Name: development of an in vitro assay to evaluate contractile function of mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition
Uploaded: 2016-06-10T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 2 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

We thank Dr. Tadashi Koyama for technical help. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 23249045, 15K09211, 15K19172; a grant to the Respiratory Failure Research Group from the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Japan; a grant for research on allergic disease and immunology, Japan.

1.準備と文化肺上皮細胞の<ol><li> 10％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）、100 IU / mlペニシリン、および100μg/ mlストレプトマイシンを補充したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM）中で培養A549ヒト肺上皮細胞（付着細胞株）。 </li><li>取り外し、廃棄し、細胞培養培地を培養皿から5で1回洗浄 - リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBS）10mlの。洗浄後、すぐにPBSを吸引。 </li><li> 3分間CO 2を 2 mlのトリプシン/エチレンジアミン四酢酸（EDTA）（0.05％）を添加し、37℃でインキュベートし、5％。 </li><li> 4分間室温でチューブは150×gで遠心分離、細胞培養培地を含む遠心管で剥離した細胞を収集します。 </li><li>細胞は、細胞培養培地2mlにペレット再懸濁し、細胞計数のためのサンプルを削除します。細胞生存率をチェックするためにトリパンブルー染色と血球計数器を用いて細胞数をカウントします。 </li><li>上のシードA549細胞0.5の密度で10cmのポリスチレンプレート-ゲル収縮アッセイ用培地10mlで1.0×10 6細胞/皿。 0.5の密度で6ウェルのポリスチレンプレート上の細胞をシード- 1.0×10 5細胞/ウェルとEMT確認のための培地2ml。 24時間37℃で細胞を、5％CO 2でインキュベートします。 </li></ol> 2. EMT手順<ol><li>ステップ1.6に播種ゲル収縮アッセイ用プレートにTGF-β1（5μg/ mlの）を10μlおよびTNF-αを10μl（10μg/ ml）を追加します。ステップ1.6に播種EMT確認用のプレートにTGF-β1（5μg/ mlの）2μlのとTNF-αの2μlの（10μg/ ml）を追加します。 37℃でインキュベートし、48時間、5％CO 2。 </li></ol> PCRとウエスタンブロッティングによるEMT手順の3.確認<ol><li>位相差顕微鏡を用いて処理した細胞の（石畳-等からのスピンドル形状に）形態の変化を確認してください。 注：ノームをアルA549細胞は、上皮細胞の特徴である敷石状や三角形の外観を持っていますが、TGF-β1及びTNF-αで刺激した後、細胞が長く表示され、スピンドルはそれが間葉系細胞14,15に似ている形。 </li><li>このようなE-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカー、およびそのようなN-カドヘリン、ビメンチン、およびPCRまたはウェスタンブロット法を用いて、α平滑筋アクチンなどの間葉系マーカーの発現を評価します。 <ol><li> RNA抽出キット16を用いて細胞から全RNAを抽出し、製造業者のプロトコルに従って逆転写酵素17を用いてcDNAを合成します。 </li><li>リアルタイムPCRシステム18と製造業者の説明書に従って単量体シアニン色素PCRキットを用いてmRNAレベルの発現を測定します。 GAPDHに特異的なプライマー（グリセルアルデヒド-3-リン酸デヒドロゲナーゼ）、ACTA2（α-アクチン-2）、CDH1（E-カドヘリン-1、E-カドヘリン）、及びVIM（ビメンチン）を表1に示します。 </st&gt;栄。 </li><li>溶解する溶解緩衝液（ 表2）1％プロテアーゼ阻害剤カクテルを含む溶液を用いて細胞。タンパク質アッセイキット19,20を使用して、すべてのサンプルのタンパク質濃度を測定し、ポリアクリルアミドゲルへのタンパク質の同じ量を適用します。 <ol><li> SDSゲル電気泳動し、PVDF膜21へのタンパク質のセミドライトランスファーを行います。 2時間 - 1のためのブロッキング緩衝液中で一次抗体で膜をインキュベートします。インキュベーション後、洗浄緩衝液で2回、膜を洗浄し、二次抗体を有する膜で1時間インキュベートします。 注：これらの研究において使用される抗体および希釈液のためのマテリアル/機器の表を参照してください。ブロッキング緩衝液の構成要素については、 表2を参照してください。 </li><li>二回洗浄緩衝液で膜を洗浄します。冷たいCCDカメラ11,23を用いてウェスタンブロッティング検出キット22を有する膜の写真を撮ります。 </li></ol></li></ol></li></ol> 4。 EMTを評価するためのゲル収縮アッセイ<ol><li>細胞培養容器からの馴化培地を吸引し、5でよく洗う - 死んだ細胞を除去するためにPBSの10ミリリットル。洗浄後、すぐにPBSを吸引。 </li><li> 3分間CO 2を 0.05％トリプシン/ EDTAの2ミリリットルを加え、37℃でインキュベートし、5％。 </li><li> DMEMを150×gで4分間室温でトリプシンインヒビター（1mg / mlの）、遠心管をを補っ含む遠心チューブに剥離した細胞を収集します。 </li><li>蒸留水で1型コラーゲンゲルを混合し、DMEMを濃縮4×1.75 mg / mlでのコラーゲン濃度を達成するためにボリュームを調整するために、1×DMEM濃度。このステップの間に氷の上でのゲル媒体を保つようにしてください。 注：タイプ1コラーゲンゲル（3 mg / mlで）のほか3.5ミリリットルを混ぜ、ゲル培地の6ミリリットルを作成するには、4×1.5mlのDMEMを濃縮し、蒸留水1ミリリットル。 </li><li> 500μlのPBSで細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、細胞計数のためのサンプルを削除します。カウントトリパンブルー染色を用いて血球計数器を用いて細胞の数は、細胞生存率をチェックします。 </li><li>よく3.0×10 5細胞/（6.0×10 5細胞/ ml）の細胞密度を達成するために、ボリュームを調整し、穏やかに、しかしすぐにゲル化することなく、ピペットでそれを混合するためにゲル媒体を追加します。 </li><li>きちんとした円筒状の形を作るために迅速かつ慎重に、24ウェル、無処理プレートの各ウェルに混合物の0.5ミリリットルを分注します。任意の気泡がゲル（ 図1A）を汚染することを可能にしないように注意してください。 注：細胞を含むゲル培地は、粘性であり、容易に十分にゲル化し、フォームの三日月形することができます。 </li><li> 37℃の細胞インキュベーターで15分間プレートをインキュベートし、5％CO 2および95％湿度で完全にゲル化します。 </li><li> 1方向の周囲を描画する方法で滅菌スパチュラを移動することによって破壊することなく、プレートからゲルを外します。スパチュラを用いて、優しくを60mm組織培養皿にゲルを移しますTGF-β1を含むまたは含まないDMEM / 1％FBS（5ng / ml）およびTNF-α（10ng / mLの）の5 mlを含みます。 </li><li>ゆっくりゲルは媒体上に浮いていることを確認するために料理を振ります。 37℃、5％CO 2および95％湿度で、細胞インキュベーター中でインキュベートします。 </li></ol>ゲルサイズの5測定<ol><li>画像解析システムを用いて、0、24、48、及び72時間後のコラーゲンゲルの大きさを測定します。 <ol><li>ゲルドキュメンテーションシステム（ 図2A）をオンにし、遮光キャビネットに皿を置きます。そして、キャビネット内の皿の蓋を取ります。 </li><li>関連するゲル解​​析ソフトウェアを開きます。キャビネット内のゲルの画像を表示するには、メニューバーにある「画像取得ボタン」をクリックしてください。そして、ゲル（ 図2B）の写真を撮るために、メニューバーの「取得」をクリックします。 </li><li>メニューバー（ 図2C）で「検出ボタン」をクリックして、測定領域（黄色の円の私を調整マウスをドラッグすることによりn個図2C）。次に、メニューバーの「自動検出ボタン」をクリックします（ 図2Dでボタンを参照してください）。ソフトウェアは自動的にヒートマップ（ 図2D）を示すゲルを検出します。 </li><li>画像処理によりゲルの輪郭線を抽出し、アウトライン（ 図2E）で囲まれた領域を計算するために「OK」をクリックします。領域が計算された後、計算された領域は、別個のポップアップウィンドウに表示されています。 注：ゲルは、撮像中に重なる場合は、滅菌ピペットチップを用いて穏やかにゲルを移動します。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Esophageal+epithelial+cells+acquire+functional+characteristics+of+activated+myofibroblasts+after+undergoing+an+epithelial+to+mesenchymal+transition.">Esophageal epithelial cells acquire functional characteristics of activated myofibroblasts after undergoing an epithelial to mesenchymal transition.</a> Experimental cell research. 330, 102-110 (2015).</li><li>Zhong, Q., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+of+alveolar+epithelial+cells:+effects+of+misfolded+surfactant+protein.">Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of alveolar epithelial cells: effects of misfolded surfactant protein.</a> American journal of respiratory cell and molecular biology. 45, 498-509 (2011).</li><li>Liu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inflammatory+cytokines+augments+TGF-beta1-induced+epithelial-mesenchymal+transition+in+A549+cells+by+up-regulating+TbetaR-I.">Inflammatory cytokines augments TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in A549 cells by up-regulating TbetaR-I.</a> Cell motility and the cytoskeleton. 65, 935-944 (2008).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示する利害の競合がありません。

