This project was funded, in part, by ConAgra Foods (Omaha, NE, USA), the Virginia Agricultural Experiment Station, the Hatch Program of the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Virginia Tech Water INTERface Interdisciplinary Graduate Education Program.

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

食品や飲料に関連する文献で​​AFEAアプリケーションは1-11非常に限られています。食品への応用は、方法論とデータ解釈を確立するための機会を作成し、新しく追加されました。 Arnadeは、（2013年）7は、チョコレートミルクと曲線分析と分散分析下の面積を用いた白色ミルクに個々の感情的な反応の間で高い個体差を発見しました。悲しいとうんざりするが、短い時間応答<...

自動化された表情分析（AFEA）飲料や食品に感情的な反応を特徴付けるための前向きな分析ツールです。感情的な分析は、既存の感覚科学の方法論、食品の評価の実践、および一般的に研究し、業界の設定の両方で使用快楽規模の評価に余分な次元を追加することができます。感情的な分析は、食品や飲料へのより正確な応答を明らかにし、追加のメトリックを提供することができます。反応1を記録するために、障害に起因する快楽スコアは、参加者の偏りを含んでもよいです。 AFEAの研究は、コンピュータゲーム、ユーザーの行動、教育/教育学、および共感と詐欺に心理学の研究を含む多くの研究用途に使用されています。ほとんどの食品関連の研究は、食品の品質と食品と人間の行動に感情的な反応を特徴付けるに焦点を当てています。食品の行動への洞察を得るの最近の傾向では、文学の成長体はAFEAの使用を報告します食品、飲料、及び臭気物質1-12に関連した人間の感情的な反応を特徴付けるため。 AFEAは顔面動作分析法（FACS）に由来します。顔面行動コーディングシステム（FACS）は5ポイント強度スケール13上で動作単位（AUS）によって特徴づけられる顔の動きを判別します。 FACSのアプローチは、訓練された審査の専門家、マニュアルコーディング、かなりの評価時間を必要とし、限られたデータの分析オプションを提供します。 AFEA感情を決定するための迅速な評価方法として開発されました。 AFEAソフトウェアは、感情的な反応14-18を特徴づけるために、顔の筋肉の動き、顔のデータベース、およびアルゴリズムに依存しています。本研究で用いたAFEAソフトウェアは、感情的な表情の写真（WSEFEP）のワルシャワセットと0.70の標準的な合意に近いですアムステルダムダイナミック表情セット（ADFES）、両方の平均で0.67の合意の「FACSインデックスに達し手動コーディング&quot;19のための</sup&gt;。分析に含まユニバーサル感情は1から0までの別々のスケール（上の各幸せ（正）、（負の）悲しい、うんざり（負）、びっくり（正または負）、怒っている（負）、怖がっ（負）と中性であります0は発現していない=; 1 =完全に）20表明しました。また、心理学の文献は、「撤退」の感情（離れ嫌悪刺激から）21のような、幸せな驚き、そして（刺激に向かって）「アプローチ」の感情として怒っていると悲しい、怖い、とうんざり含まれています。 食品に関連した感情を特徴付けるための現在のAFEAソフトウェアの1つの制限は、咀嚼や嚥下だけでなく、このような極端な頭の動きなど、他の粗大運動の動きに関連した顔の動きからの干渉です。ソフトウェアは、顔16,17上の500以上の筋肉の点に基づいて位置や動きの度合いを、関連する、小さい顔の筋肉の動きを対象としています。咀嚼運動は、式の分類を妨害します。この制限ationが液化食品を使用して対処することができます。しかし、他の方法論の課題はまた、データ収集環境、技術、研究者の指示、参加者の行動、および参加者の属性を含むビデオ感度とAFEA分析を減少させることができます。 標準的な方法が開発され、最適なビデオキャプチャと官能評価実験室の設定で食品や飲料への感情的な反応のためAFEAを使用して、データ分析のために確認されていません。多くの側面が原因照明、参加者の方向、参加者の行動、参加者の高さだけでなく、カメラの高さ、カメラ釣り、および機器の設定にシャドーイング、照明などのビデオキャプチャ環境に影響を与えることができます。また、データ分析の方法論は矛盾していると感情的な反応を評価するための標準的な方法論を欠いています。ここで、我々は（飲み物を使用して、意味のある結果に感情的なデータや処理データを取得するため、当社の標準的な操作手順を紹介します評価のための風味のミルク、味付けされていない牛乳と味付けされていない水）。我々の知る唯一の査読出版物に、私たちの研究室のグループから、感情分析8のためのデータ解析のための時系列を利用しています。しかし、この方法は、私たちの提示方法のために更新されました。私たちの目的は、官能評価実験室の設定で再現性を助けるために改良された一貫性のある方法論を開発することです。デモでは、研究モデルの目的は、AFEAは、風味のミルクの伝統的な快楽受容性評価、味付けされていない牛乳と味付けされていない水を補うことができれば評価することです。このビデオプロトコルの意図は、AFEA方法論を確立する助け官能評価実験室におけるビデオキャプチャ条件（感覚ブース設定）を標準化し、集団の時間的感情的データ分析のための方法を示すことです。

