーランド州のジョンズ・ホプキンス大学で動物実験委員会によって承認されました。 1.卵と発現構築物の作製<ol><li> 卵： <ol><li> 37℃で、その両側に平らに横たわっ（ ガルスガルス ）4ダース受精鶏卵- 3をインキュベートします。 <ol><li>インキュベーションの24時間後、卵のラウンドバックエンドから注射器で卵白の3 CCを引き出し、明確なテープで穴を塞ぎます。これは、卵19の上にアクセスするためのウィンドウを切断する際に胚がシェルに付着することなく、胚へのアクセスを容易にするためにできるように、胚および卵殻との間に空気室を作成します。 </li><li>インキュベーション時間の117時間で、ハンバーガーとハミルトン20発達段階に応じて胚を上演E4（HH24-25）で（ 図1Dを参照してください）。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> 発現は、構築します： <ol><li>試薬を用いてプラスミドDNAと市販の調製キットの製造業者によって提供されるプロトコルを準備します。準備の最終段階で、1.5ミリリットルチューブにキットで提供500μlのTE（トリスEDTA）バッファーにDNAを溶出します。 </li><li>エタノールを試験管に3 M酢酸ナトリウムを50μl、100％エタノール1mlを添加することにより、それを濃縮するDNAを沈殿させます。 -20°CO / Nでチューブを置きます。 </li><li>遠心機で4℃で14,000rpmで30分間チューブ。上清を除去し、室温で10分間、ペレットを空気乾燥させます。 〜4μgの/μlの濃度が得られるはずです15μlのTE緩衝液中のペレットを、溶解させます。 注：ここで使用されるコントロール発現構築物は、ニワトリβアクチンプロモーターによって駆動されたPME-IRES-GFP 10、またはPCI-H2B-IRES-RFPです<sCMVプロモーターによって駆動される&gt; 10、アップ。 </li></ol></li></ol> OVOマイクロエレクトロポレーションではとOVO細胞増殖アッセイ2.チキン<ol><li> 発現構築物およびマイクロエレクトロポレーションのOVOマイクロインジェクションには ： <ol><li> 2.5×2.5ミリメートルボックスプラチナ暖房フィラメントのため、以下の最適化されたパラメータを用いて、マイクロピペットプラーを使用して、細い針にガラスキャピラリーチューブを引い：圧力= 500、ヒート= 600°C、プル= 64、ベロシティ= 105、およびTime = 150ミリ秒（ 表1参照）。 </li><li> （ 図1A参照）左目と顕微鏡に隣接する右利きマイクロマニピュレーターステージを設定します。右利きのマイクロマニピュレーターは、ガラスキャピラリー針を保持し、左ききのマイクロマニピュレーターは、電極（ 図1A）を保持します。 </li><li>切断することにより、マイクロインジェクション用細かく引っ張らガラスキャピラリー針を準備鉗子で針の先端を顕微鏡下での作業中。 </li><li>顕微鏡下での作業中に、0.1％ファストグリーンで着色のプラスミドDNA 2.5μlのマイクロマニピュレーターを用いて手で手動で針を埋めます。 </li><li> （ 図1A参照）、金型/卵保持装置内にその側に横たわって卵を置きます。はさみ19（ 図1A）を使用して、卵の上に丸い窓をカットします。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で働いているが、慎重にピンセットを用いて胚を重ねる2膜を開きます。 </li><li>顕微鏡下で働いているが、手動マイクロマニピュレーターを用いて、マイクロエレクト​​ロポレーションにより右手を使用して、マイクロインジェクションにより右耳の小胞内腔へのプラスミドDNAの約〜0.5μLを提供します。 <ol><li>同時に左手holdinを使用しながら、これを行うには、右側のマイクロマニピュレーター（ 図1B-D）とDNAと右耳の小胞の内腔をマイクロ注入胚の頭部がステージE4でディップので、胚の頭部を安定するためのGA鉗子。これは耳の小胞が破損しますので、耳の小胞の内腔を越えてマイクロ注入しないでください。 </li><li>すぐにマイクロインジェクションした後、顕微鏡下での作業中に、正（アノード）白金電極の前方腹右耳のベシクルと並列に負の2ミリメートルの電極（陰極）に2ミリメートルを配置するために左側のマイクロマニピュレーターを使用1ミリメートル離れた（ 図1 Cを参照）。 100ミリ秒の持続時間と200ミリ秒間隔で12 Vで4パルスを配信します。左耳の小胞は、内部未処理のコントロールとして機能します。 注：1×PBSに浸した綿棒でエレクトロポレーションの間に電極を清掃してください。 </li></ol></li></ol></li><li> OVO細胞増殖アッセイでは ： <ol><li>すぐにエレクトロポレーション後に手動で全体に50μlのEDUの溶液を滴下することにより0.25 mg / mlで1×PBS中EDUの50μlを添加しますピペットを用いて卵内の胚。テープで卵を密封し、18インキュベーターに戻す - 96時間。 </li><li>慎重にテープを除去し、18の後に耳の小胞内に蛍光GFPまたはRFP信号のための胚を確認- （ 図1 EE &#39;を参照）は、標準的な蛍光顕微鏡を用いて24時間。蛍光シグナルが存在する場合、（ &#39;&#39;図1 FPを参照）、この時点で分析のために胚を収穫するか、テープで再密封し、収穫のためのインキュベーターに戻し、後の段階で分析します。 注： - 7時間エレクトロポレーションの10後のPME-IRES-GFP構築物でGFPシグナルの発現は6明らかです。 </li></ol></li></ol> RNA in situハイブリダイゼーションおよび免疫組織化学のための3胚の収穫と組織処理<ol><li>鉗子を使用して胚を収穫。冷たい1×PBS中で胚を洗浄します。その首によって頭部を切断することによって、胚の頭部を削除します鉗子を使用して、4℃で4％パラホルムアルデヒドO / Nに頭を置きます。頭の中の4％パラホルムアルデヒドの浸透を可能にするために鉗子を使用して脳を穿刺。 </li><li> 4℃で（1×PBS中）を、30％スクロースO / Nでヘッドを脱水。 </li><li>ドライアイスとメチルブタン（2-メチルブタン）のスラリー中で急速凍結により凍結保護媒体中に頭をマウントします。また、急速に液体窒素で凍結保護媒体中に頭を凍結します。 -80℃で取り付けられたヘッドを保管してください。 </li><li>厚さ12μmの組織切片に頭を凍結切片とsuperfrosted顕微鏡用スライドガラス上にすべての内耳を含む組織切片を収集します。 </li><li>以前4,21に記載されているように 、in situハイブリダイゼーションおよび免疫組織化学で標準RNAを実行して、キットの製造業者によって提供されたプロトコル以下EDU細胞増殖を分析。 注：髪の細胞は、ウサギポリクローナルα-MyosinVIIa（MYO7A）ANを用いて同定することができますtibody（1：1,000、プロテウスBiosciences社）および蛍光標識二次抗体（1：250、ヤギ抗ウサギのAlexaFluor 488; Invitrogen社）。 </li></ol> 4.イメージキャプチャと処理<ol><li>デジタルイメージング機器を入れて撮影します。 （倍率5倍から40倍までの範囲）を、標準的な広視野顕微鏡を用いて、標準的な蛍光顕微鏡及びその場での結果と画像免疫組織化学の結果。 </li><li>画像処理ソフトウェアを用いて画像を処理します。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