本研究で開発されたプロトコルは、2つのステップを含みます。最初のステップは、第二段階は、ゲル収縮アッセイがあるが、EMTを誘導するために行われます。それは、細胞がEMTを受けたことを確認することが重要であるので、ステップ2は、形態学的および遺伝子発現の変化に優れた補数を提供します。以前の研究は、A549細胞のEMTは、TGF-β1のみ24によって誘導されたことを示しまし?...

線維症は、間質性肺疾患、心臓線維症、肝硬変、末期腎不全、全身性硬化症、および自己免疫疾患の1のような種々の慢性進行性疾患の病因に関与しています。間質性肺炎のうち、特発性肺線維症（IPF）は慢性進行性疾患であり、予後不良を示しています。 IPFの病理学的特徴は予後と関連している活性化された線維芽細胞および筋線維芽細胞からなる線維芽細胞巣の開発です。このような肺の線維芽細胞の起源は、もともと常駐肺線維芽細胞及び骨髄から循環する線維細胞を含むいくつかの間葉系細胞に由来することが提案されています。最近、上皮間葉移行（EMT）は、間葉細胞2の形成に関連することが提案されている、および線維性疾患の病因に貢献します。 これは、と考えられているEMTは、腫瘍の浸潤および転移3を含む胎児の発育、創傷治癒、および癌の進行の過程で重要な役割を果たしています。 EMTのプロセスに続いて、上皮細胞は、E-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカーの損失により、間葉系細胞の能力を取得し、そのようなビメンチンのような間葉マーカー、およびα平滑筋アクチン（SMA）4,5の発現による。以前の研究は、EMTプロセスは腎臓6および肺7における組織線維症の発症に関連しているという証拠を示しました。さらに、慢性炎症は、線維性疾患8を促進します 。さらに、腫瘍壊死因子スーパーファミリーメンバー14（TNFSF14、LIGHT）などの炎症性サイトカイン、腫瘍壊死因子（TNF）-α、インターロイキン1βは、EMT 9-12を増強することが示されています。 コラーゲンゲル収縮アッセイ線維芽細胞は、I型に埋め込まれたコラーゲンベースの細胞収縮アッセイコラーゲンゲル三次元、収縮性を評価するためのインビトロモデルにおける理想的です。収縮は、線維芽細胞の特徴的な機能の一つであり、正常な創傷修復および線維症13に貢献しています。このアッセイでは、線維芽細胞の付着は、いくつかの条件の下で機械的張力を生成することになっている私はインテグリン依存性のメカニズムを介して型コラーゲン、その結果、組織の収縮につながると考えられています。 ここで、ゲル収縮アッセイの開発は、EMTを受けた細胞における収縮機能の獲得を評価するように適合されることが報告されています。このレポートには、この修正されたアッセイは、EMTを経た間葉細胞で収縮性を評価するのに適していることを示しています。

