The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (SSHERC), Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), Fonds de Recherche Nature et Technologies du Qu&#233;bec (FQRNT) and Fonds de Recherche sur la Soci&#233;t&#233; et Culture du Qu&#233;bec (FQRSC).

このプロトコルは、Tech3Lab研究施設のためのHEC-モントリオールによって承認されたComitéinstitutionnel·デ·ラ·RECHERCHE AVEC DESêtreshumains（CIER）ドゥ大学ケベックモントリオールà（UQAM）から倫理的な証明書を受け取りました。プロトコルは、私たちのラボ環境や機器で実行される特定の各手順を説明しています。正確なソフトウェアパスが方法論を明確にするために設けられているが、この技術は譲渡であり、他の独自の視線追跡、自動顔感情認識、電気活動と脳波の機器やソフトウェアで複製することができます。 ラボ環境の1.セットアップ<ol><li>アイトラッカー、EEGアンプ、4つの記録コンピュータやスピーカーをオンにします。 </li><li>録音機器の設定を準備します。 <ol><li>メーカーのrecommeに従って、必要な材料とのEEGセットアップの準備nded手順。今後の参加者の脳波ソフトウェアを準備します。視線追跡ソフトウェアを起動して、ソフトウェアで新しい参加者のプロファイルを作成します。ビデオ録画ソフトウェアとカメラを起動します。 </li><li> 60秒でのマーカーとプロジェクトのために作成された特定のサブルーチンとの同期ソフトウェアを起動します。生理学的測定ソフトウェアを起動します（皮膚電気活動を記録するため）およびプロジェクト用に作成した特定のレイアウトを開きます。最高レベルの参加者の椅子を調整します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.参加者の準備<ol><li>倫理的な同意書を読み、署名する参加者を確認して下さい。 </li><li> EEGのための頭蓋骨の測定を行います。 <ol><li> （ - 20参照システム10によれば）参加者の頭部上のCzの場所を検索します。食塩水（塩化カリウム）でEEGネットを浸し（ステップ1.2.1を参照）、メーカーの基準に準拠してタイマー（10分）を起動します。&lt;/ LI&gt; </ol></li><li>参加者に研究の目的と実験の手順を読んで、「 この研究の目的は、あなたが物理学の問題に答えている間、あなたの脳の活動を観察することです。まず、センサーがインストールされます、あなたは、コンピュータ上で10ニュートン物理学の問題を解決することが求められます。私たちはあなたの目でそれぞれの問題を閉じた後、45秒の休憩を取るように求められます。それぞれの問題の後、あなたは、問題のあなたの評価を評価するように求められます。」 </li><li>実験の全持続時間は90分となり、被写体を教えてください。 </li><li>製造業者の推奨に従って、生理学的センサをインストールします。2ゲル化しセンサーを左手の上に。 </li><li>製造業者の推奨に従って、EEGキャップを取り付け、（製造業者の仕様書に従って）40kΩので閾値とインピーダンスチェックを行います。 </li></ol> 3.データ収集<ol><li>全ての記録ソフトウェアが同期して開始する準備ができていることを確認してください： <ol><li>生理学（EDAデータ）：「スタート」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li>ビデオ録画：「開」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li>アイトラッキング：「保留」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li> EEG：「記録」ボタンをクリックします。 </li><li>同期ソフトウェア：「緑の円」ボタンをクリックします。 </li></ol></li><li>視線のキャリブレーション： <ol><li> （「ツール/設定/校正を...」をクリック）5点、画面上のキャリブレーションを実行し、彼/彼女は赤い点を次のながら参加者を観察します。十分な精度が達成されるまで、メーカーの基準に基づいて、この手順を繰り返します。 </li></ol></li><li>参加者の画面上にプロジェクトタスクの手順を：彼/彼女がそれらを読んだ後、任意の質問を持っている場合、彼/彼女は、実験を開始する準備ができているかどうか尋ねます。 </li><li> 10ニュートンPを解決するために、参加者を確認して下さいhysics問題。 </li><li>必要に応じて、45秒の休憩の間にインピーダンスチェックを実行（ない問題5の前に）。 </li><li>参加者が（ベースラインを決定するために）それぞれの問題の前にブレークフル45秒を要することを確認してください。 </li></ol>データ収集の4終了<ol><li>すべてのコンピュータ上のデータ収集を停止し、参加者からセンサーを取り外します。 </li></ol> 5.参加者が離れた後<ol><li>製造業者の推奨に従って、殺菌剤とのEEGキャップを清掃し、設備を整えます。収集したすべてのデータファイルを保存し、FTPサーバ上でバックアップを作成します。 </li><li>参加者のスプレッドシートに入力します。データ収集中の任意の特定のイベントや問題に注意してください。 WebブラウザからすべてのCookieを削除します。 </li></ol> 6.統合ソフトウェアへのデータの前処理およびエクスポート<ol start="1"><li> EEG <ol><li> EEGデータ分析ソフトウェアにインポートEEGデータ： <ol><li>新しく作成された生のデータファイルに生の脳波データを貼り付け、「生データ」、「歴史」と「エクスポート」という名前のコンピュータ上に3つの空のフォルダを作成します。 </li><li> EEGデータ解析ソフトウェアでは、「ファイル/新規プロジェクトを...」をクリックした後、新たに作成された生データファイルを選択し、[参照]をクリックして、生のデータの場所を選択します。 「歴史」と同じように「エクスポート」フォルダの場所を選択します。 </li><li> 「OK」をクリックします。 （ウィンドウは、すべての参加者の脳波データが含まれている必要があります）。 </li></ol></li><li>前処理脳信号： <ol><li>フィルタとノッチを適用します（「トランスフォーメーション/ IIRフィルタを...」をクリックします）。ウィンドウでは、12デシベルの傾斜と12デシベルの傾斜と50 Hzの高域遮断と1.5 Hzの低域遮断を有効にしてください。また、60Hzの周波数でノッチを有効にしてください。 </li><li> DC増幅器が使用されるため、DC信号をトレンド除去（「トラをクリックnsformations / DCトレンド除去...」とイネーブル &quot;DC接続する前に、マーカーの前に100ミリと100ミリ秒で、「時間に基づきます）。 </li><li>生データの検査を行う（「変換/生データ検査...」をクリックして、半自動アーティファクト除去を選択します）。次の項目を選択します。最大電圧60μV/ MS;最大 - 最小：200ミリ秒間隔で200μV。振幅：-400 400にμV）。 </li><li>まばたきの除去のための古典的な球形で自動ICAを実行します（その範囲は、目的の周波数の外にあるので、myographicアーチファクトが除去される必要はありません）。 （ICA、プロセス逆ICAの終わりに。「...