オボマイクロエレクトロポレーションでのここで説明する方法が開発聴覚器官への遺伝子導入用に最適化されています。それは、典型的には、遺伝子の機能/発現を操作するために使用されるプラスミドDNAに基づく発現ベクターと互換性があります。 E4でのエレクトロポレーションのタイミングは、聴覚器官にHCの開発に注力調査に最適です。最も重要なステップは、針で深すぎ...

哺乳類や鳥類の聴覚感覚器官との間の形態や細胞パターニングの違いにもかかわらず、感覚HCの開発を担当した分子の要因と経路は、進化的に1-3で保存していると考えられています。聴覚のHCとその周辺のSCを収容する基底乳頭は、内耳の耳胞のoutpocketingとして開発しています。初期のHCとSC前駆細胞のプールには、耳プラコード/耳のカップ神経感覚有能なドメイン（NSD）内に指定されています。フェイト・マッピングデータは、神経や感覚系統がリンクされていることの証拠を提供し、マウスやニワトリの4,5で耳のカップや耳胞の前-腹側領域に位置NSDから生じます。まず、神経芽細胞は、最終的には聴覚と前庭神経節に分割聴覚・前庭神経節の神経細胞を生じさせるためにNSDから剥離し。これらのニューロンは、脳幹における内耳および核の感覚のHCを支配します。細胞番目NSDに残るでメカノ伝達感覚のHCおよびその関連のSCからなる、聴覚感覚器官を含む様々な感覚パッチを生じると考えられています。 ひよことマウスの両方で、聴覚器官感覚前駆細胞周期の出口とHCの分化は、対向する勾配で発生します。ひよこでは、聴覚前駆細胞周期の出口が〜E5の周りに始まり、頂点にベースから進行し、中心部から周辺部6へ。 1日後、HC分化が頂点に始まり、ベース7に進みます。複雑な手術を必要とする、他のモデル系に子宮内で胚を操作するとは対照的に、機能的なメカニズムが卵内で比較的容易に調べることができるように鶏における内耳の開発を研究することは、多くの技術的な利点を提供します。ここで説明する方法は、推定basilaに目的の遺伝子を標的とするために、卵のマイクロエレクトロポレーションに使用しています特にE4で耳胞で前方 - 腹側R乳頭エリア。 卵内エレクトロポレーションは十分に確立され、一般的に8月14日に使用されている技術です。エレクトロポレーション技術の原理は、ヌクレオチド（ 例えば、プラスミドDNA、合成DNA、またはRNAオリゴヌクレオチド）、負に帯電しているという事実に基づいています。 DNAは、目的の組織に注入されます。電流が組織を横切って配置されると、電流は、細胞壁に過渡毛穴を開き、負に帯電したDNAは、正極（陽極）に向かって流れるように、DNAの取り込みを可能にします。機能獲得型実験のために、目的の遺伝子は、一般的に緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）または赤色蛍光タンパク質（RFP）のために適切な発現カセットを含む発現プラスミドにサブクローニングします。機能喪失実験のために、プラスミドベースのドミナントネガティブリプレッサー構築物またはRNAi、またはモルホリノ構築物は、cはommonly 15,16を使用していました。ベースのプラスミド、典型的には、マイクロRNA（miRNAの）機能のmiRNAスポンジ構造を、抑制するために、17を使用することができます。 卵マイクロエレクトロポレーション法で容易に全胚にEDUを添加することによって卵細胞増殖アッセイ中で組み合わせることができ、ここで説明する方法は、聴覚器官に増殖および分化を制御する分子機構を調査することを可能にします。 エレクトロポレーションおよびEDUの添加は、一日の聴覚器官における細胞周期の出口の開始前である耳胞でE4で行われます。聴覚器官の分析は、典型的には18行う - E5（感覚前駆細胞周期の出口の開始）、E6（HC分化の開始）、及び（HC分化中）E7でエレクトロポレーション後96時間に、以降〜E9（HC分化の終わり）まで。遺伝子導入のこのエレクトロポレーション法は、約3〜4日間持続する一過性であるbecauSEは、目的の遺伝子がゲノムに統合されませんが、この方法は、このようなTol2の媒介遺伝子導入11として、ゲノムに統合する能力を持っている適当なプラスミドDNAベースの発現ベクターでの使用にも適用可能です。この方法堅牢なGFPまたはRFP発現と、蝸牛に〜4日間持続する信号は、フェード、その時点の後、まだ聴覚器官の複雑な発達を研究するための十分な時間窓を提供します。 卵内遺伝子導入法ではこれは新規であり、特に聴覚器官にHCの開発に注力調査のために最適であるE4で推定聴覚器官を、ターゲットとすることができます。それは、11,12またはin vitroでの脳底乳頭の外植片培養18の使用に比べ、はるかに年下の発達段階をエレクトロポレーションの代替方法、に優れた付加です。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Sterile 1x PBS pH 7.4</td><td>gibco</td><td>10010-023</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fast Green FCF Powder</td><td>Sigma</td><td>F7252-5G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>EdU Powder</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>E10187</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Click-IT EdU Alexa Fluor 555 Imaging Kit</td><td>Invitrogen</td><td>C10338</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>HiSpeed Plasmid Midi Kit (25)</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>12643</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>ECM 830 ElectroSquarePorator&amp;nbsp;</td><td>BTX Harvard Apparatus</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Banana to Micrograbber Cable Kit</td><td>BTX Harvard Apparatus</td><td>45-0216</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Right Handed &amp;amp; Left Handed Micromanipulators</td><td>World Precision Instruments Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>M3301R &amp;amp; M3301L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Two 12 mm Magnetic Holding Device Stages with 7 inch vertical posts</td><td>World Precision Instruments Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>M10</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Metal Steel Base Plate 12x24 inch</td><td>World Precision Instruments Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5479</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scissors for Eggs 12 cm long curved, 12 mm extrafine blades; Spring Scissors</td><td>World Precision Instruments Inc.&amp;nbsp;</td><td>14120</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micropippette Puller for pulling needles</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td>P-97</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2.5x2.5 mm Box Platinum Heating Filament</td><td>Sutter Instrument Co.</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass Capillary Tubes/Needles/No Fiber/Borosil 1 mm</td><td>FHC</td><td>27-30-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hamilton Glass Syringe 100 &amp;mu;l</td><td>Hamilton</td><td>80601 Model 710LT</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Mineral Oil (Heavy) for Hamilton Glass Syringe</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>O122-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyethylene Tubing for connecting the Glass Syringe and Glass Cappillary Needles/ Non Toxic</td><td>Becton Dickinson and Company (BD)</td><td>427420 Intramedic Clay Adams Brand</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>3 cc Disposable Syringes</td><td>Becton Dickinson and Company (BD)</td><td>309657</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable 21 Gauge Needles</td><td>Becton Dickinson and Company (BD)</td><td>305122</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One pair of 2 mm Platinum Electrodes</td><td>Bulldog Bio. / Nepagene</td><td>CUY611P3-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Electrode Holder</td><td>Bulldog Bio. / Nepagene</td><td>CUY580</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>One pair of Dumont fine forceps number 5</td><td>Fine Science Tools (FST)</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Matte finish invisible tape for sealing eggs</td><td>Office Depot</td><td>520-928</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cotton-Tipped Swabs</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>23-400-101</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sterile filter tips</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