<table><tbody><tr><td>DMEM</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>11965-092</td><td>For A549 medium</td></tr><tr><td>FBS</td><td>GIBCO</td><td>10437</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Transforming Growth Factor-&amp;beta;1, Human, recombinant</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>209-16544</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Recombinant Human TNF-&amp;alpha;</td><td>R&amp;amp;D systems</td><td>210-TA/CF</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>E-Cadherin (24E10) Rabbit mAb</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>#3195</td><td>1:3,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Vimentin (D21H3) Rabbit mAb</td><td>Cell Signaling Technology</td><td>#5741</td><td>1:3,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-&amp;alpha;-Tubulin antibody</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>T9026</td><td>1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Monoclonal Anti-Actin, &amp;alpha;-Smooth Muscle antibody&amp;nbsp;</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>A5228</td><td>1:10,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-N-cadherin antibody</td><td>BD Transduction Laboratories</td><td>#610920</td><td>1:1,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Mouse IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Sheep (secondary antibody)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA931-100UL</td><td>1:20,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Anti-Rabbit IgG, HRP-Linked Whole Ab Donkey (secondary antibody)</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>NA934-100UL</td><td>1:20,000 dilution</td></tr><tr><td>Blocking reagent</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>RPN418</td><td>2% in TBS-T</td></tr><tr><td>6 Well Clear Flat Bottom TC-Treated Multiwell Cell Culture Plate, with Lid</td><td>corning</td><td>#353046</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mm Cell culture dish</td><td>TPP</td><td>#93100</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>DMEM, powder</td><td>life technologies</td><td>12100-046</td><td>For 4&amp;times; DMEM</td></tr><tr><td>Type 1 collagen gel</td><td>Nitta gelatin</td><td>Cellmatrix type I-A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well cell culture plate</td><td>AGC TECHNO GLASS</td><td>1820-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Gel Documentation System&amp;nbsp;</td><td>ATTO</td><td>AE-6911FXN</td><td>Gel imager</td></tr><tr><td>Gel analyzing software</td><td>ATTO</td><td>Densitograph, ver. 3.00</td><td>analysing software bundled with AE-6911FXN</td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.05%), phenol red</td><td>life technologies</td><td>25300054</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>24 Well Plates, Non-Treated</td><td>IWAKI</td><td>1820-024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td><td>life technologies</td><td>15250-061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RNA extraction kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>74106</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Reverse transcriptase</td><td>life technologies</td><td>18080044</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Real time PCR system</td><td>Stratagene</td><td>Mx-3000P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>SYBR green PCR kit</td><td>Qiagen</td><td>204145</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100x)</td><td>life technologies</td><td>78429</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PVDF membrane</td><td>ATTO</td><td>2392390</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Protein assay kit</td><td>bio-rad</td><td>5000006JA&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyacrylamide gel</td><td>ATTO</td><td>2331810</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Western blotting detection reagent</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>RPN2232</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cold CCD camera</td><td>ATTO</td><td>Ez-Capture MG/ST</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Trypsin inhibitor</td><td>sigma aldrich</td><td>T9003-100MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyoxyethylene (20)Sorbitan Monolaurate</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>163-11512</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Polyoxyethylene (9) octyiphenyl ether</td><td>Wako Laboratory chemicals</td><td>141-08321</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

development of an in vitro assay to evaluate contractile function of mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is the formation of fibroblastic foci, which is associated with the disease severity. Mesenchymal cells consisting of the fibroblastic foci are proposed to be derived from several cell sources, including originally resident intrapulmonary fibroblasts and circulating fibrocytes from bone marrow. Recently, mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) have been also supposed to contribute to the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In addition, EMT can be induced by transforming growth factor &#946;, and EMT can be enhanced by pro-inflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor &#945;. The gel contraction assay is an ideal in vitro model for the evaluation of contractility, which is one of the characteristic functions of fibroblasts and contributes to wound repair and fibrosis. Here, the development of a gel contraction assay is demonstrated for evaluating contractile ability of mesenchymal cells that underwent EMT.

EMTの間に、上皮細胞は、E-カドヘリンなどの上皮マーカーを失い、そのようなビメンチンおよびα平滑筋アクチン4,5などの間葉系マーカーの発現を得ることができます。 TGF-β1及びTNF-αとのA549ヒト肺上皮細胞のインキュベーションは、EMTを誘導します。通常のA549細胞の出現は、上皮細胞（ 図3A）の特徴である形状や三角形のような石畳ですが、TGF...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition at JoVE.com

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

開発<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;アッセイは、間葉細胞受けた上皮間葉移行の収縮機能を評価します

Fibrosis is often involved in the pathogenesis of various chronic progressive diseases such as interstitial pulmonary disease. Pathological hallmark is ...

development-an-vitro-assay-to-evaluate-contractile-function

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

12.1K ビュー.  The University of Tokyo Hospital. Here, we describe the development and application of a gel contraction assay for evaluating contractile function in mesenchymal cells that underwent epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

ビデオ: Development of an In Vitro Assay to Evaluate Contractile Function of Mesenchymal Cells that Underwent Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

An Enzyme- and Serum-free Neural Stem Cell Culture Model for EMT Investigation Suited for Drug Discovery