変換/ ICA」をクリックしてください。） </li><li>再基準（「変換/再参照...」）信号とは、「共通の平均」を選択してください。 </li><li>エクスポート（「エクスポート/汎用データエクスポート...」をクリックします）テキスト形式で信号およびマーカーは、（「.vhdr」を選択します;係インデックスの最終的なMatlabの建設のためのボックス）。また、「ライト·ヘッダ·ファイル」と「ライトマーカーファイル」ボックスをオンにします。 </li></ol></li><li> MATLABで信号をインポートします。 <ol><li> MATLABを起動し、EEGLABのGUIは、一度に1つの参加者のデータを表示され、インポートように「EEGLAB」と入力します。 GUIで、[項目メニュー」/脳ヴィスレック.vhdrファイルからEEGLAB機能やプラグインを使用したファイル/データのインポート/ &quot;。 </li><li>コマンドウィンドウで、係のインデックスを生成するスクリプト16を貼り付けます。 注：認知的関与のスクリプトは、この手順は、毎秒繰り返され、新たなスライディングウィンドウがインデックスを更新するために使用される時間Tの前に20秒スライディングウィンドウ内の各ベータ版/（アルファ+シータ）比の平均値によって計算されます。 </li></ol></li><li> MS Excelで、MATLABが、スクリプトの終了時に生成された係合インデックスのテキストフ​​ァイルを開くとz SCORを適用EEGデータで電子の正規化は、被験者間の比較を可能にします。 （Excelでこの数式を計算し、それぞれの値の場合：Z =（値 - 全体平均）/全体の標準偏差） </li><li> MS ExcelでCSVファイルにZスコア係インデックス信号を保存します。 （...として保存/ファイルをクリックし、フォーマットタイプでCSVを選択します。） </li><li> （ステップ6.1.2.2から。）手順を繰り返し、各参加者のために。 </li></ol></li><li>生理学： <ol><li>生理的データ分析ソフトウェアでインポートEDAデータ。 </li><li>生理学的信号を事前処理するために、これらのパラメータを適用します。 <ol><li> Venablesとクリスティーズ23の方法に従ってコンダクタンスの分布を正規化する対数変換を適用します。 </li><li>フラット窓24をスライドさせる 10秒の信号。 </li></ol></li><li>生理ソフトウェア内では、被験者間の比較を可能にするために、EDAデータのZスコアの正規化を計算します。 （Z =（値 - 全体平均）/全体的な標準偏差）。 <ol><li> EDAチャネルからのカーソルですべてのデータを強調表示します。 </li><li>トップメニューでは、EDAチャネルを選択して、チャネル全体の平均値を得るために「平均」を選択します。また、チャネル全体の標準偏差値を得るために、EDAチャネルと「STDDEV」を選択します。 </li><li> Zスコアの方程式を計算するには、「変換/波形演算を...」をクリックし、ソース1にEDAのチャンネルを選択します。 「 - 」を選択し、数学的操作画面で（マイナス）と宛先メニューの「新規宛先」ソース2.選択にKを選択し、EDAチャネルの平均値を入力します（ステップ6.2.3.2を参照）。 「全体の波を変換」を選択し、[OK]をクリックすると、「変換/波形演算を...」をクリックします。ソース1にEDA-Kチャネルを選択し、数学的な操作画面で、「/」（除算）を選択し、ソース2にKを選択し、目的地に「新デスティネーション」を選択して、エンテEDAチャネル（ステップ6.2.3.2）の標準偏差値rを。 「全体の波を変換」して、[OK]をクリックし選択します。 </li></ol></li><li> CSVファイル内の信号（覚醒）をエクスポートします。 （...として保存/ファイルをクリックし、フォーマットタイプでCSVを選択します。） </li></ol></li><li>自動顔感情認識： <ol><li>自動顔感情認識ソフトウェアにメディアレコーダーからインポートされた映像データ。 （「...ファイル/新規作成/分析/ビデオ」を、それをクリックすることで、プロジェクトメニューに新しい参加者を選択したら、クリックします。 &quot;...ファイル/新規... /参加者」をクリックしてください。分析1の隣にある虫眼鏡をクリックして、目的を選択ビデオファイル。 <ol><li> 「3フレームごと」のオフライン分析を選択し、「連続キャリブレーション」を有効にします。 </li><li> CSVファイルでエクスポート価データ。 （「オプション/設定/ログ機能を... &quot;をクリックして、「ログ·ファイルに価値を書く&quot;チェックボックスをオンにします。/ &quot;ファイルをクリックしますエクスポート...詳細なログを保存する「ボックス」、ログファイルをエクスポートし、チェックする場所を選択します &quot;。） </li><li> MS ExcelでCSVファイルを開きます。 SPSSソフトウェアの1つの列に、価電子データ列をコピーします。 「Analyseを/記述統計統計/記述統計」をクリックして、ジャスト貼り付け変数名を選択します。 「変数に標準化された値を保存」ボックスにチェックを入れます。 Zスコアを持つ列が表示されます。 Excelファイル内の古いデータの上に、これらのzスコアをコピー＆ペーストします。 </li></ol></li><li> CSV形式の信号（価）のzスコアのExcelファイルを保存します。 </li></ol></li></ol> 7.データ統合と同期<ol start="1"><li>行動解析ソフトウェアで： <ol><li>インポートアイトラッキングの動画（行動係）。 （「新しい観測でファイル/読み込み/ビデオを...」をクリックします。新しい観測に名前を付け、目的のビデオファイルを選択します。） </li><li>コー​​ド関連BEと各ビデオhaviors、コンテキストイベント（時間マーカー、右/間違った答え）。 </li><li>適切なヘッダーを持つすべての外部データをインポートする：EEG信号（認知的関与）のZスコア、EDA信号（感情のかかわり）、価電子データのZスコア（感情的なエンゲージメント）のZスコア。 （「ファイル/インポート/外部データの...」をクリックします。適切なファイルの種類を選択し、適切なCSVファイルを選択します。） </li></ol></li><li>これらの式によれば、コンピュータ間で時刻を同期します。 <ol><li>視線の最初のマーカー - 視線+ EEGにおける第2のマーカーでEEG =時間の時間からの視線の時間。 </li><li>視線の最初のマーカー - 視線+顔面感情で最初のマーカーで顔感情認識=時間の時間からの視線の時間。 </li><li>視線の最初のマーカー - 視線+電気活動の最初のマーカーで電気活動=時間の時間からの視線の時間。 </li></ol></li><li> 」を押すと、オフセットデータを入力してはCtrl + Shift + =221 ;,オフセットメニューを開きます。選択して[OK？]データソースの各ペアの間の時間を秒単位で入力するには、「数値はオフセット」）、上記の計算によると。 </li><li>研究への関心の変数に応じてレポートを生成します。 <ol><li>レポートに生成されます興味深いの変数を選択します（ &quot;/ [データ/新しいプロファイルデータを分析...」をクリックします）。左から、「スタート」ボックスと右側の「結果」ボックスに、間に所望の変数をスライドさせます。 </li><li>レポートを生成します。 （「分析/数値解析/新規...」をクリックして、「統計」をクリックし、[外部データ]メニューの平均ボックスをオンにします。「計算」をクリックして終了します。） </li></ol></li><li>統計解析ソフトウェアにデータをエクスポートし、研究の目的に応じた分析を行います。 </li></ol>