gene transfer into the chicken auditory organ by in ovo micro-electroporation

ニワトリ胚は、遺伝子機能の操作は、 卵で比較的容易に行うことができるように胚発生を研究するための理想的なモデル系です。内耳の聴覚感覚器官は聞くする当社の能力にとって重要です。これは、メカノ形質導入有毛細胞（HCS）と周囲のグリア細胞様細胞（SCS）をサポートで構成されて専門性の高い感覚上皮を収容します。聴覚器官の構造的な違いにもかかわらず、聴覚器官の発達を制御する分子メカニズムは、進化的に哺乳類と鳥類の間で保存されている、卵 、エレクトロポレーションでは 、E1での初期段階に大部分が限定されている- 。E3。原因E5での聴覚器官の相対的な開発後期に、E3過去オボエレクトロポレーション中による聴覚器官の操作が原因後の段階でのニワトリ胚の高度な発展には困難です。ここに提示された方法は、で目的の遺伝子を標的化するための過渡的遺伝子導入法でありますステージE4 - オボマイクロエレクトロポレーションで経由して開発鶏の聴覚感覚器官でE4.5。この方法は、従来のプラスミドDNAベースの発現ベクターでgain-及び喪失機能のために適用可能であり、で全胚にEDU（5-エチニル-2&#39;-デオキシウリジン）を加えることによって卵細胞増殖アッセイにおいて組み合わせることが可能でエレクトロポレーションの時間。緑色または赤色蛍光タンパク質（GFPまたはRFP）発現プラスミドの使用は、実験者がすぐにエレクトロポレーションが正常に開発内耳の聴覚部分を対象とするかどうかを決定することを可能にします。この方法の論文では、GFPエレクトロポレーション標本の代表的な例が示されています。エレクトロポレーション後96時間および聴覚器官のプロ感覚の領域にGFPの標的化RNA in situハイブリダイゼーションによって確認された-胚は18を収穫しました。メソッド紙はまた、細胞prolifを分析するチミジンアナログEDUの使用のために最適化されたプロトコルを提供しますeration。免疫標識を結合し、EDUのクリック化学EDU基づく細胞増殖アッセイの例が提供されます。

緑色蛍光タンパク質（GFP）発現カセットは〜得、100ミリ秒のパルス持続時間と200ミリ秒の間隔で12 Vおよび4パルスの最適化されたパラメータを使用して開発鶏脳底乳頭（BP）に標的にされたからなるこの方法紙プラスミドDNAでBPに標的化プラスミドDNAの50％の胚の生存率および効率。 （;白矢印、図1のE-E &#39;）とGFP発現が時間経過にわたって追跡することが...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation at JoVE.com

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、<em&gt;卵内</em&gt;マイクロエレクト​​ロポレーション

The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ.