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the process of epithelium transdifferentiating into mesenchyme. EMT is a fundamental process during embryonic development that also commonly occurs in glioblastoma, the most frequent malignant brain tumor. EMT has also been observed in multiple carcinomas outside the brain including breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, gastric cancer. EMT is centrally linked to malignancy by promoting migration, invasion and metastasis formation. The mechanisms of EMT induction are not fully understood. Here we describe an in vitro system for standardized isolation of cortical neural stem cells (NSCs) and subsequent EMT-induction. This system provides the flexibility to use either single cells or explant culture. In this system, rat or mouse embryonic forebrain NSCs are cultured in a defined medium, devoid of serum and enzymes. The NSCs expressed Olig2 and Sox10, two transcription factors observed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Using this system, interactions between FGF-, BMP- and TGF&#946;-signaling involving Zeb1, Zeb2, and Twist2 were observed where TGF&#946;-activation significantly enhanced cell migration, suggesting a synergistic BMP-/TGF&#946;-interaction. The results point to a network of FGF-, BMP- and TGF&#946;-signaling to be involved in EMT induction and maintenance. This model system is relevant to investigate EMT in vitro. It is cost-efficient and shows high reproducibility. It also allows for the comparison of different compounds with respect to their migration responses (quantitative distance measurement), and high-throughput screening of compounds to inhibit or enhance EMT (qualitative measurement). The model is therefore well suited to test drug libraries for substances affecting EMT.

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows cancers to become invasive. To investigate EMT, a neural stem cell (NSC)-based in vitro model devoid of serum and enzymes is described. This standardized system allows quantitative and qualitative assessment of cell migration, gene and protein expression. The model is suited for drug discovery.

創薬に適していEMT調査のための酵素および無血清神経幹細胞培養モデル

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) describes the process of epithelium transdifferentiating into mesenchyme. EMT is a fundamental process during ...

発生生物学

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 percent of women with ovarian cancer develop new metastases, and the recurrence is often fatal2. It is, therefore, necessary to understand how secondary metastases arise in order to develop better treatments for intermediate and late stage ovarian cancer. Ovarian cancer metastasis occurs when malignant cells detach from the primary tumor site and disseminate throughout the peritoneal cavity. The disseminated cells can form multicellular clusters, or spheroids, that will either remain unattached, or implant onto organs within the peritoneal cavity3 (Figure 1, Movie 1). 
All of the organs within the peritoneal cavity are lined with a single, continuous, layer of mesothelial cells4-6 (Figure 2). However, mesothelial cells are absent from underneath peritoneal tumor masses, as revealed by electron micrograph studies of excised human tumor tissue sections3,5-7 (Figure 2). This suggests that mesothelial cells are excluded from underneath the tumor mass by an unknown process. 
Previous in vitro experiments demonstrated that primary ovarian cancer cells attach more efficiently to extracellular matrix than to mesothelial cells8, and more recent studies showed that primary peritoneal mesothelial cells actually provide a barrier to ovarian cancer cell adhesion and invasion (as compared to adhesion and invasion on substrates that were not covered with mesothelial cells)9,10. This would suggest that mesothelial cells act as a barrier against ovarian cancer metastasis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ovarian cancer cells breach this barrier, and exclude the mesothelium have, until recently, remained unknown. 
Here we describe the methodology for an in vitro assay that models the interaction between ovarian cancer cell spheroids and mesothelial cells in vivo (Figure 3, Movie 2). Our protocol was adapted from previously described methods for analyzing ovarian tumor cell interactions with mesothelial monolayers8-16, and was first described in a report showing that ovarian tumor cells utilize an integrin &#x2013;dependent activation of myosin and traction force to promote the exclusion of the mesothelial cells from under a tumor spheroid17. This model takes advantage of time-lapse fluorescence microscopy to monitor the two cell populations in real time, providing spatial and temporal information on the interaction. The ovarian cancer cells express red fluorescent protein (RFP) while the mesothelial cells express green fluorescent protein (GFP). RFP-expressing ovarian cancer cell spheroids attach to the GFP-expressing mesothelial monolayer. The spheroids spread, invade, and force the mesothelial cells aside creating a hole in the monolayer. This hole is visualized as the negative space (black) in the GFP image. The area of the hole can then be measured to quantitatively analyze differences in clearance activity between control and experimental populations of ovarian cancer and/ or mesothelial cells. This assay requires only a small number of ovarian cancer cells (100 cells per spheroid X 20-30 spheroids per condition), so it is feasible to perform this assay using precious primary tumor cell samples. Furthermore, this assay can be easily adapted for high throughput screening.