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

プロトコル内の重要なステップの観点では、最初のデータの品質が常に神経生理学的収集技術のための主要な焦点であることが指摘されるべきです。この方法では、研究支援者は、（カメラの正しいフェースアングルを失う）価のモニタリング妨害またはEEGでmyographic成果物が生成されます頭の動きを最小限に抑えるために被験者に指示に特別な注意を払う必要があります。一方、バランスは...

エンゲージメントは、学習に重要な役割を果たしています。クラークとメイヤー2の場合は、関係なく、配信媒体の「すべての学習は、関与を必要とします」。 Zhang ら 3も増加し、学生の関与は、このような問題解決と批判的思考スキルなどの学習成果を向上させることができることを示唆しました。婚約を定義することは課題です。彼らの文献レビューでは、フレドリクス、Blumenfeld、パリ1は、その多面性によって係合を定義し、「行動係合は参加の考えに引きます。それは学問や社会や課外活動への関与を含んでいます。 （...）感情的な関与は、先生、クラスメート、学者、学校に正と負の反応を包含し、仕事をすることを目的と影響力意欲との結びつきを作成するためと推定されます。最後に、認知的関与は、精神的な投資の考えに描きます。それは思いやりと労力のNECを発揮する意欲を内蔵します要な複雑なアイデアやマスター難しいスキルを理解します。」 フレドリクス、Blumenfeld、パリ1も行動、感情、および認知の焦点は、エンゲージメントの概念の範囲内で、学習の豊かな特徴付けを提供することができることを主張しました。これらの著者は、研究の堅牢な本体は別途契約の各コンポーネントに対応していることを指摘したが、これらのコンポーネントは、連携して研究されていませんでした。彼らはまた、ほとんど情報が次元間、より研究は微調整の教育介入の計画に貢献できることを相互作用について利用可能であることを観察しました。その方向への一歩として、本稿では、学習作業中に、行動、感情的および認知的関与に、同期的、定量的および定性的なデータを収集し、分析するために開発された研究方法を説明します。 教育に神経科学の持ち込み Behav主に前後のテストの間の時間の長い期間にわたって発生する知識や行動の変化に焦点を当てた研究のデザイン、および時間の間隔、週間：IOR、その結果、行動の係合は、長い教育の研究の中心的な焦点となっています、月または年。最後の二つの次元が外部体系的に観察されないため、行動、感情的、および認知的関与とを識別することは課題です。認知と感情はどちらの観測から推測または自己報告尺度で評価されなければなりません。ビューの外部ポイントからは、学生が自分の仕事は、できるだけ迅速に行わ取得しようとしたり、特定のコンテンツをマスターする、深いレベルの学習戦略を使用しているかどうかを判断することは依然として困難です。実際、フレドリクス、Blumenfeld、パリ1は認知的関与を直接、客観的尺度を使用して任意の発表された研究を見つけることができませんでした。 における最近の技術開発神経科学の分野は​​、教育研究のための新たな可能性を作成しました。 ニューロ人間工学の分野で開発された新しいデータ収集方法と分析アルゴリズムは、タスクを学習中に定性的および定量的な研究のために非常に有望に見えます。このような経済学、心理学、マーケティング、人間工学などの他の分野には、いくつかの時間4-8のための認知的関与を評価するために、神経生理学的測定値を使用しています。効率的な解析アルゴリズムと結合された神経生理学的措置は、一つはそれを乱すことなく、現象を研究することができます。その性質上、自己報告アンケートは、学習の学生を外します。神経生理学的測定値は、研究のデザインは、より本格的な学習環境で行うことを可能にします。これらのツールは、心拍数等を監視するための装置、呼吸数、血圧、体温、瞳孔径、皮膚電気活動、脳波（EEG）を含みます。 <st行動、感情、および認知的関与に&gt;収集データを同期栄代表的な結果は、このプロトコルの使用を以下のように、本論文では、学習者が、コンピュータの画面上で、機械的な物理学の10の問題を解決しなければならなかったした研究の結果の一部を紹介します。これらの問題は、以前の研究9に開発されました。彼らの目は、それぞれの問題の後、クローズ学習者は、問題を解決し、45秒休憩中にリラックスしている間の神経生理学的データを収集しました。 前述したように、行動締結データは、タスク1を達成しながら、システムと対話学習者によって生成質問へのソフトウェアの相互作用（マウスの動きやクリック）、視線、パフォーマンスと回答で構成されています。視線追跡システムは、ソフトウェアの相互作用および視線データを収集するために使用されました。パフォーマンスデータ（問題を解決するための時間、回答の正確さ）を収集しましたタスクを提示するために使用された調査のウェブサイト。このウェブサイトはまた、ブラッドリーとラング10から適応アンケートで集め自己報告データを収集するために使用されました。感情的な関与は、感情の特徴付けを含みます。ラング11によると、感情が原子価の点で特徴づけられる（楽しい/不快）と覚醒（冷静/興奮）。感情的な締結データは、それに応じて感情価と覚醒12,13のための電気活動のエンコーダ/センサを定量化し、自動顔感情認識ソフトウェアを使用して、収集しました。電気活動（EDA）は、非常に弱い電流が定常的にそれらの間に渡された二つの電極の間に記録された電気抵抗を指します。 Cacioppo、TassinaryとBerntson 14は、記録された抵抗は、被験者の覚醒に応じて変化することを示しました。したがって、このような原子価や覚醒などの精神生理学的データは、感情的な関与の相関として考えられています。 <pクラス= &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt;最後に、認知的関与のデータは、脳波（EEG）を介して収集されます。 EEG対策は、頭皮上で、脳内のニューロン群の電気的活動を同期。頭皮からの記録された電気信号は、しばしば、発振周波数成分で構成されています。慣例では、これらの周波数はバンドとして知られ、配列中にグループ化されています。例えば、α、βおよびシータバンドが本研究の焦点です。神経科学の研究14によると、これらのバンドは、脳の特定の領域に異なる認知処理能力を反映しています。したがって、覚醒および注意に関する多くの研究7,15と組み合わせる特定の周波数のパワースペクトル密度（PSD）の分析は、研究者が作業中に、認知の係合を定量化することができます。ミクルカら 16は、上述のように、研究はベータ活性および認知覚醒とアルファANとの間の間接的な関係との間の直接的な関係を示していますDシータ活性および覚醒。 β/（α+θ）：このように、教皇、ボガートとBartoleme 7は、3つのバンドのPSDを計算係指標を開発しました。この比率は、婚約16,17,18の他の研究で確認されました。経時認知係合を特徴付けるために、高速フーリエ変換（FFT）は、パワースペクトルに各活性部位（F3、F4、O1、O2）からのEEG信号を変換します。時刻TにおけるEEG係合指数この手​​順は、毎秒、新しいスライディングウィンドウは、インデックスを更新するために使用される繰り返される時間Tの前の20秒のスライディングウィンドウ内の各係合比の平均値によって計算されます。 この方法の目的は、係合多次元の豊富な分析を提供することであるため、データの同期が重要です。レジェら 19は、読者を思い出させるように、機器メーカーが強くル彼らの指定された精度を保証するために、測定ツールごとに1つだけのコンピュータを使用することをお勧めしますVEL。したがって、複数のコンピュータが使用されるとき、記録のコンピュータとの同期が重要なステップとなります。記録はすべて正確に同じ時に開始することができず、各データストリームは、その特定の時間枠（≠EEGまたは生理学的データの0秒のアイトラッキングの例えば 、0秒）を有しています。これは非常に重要である：データストリーム間の非同期化は、関与の各次元の定量化のエラーを意味します。同時生理学的および行動の記録を同期させる別の方法があります。これらの方法は、2つの主なアプローチに分けることができます。直接的および間接的な20。次のセクションで説明プロトコル（ 図1に示されるように）外部装置、syncboxは、すべての記録装置に、トランジスタ-トランジスタ論理（TTL）信号を送信するために使用される間接的なアプローチに基づいています。各機器は、異なる開始時間を有するように、TTLマーカーは、相対して、ログファイルに記録されています<html>遅延。マーカーは、その後、信号を再編成し、従って、各記録後の適切な同期を確保するために使用されます。外部ファイルの統合を可能にする行動分析ソフトウェアプログラムは、各データストリームのタイムラインを再同期させるために係合の各次元の定量的および定性的な分析を実行するために使用されます。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52627/52627fig1.jpg" /> 係データが収集されている（EDAと顔面感情）感情や認知データ収集システムの図1.アーキテクチャ。行動（視線追跡）におけるラボ環境、（EEG）は、多くのコンピュータが含まれます。これは、それぞれのコンピュータのクロックに参照されるデータの同期の課題を提起します。同じ基準時間内のすべてのデータを分析できるようにするために、実験室の設定は、すべてのデータストリームをTTL信号を送るsyncboxを含みます。NK &quot;&gt;この図の拡大版を表示するには、こちらをクリックしてください。 同期の点で方法論の精度を評価するために、45秒の一時停止は、機械的な物理学の問題のそれぞれの前に導入しました。これらの一時停止中に、被験者はリラックスして、彼らの目を閉じなければなりませんでした。 4,9,16,17,18他の研究に見られるように、これらの一時停止は、収集された信号の大幅な変動を誘導する必要があります。アイトラッキング中の2つの瞳ドットはすぐに（行動係）を消失し、認知的関与が即座に低下（EEG信号）が観測されます。信号のこれらの特定の構成要素は、同期の一般的な有効性を評価するために使用されます。完全または部分的に情報システム19、人間-機械相互作用21と教育9、22の分野で、この同期手順に依存している論文の最近の刊行物は、その有効性の証拠を提供します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>EGI GSN-32&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EGI</td><td></td><td>Dense array EEG</td></tr><tr><td>Netstation v.5.0</td><td>EGI</td><td></td><td>EEG data collection software: EEG is collected with 32-electrode dense array electroencephalography (dEEG) geodesic sensor net using Netstation acquisition software and EGI amplifiers (Electrical Geodesics, Inc). The vertex (recording site Cz) is the reference electrode for recording. Impedance is kept below 50 k&amp;Omega; with a sampling rate of 250 Hz.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Facereader v.4</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Facial emotion recognition software</td></tr><tr><td>Syncbox</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Syncbox start the co-registration of EEG and gaze data by sending a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) signal to the EGI amplifier and a keystroke signal to the Tobii Studio v 3.2.</td></tr><tr><td>Logitech C600&amp;nbsp; Webcam</td><td></td><td>960-000396</td><td>Webcam used to gather video data sent to mediarecorder and that will be analyzed in Facereader</td></tr><tr><td>The Observer XT</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Integration and synchronization software: The Noldus Observer XT (Noldus Information Technology) is used to synchronize all behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement data.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>On-Screen LED illumination</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Neon positioned on computer screen in order to correctly light the face of subjects</td></tr><tr><td>MediaRecorder</td><td>Noldus</td><td></td><td>Video data collection software</td></tr><tr><td>Tobii 60X</td><td>Tobii</td><td></td><td>Collect eye-movement patterns :&amp;nbsp; used to record subjects&amp;rsquo; eye movement patterns at 60Hz during the experiment.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Tobii Studio v.3.2</td><td>Tobii</td><td></td><td>Eye-tracking data collection and analysis software</td></tr><tr><td>Analyzer 2</td><td>Brainvision</td><td></td><td>EEG signal processing software</td></tr><tr><td>Acqknowledge v.4.0</td><td>Biopac</td><td>ACK100M</td><td>Physiological signal acquisition and processing software</td></tr><tr><td>Control III germicide solution</td><td>Maril Products.</td><td>10002REVA-20002-1</td><td>Disinfectant solution used with EEG helmets : recommended by EGI</td></tr><tr><td>Unipark</td><td>QuestBack AG</td><td></td><td>Online survey environment</td></tr></tbody></table>

assessing the multiple dimensions of engagement to characterize learning: a neurophysiological perspective

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: behavioral, emotional and cognitive. They observed that individual types of engagement had not been studied in conjunction, and little information was available about interactions or synergy between the dimensions; consequently, more studies would contribute to creating finely tuned teaching interventions. Benefiting from the recent technological advances in neurosciences, this paper presents a recently developed methodology to gather and synchronize data on multidimensional engagement during learning tasks. The technique involves the collection of (a) electroencephalography, (b) electrodermal, (c) eye-tracking, and (d) facial emotion recognition data on four different computers. This led to synchronization issues for data collected from multiple sources. Post synchronization in specialized integration software gives researchers a better understanding of the dynamics between the multiple dimensions of engagement. For curriculum developers, these data could provide informed guidelines for achieving better instruction/learning efficiency. This technique also opens up possibilities in the field of brain-computer interactions, where adaptive learning or assessment environments could be developed.