Chicken embryos are ideal model systems for studying embryonic development as manipulations of gene function can be conducted with relative ease in ovo. ...

gene-transfer-into-chicken-auditory-organ-ovo-micro

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

9.4K ビュー.  The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine. The auditory organ mediates hearing. Here we present a modified in ovo micro-electroporation method optimized for studying auditory progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the developing chicken auditory organ. 

ビデオ: Gene Transfer into the Chicken Auditory Organ by In Ovo Micro-electroporation

Culture of Embryonic Mouse Cochlear Explants and Gene Transfer by Electroporation

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair cells are aligned in one row of inner hair cells and three rows of outer hair cells that extend along the basal to apical axis of the cochlea. The explant culture technique described here provides an efficient method to isolate and maintain cochlear explants from the embryonic mouse inner ear. Also, the morphology and molecular characteristics of sensory hair cells and nonsensory supporting cells within the cochlear explant cultures resemble those observed in vivo and can be studied within its intrinsic cellular environment. The cochlear explants can serve as important experimental tools for the identification and characterization of molecular and genetic pathways that are involved in cellular specification and patterning. Although transgenic mouse models provide an effective approach for gene expression studies, a considerable number of mouse mutants die during embryonic development thereby hindering the analysis and interpretation of developmental phenotypes. The organ of Corti from mutant mice that die before birth can be cultured so that their in vitro development and responses to different factors can be analyzed. Additionally, we describe a technique for electroporating embryonic cochlear explants ex vivo which can be used to downregulate or overexpress specific gene(s) and analyze their potential endogenous function and test whether specific gene product is necessary or sufficient in a given context to influence mammalian cochlear development1-8.

We present a method that describes isolation and culture of cochlear explants from embryonic mouse inner ear. We also demonstrate a method for gene transfer into cochlear explants via square-wave electroporation. The in vitro explant culture coupled with gene transfer technique enables researchers to study the effects of altering gene expression during development.

エレクトロポレーションによりマウス胎児蝸牛外植の文化と遺伝子導入

Auditory hair cells located within the mouse organ of Corti detect and transmit sound information to the central nervous system. The mechanosensory hair ...

発生生物学

In Ovo Electroporations of HH Stage 10 Chicken Embryos

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of molecular biological techniques, the chick has become a useful system in which to study gene regulation and function.  By electroporating DNA or RNA constructs into the developing chicken embryo, genes can be expressed or knocked down in order to analyze in vivo gene function.  Similarly, reporter constructs can be used for fate mapping or to examine putative gene regulatory elements.  Compared to similar experiments in mouse, chick electroporation has the advantages of being quick, easy and inexpensive.  This video demonstrates first how to make a window in the eggshell to manipulate the embryo.  Next, the embryo is visualized with a dilute solution of India ink injected below the embryo.  A glass needle and pipette are used to inject DNA and Fast Green dye into the developing neural tube, then platinum electrodes are placed parallel to the embryo and short electrical pulses are administered with a pulse generator.  Finally, the egg is sealed with tape and placed back into an incubator for further development.  Additionally, the video shows proper egg storage and handling and discusses possible causes of embryo loss following electroporation.

Chick in ovo electroporation is a technique which allows genetic manipulation of the avian embryo. Common applications of this technique include functional analysis of genes and putative enhancer elements. This video demonstrates neural tube electroporation in HH 10 chick embryos. Injection technique and proper egg handling are discussed.

HHステージ10ニワトリ胚のOVOエレクトロポレーションで

Large size and external development of the chicken embryo have long made it a valuable tool in the study of developmental biology.  With the advent of ...

生物学

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that the chicken embryo is an effective research model for studying basic biological functions of auditory system development. More recently, the chicken embryo has become particularly valuable in studying gene expression, regulation and function associated with hearing. In ovo electroporation can be used to target auditory brainstem regions responsible for highly specialized auditory functions. These regions include the chicken nucleus magnocellularis (NM) and nucleus laminaris (NL). NM and NL neurons arise from distinct precursors of rhombomeres 5 and 6 (R5/R6). Here, we present in ovo electroporation of plasmid-encoded genes to study gene-related properties in these regions. We show a method for spatial and temporal control of gene expression that promote either gain or loss of functional phenotypes. By targeting auditory neural progenitor regions associated with R5/R6, we show plasmid transfection in NM and NL. Temporal regulation of gene expression can be achieved by adopting a tet-on vector system. This is a drug inducible procedure that expresses the genes of interest in the presence of doxycycline (Dox). The in ovo electroporation technique &#8211; together with either biochemical, pharmacological, and or in vivo functional assays &#8211; provides an innovative approach to study auditory neuron development and associated pathophysiological phenomena.