<table><tbody><tr><td>2% Reduced Fat Milk</td><td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH or DZA Brands, LLC, Salisbury, NC</td><td>na</td><td>for solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Drinking Water</td><td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td><td>na</td><td>for solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Imitation Clear Vanilla Flavor</td><td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td><td>na</td><td>for solutions</td></tr><tr><td>Iodized Salt</td><td>Kroger Brand, Cincinnati, OH</td><td>na</td><td>for solutions</td></tr><tr><td>FaceReader 6</td><td>Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td><td>na</td><td>For Facial Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Sensory Information Management System (SIMS) 2000</td><td>Sensory Computer Systems, Berkeley Heights, NJ</td><td>Version 6</td><td>For Sensory Data Capture</td></tr><tr><td>Rhapsody</td><td>Acuity Brands Lighting, Inc., Conyers, GA</td><td></td><td>For Environment Illumination</td></tr><tr><td>R Version&amp;nbsp;</td><td>R Core Team 2015</td><td>3.1.1</td><td>For Statistical Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Microsoft Office</td><td>Microsoft</td><td>na</td><td>For Statistical Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>JMP</td><td>Statistical Analysis Software (SAS) Version 9.2, SAS Institute, Cary, NC</td><td>na</td><td>For Statistical Analysis</td></tr><tr><td>Media Recorder 2.5</td><td>Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands</td><td>na</td><td>For capturing participants sensory evaluation</td></tr><tr><td>Axis M1054 Camera</td><td>Axis Communications, Lund, Sweden</td><td>na</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Beverage</td><td></td><td>na</td><td>Beverage or soft food for evaluation</td></tr></tbody></table>

protocol for data collection and analysis applied to automated facial expression analysis technology and temporal analysis for sensory evaluation

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial expression analysis (AFEA) software. Additionally, we demonstrate a method for extracting relevant emotional data output and plotting the emotional response of a population over a specified time frame. By time pairing each participant's treatment response to a control stimulus (baseline), the overall emotional response over time and across multiple participants can be quantified. AFEA is a prospective analytical tool for assessing unbiased response to food and beverages. At present, most research has mainly focused on beverages. Methodologies and analyses have not yet been standardized for the application of AFEA to beverages and foods; however, a consistent standard methodology is needed. Optimizing video capture procedures and resulting video quality aids in a successful collection of emotional response to foods. Furthermore, the methodology of data analysis is novel for extracting the pertinent data relevant to the emotional response. The combinations of video capture optimization and data analysis will aid in standardizing the protocol for automated facial expression analysis and interpretation of emotional response data.

この方法は、AFEAデータ収集のための標準プロトコルを提案しています。提案したプロトコルステップに従っている場合は、使用できない感情的なデータ出力悪いデータ収集に起因する（ 図1）（ 図2：A;左の写真）が制限される場合があります。これは悪いデータ（ 図1）であるとして、ログファイル形式（.txt）は、主に「FIND_FAIL...

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Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

自動化された顔の表情分析ソフトウェアを用いて官能評価実験室で飲料液化食品へ集団の感情的な応答を捕捉し、統計的に分析するためのプロトコルを説明します。

官能評価のための自動化された表情解析技術と時間的分析へのデータの収集と分析応用のためのプロトコル

We demonstrate a method for capturing emotional response to beverages and liquefied foods in a sensory evaluation laboratory using automated facial ...