<html>行動解析ソフトウェアアプリケーションの統合や、行動の感情や認知的関与のデータの同期の結果の2及び図3のスクリーンショットを図 。両方の図において、左側のセクションには、研究対象と符号化方式を開催しています。中間部では、（赤い点で）ビデオは、タスク中の被験者の視線を示しています。被験者の行動の婚約は、彼/彼女がタスクとどのような?...

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Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners&#8217; engagement during a task.

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

In a recent theoretical synthesis on the concept of engagement, Fredricks, Blumenfeld and Paris1 defined engagement by its multiple dimensions: ...

assessing-multiple-dimensions-engagement-to-characterize-learning

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

12.4K ビュー.  Université du Québec à Montréal. This paper aims to describe the techniques involved in the collection and synchronization of the multiple dimensions (behavioral, affective and cognitive) of learners’ engagement during a task. 

ビデオ: Assessing the Multiple Dimensions of Engagement to Characterize Learning: A Neurophysiological Perspective

Study Motor Skill Learning by Single-pellet Reaching Tasks in Mice

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and retrieve food rewards positioned at a specific location, their motor performance (defined as accuracy and speed) improves progressively over time, and plateaus after persistent training. Once such reaching skill is mastered, its further maintenance does not require constant practice. Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task to study the acquisition and maintenance of skilled forelimb movements in mice. In this video, we first describe the behaviors of mice that are commonly encountered in this learning and memory paradigm, and then discuss how to categorize these behaviors and quantify the observed results. Combined with mouse genetics, this paradigm can be utilized as a behavioral platform to explore the anatomical underpinnings, physiological properties, and molecular mechanisms of learning and memory.

Persistent practice improves the precision of coordinated movements.&#160;Here we introduce a single-pellet reaching task, which is designed to assess the learning and memory of forelimb skill in mice.&#160;

マウスのシングル·ペレット到達タスクで学ぶ学習運動スキル

Reaching for and retrieving objects require precise and coordinated motor movements in the forelimb. When mice are repeatedly trained to grasp and ...