In Ovo Electroporation in the Chicken Auditory Brainstem

Auditory brainstem neurons of avians and mammals are specialized for fast neural encoding, a fundamental process for normal hearing functions. These neurons arise from distinct precursors of embryonic hindbrain. We present techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes in the hindbrain of chicken embryos to study gene function during auditory development.

鶏の聴覚脳幹における卵の電気穿孔

Electroporation is a method that introduces genes of interest into biologically relevant organisms like the chicken embryo. It is long established that ...

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and the organ of Corti in the coiled cochlea. The cristae and maculae contain vestibular hair cells that transduce mechanical stimuli to subserve the special sense of balance, while auditory hair cells in the organ of Corti are the primary transducers for hearing 1. Cell fate specification in these sensory epithelia and morphogenesis of the semicircular canals and cochlea take place during the second week of gestation in the mouse and are largely completed before birth 2,3. Developmental studies of the mouse inner ear are routinely conducted by harvesting transgenic embryos at different embryonic or postnatal stages to gain insight into the molecular basis of cellular and/or morphological phenotypes 4,5. We hypothesize that gene transfer to the developing mouse inner ear in utero in the context of gain- and loss-of-function studies represents a complimentary approach to traditional mouse transgenesis for the interrogation of the genetic mechanisms underlying mammalian inner ear development6.
The experimental paradigm to conduct gene misexpression studies in the developing mouse inner ear demonstrated here resolves into three general steps: 1) ventral laparotomy; 2) transuterine microinjection; and 3) in vivo electroporation. Ventral laparotomy is a mouse survival surgical technique that permits externalization of the uterus to gain experimental access to the implanted embryos7. Transuterine microinjection is the use of beveled, glass capillary micropipettes to introduce expression plasmid into the lumen of the otic vesicle or otocyst. In vivo electroporation is the application of square wave, direct current pulses to drive expression plasmid into progenitor cells8-10. 
We previously described this electroporation-based gene transfer technique and included detailed notes on each step of the protocol11. Mouse experimental embryological techniques can be difficult to learn from prose and still images alone. In the present work, we demonstrate the 3 steps in the gene transfer procedure. Most critically, we deploy digital video microscopy to show precisely how to: 1) identify embryo orientation in utero; 2) reorient embryos for targeting injections to the otocyst; 3) microinject DNA mixed with tracer dye solution into the otocyst at embryonic days 11.5 and 12.5; 4) electroporate the injected otocyst; and 5) label electroporated embryos for postnatal selection at birth. We provide representative examples of successfully transfected inner ears; a pictorial guide to the most common causes of otocyst mistargeting; discuss how to avoid common methodological errors; and present guidelines for writing an in utero gene transfer animal care protocol.

Gene Transfer to the Developing Mouse Inner Ear by In Vivo Electroporation

The mouse inner ear is a placode-derived sensory organ whose developmental program is elaborated during gestation. We define an in utero gene transfer technique consisting of three steps: mouse ventral laparotomy, transuterine microinjection, and in vivo electroporation. We use digital video microscopy to demonstrate the critical experimental embryological techniques.

開発マウス内耳への遺伝子導入による<emインビボで&gt;</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

The mammalian inner ear has 6 distinct sensory epithelia: 3 cristae in the ampullae of the semicircular canals; maculae in the utricle and saccule; and ...

神経科学

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons is implicated in Parkinson's disease, Schizophrenia, depression, and dementia1-5. Thus, studying the regulation of midbrain dopaminergic neuron differentiation could not only provide important insight into mechanisms regulating midbrain development and neural progenitor fate specification, but also help develop new therapeutic strategies for treating a variety of human neurological disorders.
Dopaminergic neurons differentiate from neural progenitors lining the ventricular zone of embryonic ventral midbrain. The development of neural progenitors is controlled by gene expression programs6,7. Here we report techniques utilizing electroporation to express genes specifically in the midbrain of Hamburger Hamilton (HH) stage 11 (thirteen somites, 42 hours) chick embryos8,9. The external development of chick embryos allows for convenient experimental manipulations at specific embryonic stages, with the effects determined at later developmental time points10-13. Chick embryonic neural tubes earlier than HH stage 13 (nineteen somites, 48 hours) consist of multipotent neural progenitors that are capable of differentiating into distinct cell types of the nervous system. The pCAG vector, which contains both a CMV promoter and a chick &beta;-actin enhancer, allows for robust expression of Flag or other epitope-tagged constructs in embryonic chick neural tubes14. In this report, we emphasize special measures to achieve regionally restricted gene expression in embryonic midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors, including how to inject DNA constructs specifically into the embryonic midbrain region and how to pinpoint electroporation with small custom-made electrodes. Analyzing chick midbrain at later stages provides an excellent in vivo system for plasmid vector-mediated gain-of-function and loss-of-function studies of midbrain development. Modification of the experimental system may extend the assay to other parts of the nervous system for performing fate mapping analysis and for investigating the regulation of gene expression.