In vitro Mesothelial Clearance Assay that Models the Early Steps of Ovarian Cancer Metastasis

The mesothelial clearance assay described here takes advantage of fluorescently labeled cells and time-lapse video microscopy to visualize and quantitatively measure the interactions of ovarian cancer multicellular spheroids and mesothelial cell monolayers. This assay models the early steps of ovarian cancer metastasis.

in vitroで中皮クリアランスアッセイでそのモデルの卵巣がんの転移の初期段階を

Ovarian cancer is the fifth leading cause of cancer related deaths in the United States1. Despite a positive initial response to therapies, 70 to 90 ...

医学

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature maintenance and pathological malformations can result in severe ischemic diseases, while overly abundant vascular development is associated with cancer and inflammatory disorders. A promising form of pro-angiogenic therapy is the use of angiogenic cell sources, which can provide regulatory factors as well as physical support for newly developing vasculature.
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) are extensively investigated candidates for vascular regeneration due to their paracrine effects and their ability to detect and home to ischemic or inflamed tissues. In particular, first trimester human umbilical cord perivascular cells (FTM HUCPVCs) are a highly promising candidate due to their pericyte-like properties, high proliferative and multilineage potential, immune-privileged properties, and robust paracrine profile. To effectively evaluate potentially angiogenic regenerative cells, it is a requisite to test them in reliable and &#34;translatable&#34; pre-clinical assays. The aortic ring assay is an ex vivo angiogenesis model that allows for easy quantification of tubular endothelial structures, provides accessory supportive cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) from the host, excludes inflammatory components, and is fast and inexpensive to set up. This is advantageous when compared to in vivo models (e.g., corneal assay, Matrigel plug assay); the aortic ring assay can track the administered cells and observe intercellular interactions while avoiding xeno-immune rejection.
We present a protocol for a novel application of the aortic ring assay, which includes human MSCs in co-cultures with developing rat aortic endothelial networks. This assay allows for the analysis of the MSC contribution to tube formation and development through physical pericyte-like interactions and of their potency for actively migrating to sites of angiogenesis, and for evaluating their ability to perform and mediate ECM processing. This protocol provides further information on changes in MSC phenotype and gene expression following co-culture.

The Aortic Ring Co-culture Assay: A Convenient Tool to Assess the Angiogenic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro

Here, we present a novel application of the aortic ring assay where prelabelled mesenchymal cells are co-cultured with rat aorta-derived endothelial networks. This novel method allows visualization of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) homing and integration with endothelial networks, quantification of network properties, and evaluation of MSC immunophenotypes and gene expression.

大動脈リング共培養アッセイ:体外間葉系間質細胞の血管新生の可能性を評価するために便利なツール

Angiogenesis is a complex, highly regulated process responsible for providing and maintaining adequate tissue perfusion. Insufficient vasculature ...

Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro

The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which facilitate the functional assessment of the seeded cells. To that end, microscale cantilever technology offers a platform with which to measure the contractile functionality of a range of cell types, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, through assessment of contraction induced substrate bending. Application of multiplexed cantilever arrays provides the means to develop moderate to high-throughput protocols for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, disease phenotype and progression, as well as neuromuscular and other cell-cell interactions. This manuscript provides the details for fabricating reliable cantilever arrays for this purpose, and the methods required to successfully culture cells on these surfaces. Further description is provided on the steps necessary to perform functional analysis of contractile cell types maintained on such arrays using a novel laser and photo-detector system. The representative data provided highlights the precision and reproducible nature of the analysis of contractile function possible using this system, as well as the wide range of studies to which such technology can be applied. Successful widespread adoption of this system could provide investigators with the means to perform rapid, low cost functional studies in vitro, leading to more accurate predictions of tissue performance, disease development and response to novel therapeutic treatment.

Utilization of Microscale Silicon Cantilevers to Assess Cellular Contractile Function In Vitro

This protocol describes the use of microscale silicon cantilevers as pliable culture surfaces for measuring the contractility of muscle cells in vitro. Cellular contraction causes cantilever bending, which can be measured, recorded, and converted into readouts of force, providing a non-invasive and scalable system for measuring contractile function in vitro.

携帯収縮機能を評価するために、マイクロスケールのシリコンカンチレバーの活用<em&gt;体外</em

The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which ...