行動学

Perspectives on Neuroscience

As usual, the main cause for progress in natural sciences are methodological developments. Of course, conceptual developments follow and go in parallel, but I think the, the tremendous expansion of the field of neurosciences was triggered by a number of methodological breakthroughs at the lowest level. These were the progresses in the domain of molecular biology, genetic engineering, which provided model systems for the study of development for the study of certain diseases.These techniques also provided extremely valuable tools for the biochemical and molecular identification of neurons. We learned about a degree of diversification of morphologically seemingly identical neurons that are endowed with different molecular machineries. All this we owe to the development of molecular biology.A second important factor I think was the development of non-invasive imaging technologies. cause this allowed us to transfer a large number of concepts that have been developed in animal experimentation to investigations in human subjects. So this is the functional magnetic resonance imaging pository emission tomography.Also the introduction of the magneto ence holography, which allowed for much better spatial resolution for the analysis of electric activity in the brain led to a substantial expansion in the field. Then I think a non negligible factor was the availability, increasing availability of of massive computer power because as neurobiology started to apply multi-site recording techniques, which I consider essential for the analysis of neuron network properties, the data became increasingly complex and it became increasingly impossible to just evaluate the data by looking at them as in the classical times when I started in the field, there were no computers. We had to do cross correlation analysis by cutting long strips of paper and moving them over the floor.So the availability of of computing power has greatly advanced at least systems physiology. I think it had a major impact on these developments. And then last but not least, the availability of these computer facilities allowed us also to treat properties of neuronal networks at a theoretical level.The dynamics exhibited by neuronal networks are so complex that only modeling studies and theoretical approaches put us in a position to formulate educated hypothesis. Also, for the search of neuronal codes, we cannot proceed without these search tools. So I think altogether these methodological developments were responsible for the great expansion of the neurosciences, which I think is unprecedented in any Scientific discipline.As far as my own Research is concerned, there are two parts in my biography. Initially I studied developmental processes in the brain. I was particularly interested in developmental processes that are shaped by experience postnatally.And the rationale for this approach was that I felt that the organization of the mature brain is so complex that we better study the developmental principles and try to make sense out of them and try to extrapolate what these developmental processes will eventually lead to. But then an accidental finding that actually happened in this very laboratory where we are sitting changed my life because I discovered inadvertently that neurons in the primary visual cortex of kittens that were awake actually sitting on the table behind me watching a drifting grating, got entrained into highly synchronous oscillatory activity that I could not attribute neither to degrading to the stimulus nor to the main switch in Germany are 50 cycles because it was an oscillation in the 40 hertz range. And so for the first time I saw that spatially distributed neurons could coordinate their activity with very high precision in the millisecond range over fairly large distances.And this triggered the idea that maybe time is used as a coding space for the coordination of distributed neuronal responses. And I found this option so interesting that I decided to neglect the so much beloved field of developmental neurobiology and invest most of our efforts into the further analysis of this phenomenon. And this is now nearly 15 years ago or more.And since then we spent most of our time with multi-site recordings and the search for spatial temporal patents in distributed neural networks because it is our firm belief that information is not only encoded in the discharge rate of neurons as is classically assumed and confirmed, but that additional information is encoded in the precise temporary relations among the individual discharges of neurons whereby zero phase lake correlations. So precise coincidence is probably only the tip of the iceberg. But an important tip because synchronous activity is particularly interesting in neuronal networks because it propagates very easily synchronizing responses is a means to enhance the saliency of neuronal responses with great temporal position.It can be done on a spike by spike basis. And the initial hypothesis was that this synchronization is used at peripheral stages of sensory processing in order to establish relations between features that are processed by spatially distributed neurons. Since then, many more labs have engaged in search for the synchronization phenomena.It started I think in Europe with colleagues like RI who applied EEG techniques to assess synchronous oscillatory activity in the brain and relate these activities to cognitive functions. And since then the the role of oscillations and synchrony has been discussed in a very controversial way. Initial doubts that this phenomenon might exist, it all have now been countered I think, and we are now all engaged in the search for functional consequences.And there is a whole plethora of hypothesis of what that could mean. Does the accumulation Of this vast amount of data that we are confronted with nowadays and that we have very great difficulties to cope with reflect true progress. It certainly does reflect progress because we get to know more and more facts and details about the organization of neurons, neuron networks and the brain as a whole.And this is a necessary consequence of the classical analytical approaches that are applied in the natural sciences. One isolates a subsystem and then describes it in ever greater detail. But this is only one half of the scientific endeavor.What we also need is the inductive strategy. This the synthesis of all those data. And what we are now confronted with is that we have a huge amount of words.We have a tremendous vocabulary that is difficult to remember, but we are lacking the syntax to put those words together into meaningful sentences in many domains. This is the case in particular in systems neuroscience. Therefore we need, I think more theory because conditions have become so complex that near verbal descriptions are probably no longer sufficient to grasp or to accomplish this, this synthetic process.We need formal descriptions, we need analysis tools that allow us to generate models and this requires very powerful computations. And then we need of course synthetic thinkers. That's probably the the most important ingredient in the moment.People who can bundle a large amount of details into meaningful hypothesis or concepts. Now one can of course foster this process by providing the appropriate environment and worldwide one sees efforts to provide such environments by generating institutions that are usually called Institute for Computational Neuroscience or Institute for Theoretical Neuroscience. For the time being, many of these places are still existing in two great in isolation and are not sufficiently linked to experimental institutions.Ideally one would have, one would like to see a very close cooperation between theoreticians and experimentalists, as has been so fruitful in physics where theoretical physicists and experimental physicists very closely collaborate freely, exchange data ideas and do this without jealousy, which is still not the case in our field. But I think biology is now approaching a threshold where it is mature enough to support theoretical approaches in a meaningful way. And here in Frankfurt, we have founded the Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies exactly for that purpose because I experienced that physicists and mathematicians, theoreticians in general when embedded in the experimental institute, they tend to to be marginalized.They don't have enough colleagues to talk to because biologists usually are not trained in their language. And so the idea was let's create an institute in which several model systems, biological model systems that have in common to be multi-component systems that are tightly coupled like the moon system or the brain are studied by theoreticians, hoping that these theoreticians might discover common principles in these complex self-organizing systems and that they can share analytical tools, can share tools for model building. And I think it worked out because within about a year this institute grew from zero to 120 scientists.And the special structure of this institute, which is not surprising to colleagues in America, but this is quite exceptional in Europe, is that this institute is funded exclusively by donors private funds. It is not a university institute, it is linked to the university in Frankfurt, but it is finance in a different way for the simple reason that it was impossible to install such an interdisciplinary enterprise within the conventional faculties because what happens there is truly I the