In ovo Electroporation in Chick Midbrain for Studying Gene Function in Dopaminergic Neuron Development

To assess the function and the regulation of genes during the development of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, we describe a method that involves in ovo electroporation of plasmid DNA constructs into embryonic chick ventral midbrain dopaminergic neuron progenitors. This technique can be used to achieve efficient expression of genes of interest to study different aspects of midbrain development and dopaminergic neuron differentiation.

ドーパミン作動性ニューロンの開発における遺伝子機能を研究するためのニワトリ中脳でのOVOエレクトロポレーションに

Dopaminergic neurons located in the ventral midbrain control movement, emotional behavior, and reward mechanisms1-3. The dysfunction of ventral midbrain ...

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Non-coding RNAs are additional players in regulating gene expression. Targeted in ovo electroporation of specific areas provides a unique tool for spatial and temporal control of ectopic microRNA expression. However, ventral brain structures like ventral midbrain are rather difficult to reach for any manipulations. Here, we demonstrate an efficient way to electroporate miRNA into ventral midbrain using thin platinum electrodes. This method offers a reliable way to transfect specific areas of the midbrain and a useful tool for in vivo studies.

In ovo Expression of MicroRNA in Ventral Chick Midbrain

Ectopic expression is one technique to elucidate the microRNAs role in brain development. However, targeting specific areas using in ovo electroporation is challenging. Here, we show an efficient way to selectively electroporate ventral and dorsal midbrain regions.

腹チック中脳マイクロRNAの発現OVO中

Non-coding RNAs are additional players in regulating gene expression. Targeted in ovo electroporation of specific areas provides a unique tool for spatial ...

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as the hair cell. Basic research in the inner ear has led to a deep understanding of how the hair cell functions, and how dysregulation can lead to hearing loss and vertigo. For this research, the mouse has been the pre-eminent model system. However, mice, like all mammals, have lost the ability to replace hair cells. Thus, when trying to understand cellular therapies for restoring inner ear function, complementary studies in other vertebrate species could provide further insights. The auditory epithelium of birds, the basilar papilla (BP), is a sheet of epithelium composed of mechanosensory hair cells (HCs) intercalated by supporting cells (SCs). Although the anatomical architecture of the basilar papilla and the mammalian cochlea differ, the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development and hearing are similar. This makes the basilar papilla a useful system for not only comparative studies but also to understand regeneration. Here, we describe dissection and manipulation techniques for the chicken inner ear. The technique shows genetic and small molecule inhibition methods, which offer a potent tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of inner ear development. In this paper, we discuss in ovo electroporation techniques to genetically perturb the basilar papilla using CRIPSR-Cas9 deletions, followed by dissection of the basilar papilla. We also demonstrate the BP organ culture and optimal use of culture matrices, to observe the development of the epithelium and the hair cells.

In Ovo and Ex Ovo Methods to Study Avian Inner Ear Development

The chick is a cost-effective, accessible, and widely available model organism for a variety of studies. Here, a series of protocols is detailed to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying avian inner ear development and regeneration.

鳥類の内耳の発達を研究するためのOvoおよびEx Ovoの方法

The inner ear perceives sound and maintains balance using the cochlea and vestibule. It does this by using a dedicated mechanosensory cell type known as ...

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is comparatively very easy to manipulate the chick embryonic retina using recombinant DNA/RNA technology. Electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the embryonic retina have a great advantage to study gene regulation in retinal stem/progenitor cells during retinal development. Different type of assays such as reporter gene assay, gene over-expression, gene knock down (shRNA) etc. can be performed using the electroporation technique. This video demonstrates targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation into the embryonic chick retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). Here we show a rapid and convenient in ovo electroporation technique whereby a plasmid DNA that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker is directly delivered into the chick embryonic subretinal space and followed by electric pulses to facilitate DNA uptake by retinal stem/progenitor cells. The new method of retinal injection and electroporation at E4 allows the visualization of all retinal cell types, including the late-born neurons1, which has been difficult with the conventional method of injection and electroporation at E1.52.