生物工学

High Throughput Traction Force Microscopy Using PDMS Reveals Dose-Dependent Effects of Transforming Growth Factor-&#946; on the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition

Cellular contractility is essential in diverse aspects of biology, driving processes that range from motility and division, to tissue contraction and mechanical stability, and represents a core element of multi-cellular animal life. In adherent cells, acto-myosin contraction is seen in traction forces that cells exert on their substrate. Dysregulation of cellular contractility appears in a myriad of pathologies, making contractility a promising target in diverse diagnostic approaches using biophysics as a metric. Moreover, novel therapeutic strategies can be based on correcting the apparent malfunction of cell contractility. These applications,&#160;however, require direct quantification of these forces.
We have developed silicone elastomer-based traction force microscopy (TFM) in a parallelized multi-well format. Our use of a silicone rubber, specifically polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), rather than the commonly employed hydrogel polyacrylamide (PAA) enables us to make robust and inert substrates with indefinite shelf-lives requiring no specialized storage conditions. Unlike pillar-PDMS based approaches that have a modulus in the GPa range, the PDMS used here is very compliant, ranging from approximately 0.4 kPa to 100 kPa. We create a high-throughput platform for TFM by partitioning these large monolithic substrates spatially into biochemically independent wells, creating a multi-well platform for traction force screening that is compatible with existing multi-well systems.
In this manuscript, we use this multi-well traction force system to examine the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition (EMT); we induce EMT in NMuMG cells by exposing them to TGF-&#946;, and to quantify the biophysical changes during EMT. We measure the contractility as a function of concentration and duration of TGF-&#946; exposure. Our findings here demonstrate the utility of parallelized TFM in the context of disease biophysics.

We present a high throughput traction force assay fabricated with silicone rubber (PDMS). This novel assay is suitable for studying physical changes in cell contractility during various biological and biomedical processes and diseases. We demonstrate this method's utility by measuring a TGF-&#946; dependent increase in contractility during the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

PDMSを用いた高スループットトラクション力顕微鏡検査は、上皮間膜遷移に対する成長因子-βの線量依存的効果を明らかにする

Cellular contractility is essential in diverse aspects of biology, driving processes that range from motility and division, to tissue contraction and ...

An Explant Assay for Assessing Cellular Behavior of the Cranial Mesenchyme

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the neural tube in a process known as neurulation. During neurulation, morphogenesis of the mesenchyme that underlies the neural plate is believed to drive neural fold elevation. The cranial mesenchyme is comprised of the paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells. The cells of the cranial mesenchyme form a pourous meshwork composed of stellate shaped cells and intermingling extracellular matrix (ECM) strands that support the neural folds. During neurulation, the cranial mesenchyme undergoes stereotypical rearrangements resulting in its expansion and these movements are believed to provide a driving force for neural fold elevation. However, the pathways and cellular behaviors that drive cranial mesenchyme morphogenesis remain poorly studied. Interactions between the ECM and the cells of the cranial mesenchyme underly these cell behaviors. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay devised to characterize the behaviors of these cells. This assay is amendable to pharmacological manipulations to dissect the signaling pathways involved and live imaging analyses to further characterize the behavior of these cells. We present a representative experiment demonstrating the utility of this assay in characterizing the migratory properties of the cranial mesenchyme on a variety of ECM components.

The cranial mesenchyme undergoes dramatic morphogenic movements that likely provides a driving force for elevation of the neural folds1,2. Here we describe a simple ex vivo explant assay to characterize the cellular behaviors of the cranial mesenchyme during neurulation. This assay has numerous applications including being amenable to pharmacological manipulations and live imaging analyses.

頭蓋間葉の細胞挙動を評価するための外植片アッセイ

The central nervous system is derived from the neural plate that undergoes a series of complex morphogenetic movements resulting in formation of the ...

生物学

Simplified, High-throughput Analysis of Single-cell Contractility using Micropatterned Elastomers

Cellular contractile force generation is a fundamental trait shared by virtually all cells. These contractile forces are crucial to proper development, function at both the cellular and tissue levels,and regulate the mechanical systems in the body. Numerous biological processes are force-dependent, including motility, adhesion, and division of single-cells, as well as contraction and relaxation of organs such as the heart, bladder, lungs, intestines, and uterus. Given its importance in maintaining proper physiological function, cellular contractility can also drive disease processes when exaggerated or disrupted. Asthma, hypertension, preterm labor, fibrotic scarring, and underactive bladder are all examples of mechanically driven disease processes that could potentially be alleviated with proper control of cellular contractile force. Here, we present a comprehensive protocol for utilizing a novel microplate-based contractility assay technology known as fluorescently labeled elastomeric contractible surfaces (FLECS), that provides simplified and intuitive analysis of single-cell contractility in a massively scaled manner. Herein, we provide a step-wise protocol for obtaining two six-point dose-response curves describing the effects of two contractile inhibitors on the contraction of primary human bladder smooth muscle cells in a simple procedure utilizing just a single FLECS assay microplate, to demonstrate proper technique to users of the method. Using FLECS Technology, all researchers with basic biological laboratories and fluorescent microscopy systems gain access to studying this fundamental but difficult-to-quantify functional cell phenotype, effectively lowering the entry barrier into the field of force biology and phenotypic screening of contractile cell force.