disciplinary, it crosses faculties and they seem to be realizable only by having a erect and an own building and gather people who come from very different disciplines under the same roof. Even though those Terms have been taken from physical systems initially, they still grasp some of the characteristics of of of the brain because the brain clearly is a self-organizing system.There's no conductor in the brain to coordinate all the distributed processes. The brain develops in a self organizing way through interaction between genes and environment. There is no instructor, there is no blueprint, a priori.And finally the term applies very well to what we observe in complex systems all the time, namely that complex systems tend to exhibit properties that cannot be described or inferred from the properties of the components. And the brain is a particularly nice example for this fact, which we know from all complex systems there's nothing special about the brain. Something that is special about the brain is that we have on the one side material processes, neuron interactions that can be described from a third person perspective as any other process in our environment.And that emergence from these neuronal interactions are mental phenomena, psychological phenomena such as emotions, thoughts, decisions. So there are realities which I would like to address as social realities which emerge or come into being by the interaction between brains that communicate with each other, mirror each other, ascribe properties to each other, could replace brains by persons, doesn't really matter because what makes the person is finally the brain in its in its bodily setting and due to these interactions phenomena emerge that are to be taken as real phenomena, they are realities, but they have to be described in a different language as the phenomena that bring them forth that are at their origin, namely neuronal interactions. And therefore I think that this is a classical case of emergence where something new is generated by a complex system, nobody would ever be able to infer from the knowledge, complete knowledge of neurons, and even from complete knowledge of neuron networks, that they are capable of developing value systems when they interact With each other.I think the main Problem in our efforts to repair brains, apart from the fact that neurons do not easily regenerate in the central nervous system, they don't like to extend processes once they are severed for reasons that we do not know. Maybe there was no Evo evolutionary pressure on the development of such mechanisms because brain damage that really leads to cell death in in a large scale was usually not compatible with survival. The great problem in restoring neuron networks that have been damaged is that it is difficult to recapitulate the developmental process.The mature brain is characterized by an extremely sophisticated circuitry that has developed step by step in a complex self-organizing process, guided by the dialogue between the genes and the increasingly more differentiated cellular environment that changes throughout development. And this process is a essentially bottom up process. Peripheral structures mature first, then they go through critical periods and the connectivity becomes fixed so that the, the higher stages can rely upon what has already been built and then they organize themselves as a function of what's already there.And this process goes on in human beings until age 20 and then the circuitry crystallizes and then we have to live with the brains that we have got at that point of time. There's further modification by learning and neuroplasticity, but this is limited. Now if one were to replace neurons at higher levels of processing, for example, by injection of stem cells or so these neurons we know already, they can differentiate, they the precursors can become neurons, but the problem is will they find the partners with which they have to interact?Will the information still be there That was available during development that guided the axon growth, that guided the formation of specific connections. And we know that to, to a large extent, this information is no longer available because the genes that one needs in order to express the necessary marker molecules, they get switched off once development comes to an end. And what is probably necessary is that one not only supplies cells that can differentiate into neurons and of course also ggl cells, but that one also switches on or helps the organism to switch on the genes that have been active during the developmental process that lead to the expression of all the molecular machinery that is required to tell the cells with whom they should connect, where they should connect.And what of course cannot be reinstalled easily is all the idiosyncratic wiring and the adjustment of synaptic game that is due to learning processes. The newly integrated neurons will of course have no souvenir, no recollection of the experience that has been imprinted into the morphology and the structure and the function of neurons that have disappeared. So there are certain limits to the ability to restore.And as we realize in the moment, there are certain places in the brain where this seems to pose less of a problem because nature has foreseen lifelong regeneration of neurons and apparently kept the machinery alive that is needed in order to promote this ongoing regeneration and insertion of neurons as in hippocampus and in the olfactory bulb. But the other structures where this is probably causing great problems, the first replacements that have been attempted and have had certain success even though it was not satisfactory yet, where the modulatory systems where topological specificity is not that much a problem. These systems are functioning more like endocrine or paracrine systems that liberate certain transmitters that are required in order to keep a certain tous of excitability.These systems are more easily replaceable because specificity is less of a problem, but the future will show how far we get there. Certainly very promising approaches in reinstalling oxon outgrowth in several spinal cords by inhibiting factors that inhibit outgrowth in the adult and by activating mechanisms that come to action during development and promote outgrowth. There are encouraging successes in this field, but one should also consider very seriously the option of neuronal prosthetics to record neuronal activity from places where it is still available and then through mechanical devices and computer interfaces activate actors that can translate this activity into action for the motor system.Or conversely, on the sensory side, cochlear implants already work admirably well. There are now attempts to develop retinal implants in order to reinstall rudimentary visual functions in people who have retinal degeneration. There's also a very promising option to insert light gated iron channels into retinal cells so that cells that are normally not light sensitive, which are the ganglion cells for example, or the bipolar cells become light sensitive so that one could in principle reins store some function that is lost when photoreceptors degenerate by simply transferring light sensitivity to second or third order neurons.This is already possible in animal experimentation. It might be another promising avenue to pursue. I think Europe has a very strong tradition in the development of concepts end of 19th century helm those seminal figures who have provided the grounds for later experimental neurobiology to some extent.They also are the grand grandfathers of a substantial number of systems physiologists who have been active in Europe. I think there is a good tradition in systems neuroscience in Europe has always been in the times when, when linear systems theory was still at its peak cybernetics, as it was called Europe, had a few very strong exponents such as rehad for example. Then the, there was something like, not iconic turn, but the molecular turn in Europe as well as anywhere else, molecular biology took over and replaced many of the systems oriented approaches.Partly because initially it had been cheaper than to work with whole animals, partly because non-invasive technology was not available and one couldn't do certain things in animals, which can now be done in human subjects. But I think there's a strong renaissance in systems physiology even though in Europe we have to fight a hard battle against animal protectionists concerning primary research, this is a real critical issue. The labs that can, they still get the license to work with primates become less and less and those who still have the license.This is the case with us where we have, we are exposed very much to public critique, but still systems neuroscience is having a renaissance. And I think there are good reasons for that because we will need it more and more in order to make sense out of the plethora of data that are collected by the properties of neurons and small circuits. And these data can only be integrated if we have concepts derived from systems neuroscience on the nature of the neuronal code, on the cooperation of areas in the brain, on global coordination of processes, on distributed processing.All those questions are heatedly debated in the moment and we just need more experiments along those lines. And I think Europe is not in a bad position to do this. Israel as well, one should not forget the contribution, also conceptual contribution of our colleagues in Israel, which is substantial.