In Ovo Electroporation in Embryonic Chick Retina

The overall goal of this video is to show how to perform targeted retinal injection and in ovo electroporation of DNA/RNA constructs into the chick embryonic retina at the Hamburger and Hamilton stage 22-23, which is about embryonic day 4 (E4). This technique is very useful to study gene expression, gene regulation, and morphological change in developing chick retina.

ニワトリ胚の網膜におけるOVOエレクトロポレーションに

Chicken embryonic retina is an excellent tool to study retinal development in higher vertebrates. Because of large size and external development, it is ...

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

The chicken embryo provides an excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is a powerful method to over-express exogenous genes or down-regulate endogenous genes in vivo in chicken embryos1. Different structures such as DNA plasmids encoding genes2-4, small interfering RNA (siRNA) plasmids5, small synthetic RNA oligos6, and morpholino antisense oligonucleotides7 can be easily transfected into chicken embryos by electroporation. However, the application of in ovo electroporation is limited to embryos at early incubation stages (younger than stage HH20 - according to Hamburg and Hamilton)8 and there are some disadvantages for its application in embryos at later stages (older than stage HH22 - approximately 3.5 days of development). For example, the vitelline membrane at later stages is usually stuck to the shall membrane and opening a window in the shell causes rupture of the vessels, resulting in death of the embryos; older embryos are covered by vitelline and allantoic vessels, where it is difficult to access and manipulate the embryos; older embryos move vigorously and is difficult to control the orientation through a relatively small window in the shell.
In this protocol we demonstrate an ex ovo electroporation method for gene transfer into chicken embryos at late stages (older than stage HH22). For ex ovo electroporation, embryos are cultured in Petri dishes9 and the vitelline and allantoic vessels are widely spread. Under these conditions, the older chicken embryos are easily accessed and manipulated. Therefore, this method overcomes the disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to the older chicken embryos. Using this method, plasmids can be easily transfected into different parts of the older chicken embryos10-12.

Gene Transfer into Older Chicken Embryos by ex ovo Electroporation

A method of gene transfer into chicken embryos at later incubation stages (older than Hamburger and Hamilton stage (HH) 22) is described. This method overcomes disadvantages of in ovo electroporation applied to older chicken embryos and is a useful technique to study gene function and regulation at older developmental stages.

して、古いニワトリ胚への遺伝子導入<em&gt; EX OVO</em&gt;エレクトロポレーション

The chicken embryo provides an  excellent model system for studying gene function and regulation during  embryonic development. In ovo electroporation is ...

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates local protein translation. FMRP loss or dysfunction leads to aberrant neuronal and synaptic activities in fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is characterized by intellectual disability, sensory abnormalities, and social communication problems. Studies of FMRP function and FXS pathogenesis have primarily been conducted with Fmr1 (the gene encoding FMRP) knockout in transgenic animals. Here we report an in vivo method for determining the cell-autonomous function of FMRP during the period of circuit assembly and synaptic formation using chicken embryos. This method employs stage-, site-, and direction-specific electroporation of a drug-inducible vector system containing Fmr1 small hairpin RNA (shRNA) and an EGFP reporter. With this method, we achieved selective FMRP knockdown in the auditory ganglion (AG) and in one of its brainstem targets, the nucleus magnocellularis (NM), thus providing a component-specific manipulation within the AG-NM circuit. Additionally, the mosaic pattern of the transfection allows within-animal controls and neighboring neuron/fiber comparisons for enhanced reliability and sensitivity in data analyzing. The inducible vector system provides temporal control of gene editing onset to minimize accumulating developmental effects. The combination of these strategies provides an innovative tool to dissect the cell-autonomous function of FMRP in synaptic and circuit development.

Dissecting Cell-Autonomous Function of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein in an Auditory Circuit by In Ovo Electroporation

Using in ovo electroporation, we devised a method to selectively transfect the auditory inner ear and cochlear nucleus in chicken embryos to achieve a cell-group-specific knockdown of fragile X mental retardation protein during discrete periods of circuit assembly.

チキン聴覚器官への遺伝子導入によって、

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