This work presents a flexible protocol for utilizing fluorescently labeled elastomeric contractible surfaces (FLECS) Technology in microwell format for simplified, hands-off quantification of single-cell contractile forces based on visualized displacements of fluorescent protein micropatterns.

マイクロパターンエラストマーを使用したシングルセル収縮性の簡素化されたハイスループット分析

Cellular contractile force generation is a fundamental trait shared by virtually all cells. These contractile forces are crucial to proper development, ...

Induction and Analysis of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition

Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during development. Misregulation of this process has been implicated as a key event in fibrosis and the progression of carcinomas to a metastatic state. Understanding the processes that underlie EMT is imperative for the early diagnosis and clinical control of these disease states. Reliable induction of EMT in vitro is a useful tool for drug discovery as well as to identify common gene expression signatures for diagnostic purposes. Here we demonstrate a straightforward method for the induction of EMT in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells pre- and post-EMT induction by immunocytochemistry are also included. Additionally, we demonstrate the effectiveness of this method through antibody-based array analysis and migration/invasion assays.

A straightforward method is described for the induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) in a variety of cell types. Methods for the analysis of cells in EMT states by immunocytochemistry are included.

間葉転換を誘導し、上皮の分析

Epithelial  to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for proper morphogenesis during  development. Misregulation of this  process has been implicated ...

In Vitro Assessment of Cardiac Function Using Skinned Cardiomyocytes

In this article, we describe the steps required to isolate a single permeabilized (&#34;skinned&#34;) cardiomyocyte and attach it to a force-measuring apparatus and a motor to perform functional studies. These studies will allow measurement of cardiomyocyte stiffness (passive force) and its activation with different calcium (Ca2+)-containing solutions to determine, amongst others: maximum force development, myofilament Ca2+-sensitivity (pCa50), cooperativity (nHill) and the rate of force redevelopment (ktr). This method also enables determination of the effects of drugs acting directly on myofilaments and of the expression of exogenous recombinant proteins on both active and passive properties of cardiomyocytes. Clinically, skinned cardiomyocyte studies highlight the pathophysiology of many myocardial diseases and allow in vitro assessment of the impact of therapeutic interventions targeting the myofilaments. Altogether, this technique enables the clarification of cardiac pathophysiology by investigating correlations between in vitro and in vivo parameters in animal models and human tissue obtained during open heart or transplant surgery.

This protocol aims to describe step-by-step the technique of extraction and assessment of cardiac function using skinned cardiomyocytes. This methodology allows measurement and acutemodulation of myofilament function using small frozen biopsies that can be collected from different cardiac locations, from mice to men.

皮膚心筋細胞を用いた心機能のインビトロ評価

In this article, we describe the steps required to isolate a single permeabilized (&#34;skinned&#34;) cardiomyocyte and attach it to a force-measuring ...

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in the aorta and regulates vasoconstriction and vasodilation. Mutations in genes encoding for the SMC contractile apparatus proteins are associated with aortic diseases, such as thoracic aortic aneurysms. Measuring SMC contraction in vitro is challenging, especially in a high-throughput manner, which is essential for screening patient material. Currently available methods are not suitable for this purpose. This paper presents a novel method based on electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ECIS). First, an explant protocol is described to isolate patient-specific human primary SMCs from aortic biopsies and patient-specific human primary dermal fibroblasts for the study of aortic aneurysms. Next, a detailed description of a new contraction method is given to measure the contractile response of these cells, including the subsequent analysis and suggestion for comparing different groups. This method can be used to study the contraction of adherent cells in the context of translational (cardiovascular) studies and patient and drug screening studies.

Isolation of Primary Patient-specific Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells and Semiquantitative Real-time Contraction Measurements In Vitro

This paper describes an explant culture-based method for the isolation and culturing of primary, patient-specific human aortic smooth muscle cells and dermal fibroblasts. Furthermore, a novel method is presented for measuring cell contraction and subsequent analysis, which can be used to study patient-specific differences in these cells.

原発性患者特異的大動脈平滑筋細胞の単離とインビトロでの半定量的リアルタイム収縮測定

Smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are the predominant cell type in the aortic media. Their contractile machinery is important for the transmission of force in ...

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