神経科学の展望

生物学

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the necessary equipment is now available by several commercial companies. This protocol provides a detailed description of a two-way shuttle-box avoidance learning paradigm in rodents (here Mongolian gerbils; Meriones unguiculatus) in combination with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical electrophysiological in vivo recordings. The detailed protocol is applicable to study multiple aspects of learning behavior and perception in different rodent species.
Site-specific ICMS of auditory cortical circuits as conditioned stimuli here is used as a tool to test the perceptual relevance of specific afferent, efferent and intracortical connections. Distinct activation patterns can be evoked by using different stimulation electrode arrays for local, layer-dependent ICMS or distant ICMS sites. Utilizing behavioral signal detection analysis it can be determined which stimulation strategy is most effective for eliciting a behaviorally detectable and salient signal. Further, parallel multichannel-recordings using different electrode designs (surface electrodes, depth electrodes, etc.) allow for investigating neuronal observables over the time course of such learning processes. It will be discussed how changes of the behavioral design can increase the cognitive complexity (e.g. detection, discrimination, reversal learning).

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is well-established in behavioral neuroscience. This protocol describes how shuttle-box learning in rodents can be combined with site-specific electrical intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) and simultaneous chronical in vivo recordings as a tool to study multiple aspects of learning and perception.

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールと​​しての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Measuring Statistical Learning Across Modalities and Domains in School-Aged Children Via an Online Platform and Neuroimaging Techniques

Statistical learning, a fundamental skill to extract regularities in the environment, is often considered a core supporting mechanism of the first language development. While many studies of statistical learning are conducted within a single domain or modality, recent evidence suggests that this skill may differ based on the context in which the stimuli are presented. In addition, few studies investigate learning as it unfolds in real-time, rather focusing on the outcome of learning. In this protocol, we describe an approach for identifying the cognitive and neural basis of statistical learning, within an individual, across domains (linguistic vs. non-linguistic) and sensory modalities (visual and auditory). The tasks are designed to cast as little cognitive demand as possible on participants, making it ideal for young school-aged children and special populations. The web-based nature of the behavioral tasks offers a unique opportunity for us to reach more representative populations nationwide, to estimate effect sizes with greater precision, and to contribute to open and reproducible research. The neural measures provided by the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task can inform researchers about the neural mechanisms engaged during statistical learning, and how these may differ across individuals on the basis of domain or modality. Finally, both tasks allow for the measurement of real-time learning, as changes in reaction time to a target stimulus is tracked across the exposure period. The main limitation of using this protocol relates to the hour-long duration of the experiment. Children might need to complete all four statistical learning tasks in multiple sittings. Therefore, the web-based platform is designed with this limitation in mind so that tasks may be disseminated individually. This methodology will allow users to investigate how the process of statistical learning unfolds across and within domains and modalities in children from different developmental backgrounds.

Presented here is a protocol introducing a set of child-friendly statistical learning tasks geared towards examining children&#8217;s learning of temporal statistical patterns across domains and sensory modalities. The developed tasks collect behavioral data using the web-based platform and task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data for examining neural engagement during statistical learning.

オンラインプラットフォームとニューロイメージング技術を用いた学齢期の子どものモダリティとドメイン間の統計的学習の測定

Statistical learning, a fundamental skill to extract regularities in the environment, is often considered a core supporting mechanism of the first ...

神経科学

Inter-Brain Synchrony in Open-Ended Collaborative Learning: An fNIRS-Hyperscanning Study

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the concurrent brain activity of two or more interactive individuals with a novel index called inter-brain synchrony (IBS) (i.e., phase and/or amplitude alignment of the neuronal or hemodynamic signals across time). A protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is presented here. Further, a pipeline of analyzing IBS of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signal is explained. Specifically, the experimental design, the process of NIRS data recording, data analysis methods, and future directions are all discussed. Overall, implementing a standardized fNIRS hyperscanning pipeline is a fundamental part of second-person neuroscience. Also, this is in line with the call for open-science to aid the reproducibility of research.