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9.4K ビュー.  Virginia Tech. 自動化された顔の表情分析ソフトウェアを用いて官能評価実験室で飲料液化食品へ集団の感情的な応答を捕捉し、統計的に分析するためのプロトコルを説明します。 

ビデオ: Protocol for Data Collection and Analysis Applied to Automated Facial Expression Analysis Technology and Temporal Analysis for Sensory Evaluation

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Improved methods for assessing bulbar impairment are necessary for expediting diagnosis of bulbar dysfunction in ALS, for predicting disease progression across speech subsystems, and for addressing the critical need for sensitive outcome measures for ongoing experimental treatment trials. To address this need, we are obtaining longitudinal profiles of bulbar impairment in 100 individuals based on a comprehensive instrumentation-based assessment that yield objective measures. Using instrumental approaches to quantify speech-related behaviors is very important in a field that has primarily relied on subjective, auditory-perceptual forms of speech assessment1. Our assessment protocol measures performance across all of the speech subsystems, which include respiratory, phonatory (laryngeal), resonatory (velopharyngeal), and articulatory. The articulatory subsystem is divided into the facial components (jaw and lip), and the tongue. Prior research has suggested that each speech subsystem responds differently to neurological diseases such as ALS. The current protocol is designed to test the performance of each speech subsystem as independently from other subsystems as possible. The speech subsystems are evaluated in the context of more global changes to speech performance. These speech system level variables include speaking rate and intelligibility of speech.
The protocol requires specialized instrumentation, and commercial and custom software. The respiratory, phonatory, and resonatory subsystems are evaluated using pressure-flow (aerodynamic) and acoustic methods. The articulatory subsystem is assessed using 3D motion tracking techniques. The objective measures that are used to quantify bulbar impairment have been well established in the speech literature and show sensitivity to changes in bulbar function with disease progression. The result of the assessment is a comprehensive, across-subsystem performance profile for each participant. The profile, when compared to the same measures obtained from healthy controls, is used for diagnostic purposes. Currently, we are testing the sensitivity and specificity of these measures for diagnosis of ALS and for predicting the rate of disease progression. In the long term, the more refined endophenotype of bulbar ALS derived from this work is expected to strengthen future efforts to identify the genetic loci of ALS and improve diagnostic and treatment specificity of the disease as a whole. The objective assessment that is demonstrated in this video may be used to assess a broad range of speech motor impairments, including those related to stroke, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson disease.

A Protocol for Comprehensive Assessment of Bulbar Dysfunction in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Objective assessments of the physiological mechanisms that support speech are needed to monitor disease onset and progression in persons with ALS and to quantify treatment effects in clinical trials. In this video, we present a comprehensive, instrumentation-based protocol for quantifying speech motor performance in clinical populations.

筋萎縮性側索硬化症における延髄機能障害の包括的評価（ALS）のためのプロトコル

Improved methods for assessing bulbar impairment are necessary for expediting diagnosis of bulbar dysfunction in ALS, for predicting disease progression ...

医学

Experimental Assessment of Mouse Sociability Using an Automated Image Processing Approach

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the test mouse is placed in a standardized apparatus and relevant behaviors are assessed in three different sessions (called session I, II, and III).
The apparatus has three compartments (see Figure 1), the left and right compartments contain an inverted cup which can house a mouse (called &#34;stimulus mouse&#34;).
In session I, the test mouse is placed in the cage and its mobility is characterized by the number of transitions made between compartments. In session II, a stimulus mouse is placed under one of the inverted cups and the sociability of the test mouse is quantified by the amounts of time it spends near the cup containing the enclosed stimulus mouse vs. the empty inverted cup. In session III, the inverted cups are removed and both mice interact freely. The sociability of the test mouse in session III is quantified by the number of social approaches it makes toward the stimulus mouse and by the number of times it avoids a social approach by the stimulus mouse.
The automated evaluation of the movie detects the nose of the test mouse, which allows the determination of all described sociability measures in session I and II (in session III, approaches are identified automatically but classified manually). To find the nose, the image of an empty cage is digitally subtracted from each frame of the movie and the resulting image is binarized to identify the mouse pixels. The mouse tail is automatically removed and the two most distant points of the remaining mouse are determined; these are close to nose and base of tail. By analyzing the motion of the mouse and using continuity arguments, the nose is identified.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52508/52508fig1.jpg" /> 
Figure 1. Assessment of Sociability During 3 sessions. Session I (top): Acclimation of test mouse to the cage. Session II (middle): Test mouse moving freely in the cage while the stimulus mouse is enclosed in an inverted cup. Session III (bottom): Both test mouse and stimulus mouse are allowed to move freely and interact with each other.

This protocol describes a method to quantify mouse sociability. Mice are videotaped as they move and interact in a special cage. Movie processing allows for the automated quantification of sociability with excellent accuracy and reliability.

自動画像処理手法を用いてマウス社交性の実験的評価

Mouse is the preferred model organism for testing drugs designed to increase sociability. We present a method to quantify mouse sociability in which the ...

行動学

Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion expressions, and multimodal (i.e., film clips) stimuli that included contextual cues. All stimuli were presented via computer. Participants were required to indicate how the person in each stimulus was feeling using a forced-choice format. Additionally, for the film clips, participants had to indicate how they felt in response to the stimulus, and the level of intensity with which they experienced that emotion.

This paper describes how to implement a battery of behavioral tasks to examine emotion recognition of isolated facial and vocal emotion expressions, and a novel task using commercial television and film clips to assess multimodal emotion recognition that includes contextual cues.

外傷性脳損傷を持つ人々によって感情の認識を評価するために単離された式とフィルムクリップの使用を探ります

The current study presented 60 people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and 60 controls with isolated facial emotion expressions, isolated vocal emotion ...

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and superior colliculus especially with fearful faces1-3. These regions constitute the limbic structure in non-conscious perception of emotions and modulate cortical activity either directly or indirectly2. In contrast, the conscious representation of emotions is more pronounced in the anterior cingulate, prefrontal cortex, and somatosensory cortex for directing voluntary attention to details in faces3,4. Asperger&#39;s syndrome (AS)5,6 represents an atypical mental disturbance that affects sensory, affective and communicative abilities, without interfering with normal linguistic skills and intellectual ability. Several studies have found that functional deficits in the neural circuitry important for facial emotion recognition can partly explain social communication failure in patients with AS7-9. In order to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in AS, an EEG experimental protocol is designed with two tasks involving emotionality evaluation of either photograph or line-drawing faces. A pilot study is introduced for selecting face stimuli that minimize the differences in reaction times and scores assigned to facial emotions between the pretested patients with AS and IQ/gender-matched healthy controls. Information from the pretested patients was used to develop the scoring system used for the emotionality evaluation. Research into facial emotions and visual stimuli with different spatial frequency contents has reached discrepant findings depending on the demographic characteristics of participants and task demands2. The experimental protocol is intended to clarify deficits in patients with AS in processing emotional faces when compared with healthy controls by controlling for factors unrelated to recognition of facial emotions, such as task difficulty, IQ and gender.

An EEG experimental protocol is designed to clarify the interplay between conscious and non-conscious representations of emotional faces in patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome. The technique suggests that patients with Asperger&#39;s syndrome have deficits in non-conscious representation of emotional faces, but have comparable performance in conscious representation with healthy controls.

アスペルガー症候群における感情的な顔を意識と非意識的な表現

Several neuroimaging studies have suggested that the low spatial frequency content in an emotional face mainly activates the amygdala, pulvinar, and ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. Touch that optimally activates CT fibers is consistently rated as hedonically pleasant. Patient groups with impaired social-emotional functioning also show disordered affective touch ratings. However, relying on self-reported ratings of touch has many limitations, including recall bias and communication barriers. Here, we describe a methodological approach to study affective responses to touch via facial electromyography (EMG) that circumvents the reliance on self-report ratings. Facial EMG is an objective, quantitative, and non-invasive method to measure facial muscle activity indicative of affective responses. Responses can be assessed across healthy and patient populations without the need for verbal communication. Here, we provide two separate datasets demonstrating that CT-optimal and non-optimal touch elicit distinct facial muscle reactions. Moreover, facial EMG responses are consistent across stimulus modalities, e.g. tactile (experienced touch) and visual (observed touch). Finally, the temporal resolution of facial EMG can detect responses on timescales that supersede that of verbal reporting. Together, our data suggest that facial EMG is a suitable methodology for use in affective tactile research that can be used to supplement, or in some cases, supplant, existing measures.

We describe a protocol to assess facial muscle activity in response to experienced and observed tactile stimulation using facial electromyography.

人間の経験と観測された情緒的なタッチに顔面筋の反応を評価するために顔面筋電図

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...

Dynamic Digital Biomarkers of Motor and Cognitive Function in Parkinson's Disease

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard scores from paper and pencil symptom- measures traditionally used to track disease progression are too coarse (discrete) to capture the granularity of the clinical phenomena under consideration, in the face of tremendous symptom diversity. For this reason, sensors, wearables, and mobile devices are increasingly incorporated into PD research and routine care. These digital measures, while more precise, yield data that are less standardized and interpretable than traditional measures, and consequently, the two types of data remain largely siloed. Both of these issues present barriers to the broad clinical application of the field&#8217;s most precise assessment tools. This protocol addresses both problems. Using traditional tasks to measure cognition and motor control, we test the participant, while co-registering biophysical signals unobtrusively using wearables. We then integrate the scores from traditional paper-and-pencil methods with the digital data that we continuously register. We offer a new standardized data type and unifying statistical platform that enables the dynamic tracking of change in the person&#8217;s stochastic signatures under different conditions that probe different functional levels of neuromotor control, ranging from voluntary to autonomic. The protocol and standardized statistical framework offer dynamic digital biomarkers of physical and cognitive function in PD that correspond to validated clinical scales, while significantly improving their precision.&#160;

This protocol offers a digitization of portions of traditional clinical tasks commonly used to measure cognition and motor control in Parkinson&#8217;s disease. Clinical tasks are digitized while biophysical rhythms are co-registered from different functional levels of the nervous systems, ranging from voluntary, spontaneous, automatic to autonomic.

パーキンソン病における運動と認知機能の動的デジタルバイオマーカー

As Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a heterogeneous disorder, personalized medicine is truly required to optimize care. In their current form, standard ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>DeepLabCut を使用した片頭痛の痛み追跡のためのマウスの眼の斜視のリアルタイム検出

An Automated Squint Method for Time-syncing Behavior and Brain Dynamics in Mouse Pain Studies

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head pain, as in disorders such as migraine. Eye squint has emerged as a continuous variable metric that can be measured over time and is effective for predicting pain states in such assays. This paper provides a protocol for the use of DeepLabCut (DLC) to automate and quantify eye squint (Euclidean distance between eyelids) in restrained mice with freely rotating head motions. This protocol enables unbiased quantification of eye squint to be paired with and compared directly against mechanistic measures such as neurophysiology. We provide an assessment of AI training parameters necessary for achieving success as defined by discriminating squint and non-squint periods. We demonstrate an ability to reliably track and differentiate squint in a CGRP-induced migraine-like phenotype at a sub second resolution.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:複雑な脳活動と障害の背後にある電気ネットワークの解読

This protocol provides a method for tracking automated eye squint in rodents over time in a manner compatible with time-locking to neurophysiological measures. This protocol is expected to be useful to researchers studying mechanisms of pain disorders such as migraine.

マウスの痛みの研究における時間同期行動と脳ダイナミクスのための自動斜視法

Spontaneous pain has been challenging to track in real time and quantify in a way that prevents human bias. This is especially true for metrics of head ...

官能評価のための自動化された表情解析技術と時間的分析へのデータの収集と分析応用のためのプロトコル

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筋萎縮性側索硬化症における延髄機能障害の包括的評価（ALS）のためのプロトコル

自動画像処理手法を用いてマウス社交性の実験的評価

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

外傷性脳損傷を持つ人々によって感情の認識を評価するために単離された式とフィルムクリップの使用を探ります

アスペルガー症候群における感情的な顔を意識と非意識的な表現

人間の経験と観測された情緒的なタッチに顔面筋の反応を評価するために顔面筋電図

パーキンソン病における運動と認知機能の動的デジタルバイオマーカー

マウスの痛みの研究における時間同期行動と脳ダイナミクスのための自動斜視法

マウスの痛みの研究における時間同期行動と脳ダイナミクスのための自動斜視法

マウスの痛みの研究における時間同期行動と脳ダイナミクスのための自動斜視法