The protocol for conducting fNIRS hyperscanning experiments on collaborative learning dyads in a naturalistic learning environment is outlined. Further, a pipeline to analyze the Inter-Brain Synchrony (IBS) of oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) signals is presented.

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

fNIRS hyperscanning is widely used to detect the neurobiological underpinnings of social interaction. With this technique, researchers qualify the ...

Assessing Corticospinal Excitability During Goal-Directed Reaching Behavior

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral manipulations, there remain significant gaps in the understanding of the neural processes involved in reach planning, execution, and control. The novel approach described here combines a two-dimensional reaching task with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and concurrent electromyography (EMG) recording from multiple muscles. This method allows for the noninvasive detection of corticospinal activity at precise time points during the unfolding of reaching movements. The example task code includes a delayed response reaching task with two possible targets displayed &#177; 45&#176; off the midline. Single pulse TMS is delivered on the majority of task trials, either at the onset of the preparatory cue (baseline) or 100 ms prior to the imperative cue (delay). This sample design is suitable for investigating changes in corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The sample code also includes a visuomotor perturbation (i.e., cursor rotation of &#177; 20&#176;) to investigate the effects of adaptation on corticospinal excitability during reach preparation. The task parameters and TMS delivery can be adjusted to address specific hypotheses about the state of the motor system during reaching behavior. In the initial implementation, motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were successfully elicited on 83% of TMS trials, and reach trajectories were recorded on all trials.

Reaching is a fundamental skill that allows humans to interact with the environment. Several studies have aimed to characterize reaching behavior using a variety of methodologies. This paper offers an open-source application of transcranial magnetic stimulation to assess the state of corticospinal excitability in humans during reaching task performance.

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

Reaching is a widely studied behavior in motor physiology and neuroscience research. While reaching has been examined using a variety of behavioral ...

An Introduction to Learning and Memory

Learning is the process of acquiring new information and memory is the retention or storage of that information. Different types of learning, such as non-associative and associative learning, and different types of memory, such as long-term and short-term memory, have been associated with human behaviors. Studying these components in detail helps behavioral scientists understand the neural mechanisms behind these two complex phenomena.
JoVE's overview on learning and memory introduces common terminologies and a brief outline of concepts in this field. Then, key questions asked by behavioral scientists and prominent tools such as fear conditioning and fMRI are discussed. Finally, actual experiments dealing with aging, eradication of traumatic memories, and improvising learning are reviewed.

Learning and Memory: Types; Behavioral Tests &amp; Techniques

学習と記憶の概要

Learning is the process of acquiring new information and memory is the retention or storage of that information. Different types of learning, such as ...

Education

JoVE Science Education

心理学

行動科学

An Introduction to Neurophysiology

Neurophysiology is broadly defined as the study of nervous system function. In this field, scientists investigate the central and peripheral nervous systems at the level of whole organs, cellular networks, single cells, or even subcellular compartments. A unifying feature of this wide-ranging discipline is an interest in the mechanisms that lead to the generation and propagation of electrical impulses within and between neurons. This subject is important not only for our understanding of the fascinating processes driving human thought, but also for our ability to diagnose and treat disorders related to nervous system malfunction. This video will provide an introduction to the field of neurophysiology, beginning with a brief history of neurophysiological research that showcases landmark studies like Galvani&#8217;s observations of twitching frog legs and Eccles&#8217;s discovery of the chemical synapse. Next, key questions asked by neurophysiologists are introduced, followed by an overview of some prominent experimental tools used to answer those questions. The methods presented range from techniques used to investigate single cells, like patch clamping, to those that can measure activity across large regions of the brain, like electroencephalography (EEG). Finally, applications of neurophysiological research are discussed, including the development of brain-machine interfaces that allow for device control using thought.

Introduction to Neurophysiology: Methods &amp; Applications

神経生理学入門

 Neurophysiology is broadly defined as the study of nervous system function. In this field, scientists investigate the central and peripheral nervous ...

高等生物学

Perspectives on Neuropsychology

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212; University of Southern California
Neuropsychology is a complex field, as it investigates how mental processes are executed in the brain&#8212;events that integrate concepts from biochemistry, biology, psychology, and neuroscience. Although the multidisciplinary nature of neuropsychology prepares young learners for a variety of careers, it also poses a challenge in that it forces students to study concepts outside of their comfort zone. For example, a psychology major may have difficulty grasping neuroanatomy&#8212;a challenging topic in itself&#8212;given that the brain is a complicated, three-dimensional organ that is typically represented two-dimensionally in textbooks.
This JoVE collection in Neuropsychology introduces major concepts and methods in the field, and showcases how advances in imaging technology have allowed us to look inside the brain and visualize its structure and function. Importantly, these videos are also meant to reassure students that you don&#8217;t need to be an expert in all aspects of neuropsychology to understand how the brain shapes our experiences, behaviors, and social interactions in everyday life. For instance, the video "Decision-making and the Iowa Gambling Task" explores how damage to a specific region of the brain can affect an individual&#8217;s proclivity for risky decisions, like stealing.
These JoVE videos in Neuropsychology provide the perfect introduction to this complex topic, and also explore some of the potential, exciting future directions in this field. With further advances in technology, one day researchers might even be able to visualize dynamic changes in a person&#8217;s brain outside of a laboratory setting&#8212;for example, when they are sitting in a classroom listening to a lecture on neuropsychology.

神経心理学の視点

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212; University of Southern California
Neuropsychology is a complex field, as it ...

神経心理学

Perspectives on Cognitive Psychology

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University

As an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins University, I teach Introduction to Cognitive Psychology. This large class primarily consists of freshman and sophomores majoring in related fields, like Psychology, Neuroscience, or Cognitive Science. One of the challenges I face in the classroom is teaching students to appreciate how data are obtained in the process of performing experiments. Students have difficulty in appreciating the chronology of experiments as they unfold in time.
This JoVE collection in Cognitive Psychology makes the experimental timeline absolutely clear and encourages students to understand the trajectory and not just jump to conclusions. The videos also present experiments as paradigms&#8212;to illustrate how researchers can implement tasks in different ways&#8212;depending on the questions at hand. Most of these questions translate to the real world and the limits of our cognition. For example, the video Measuring Verbal Working Memory Span demonstrates our limited memory capacity, which explains the difficulty in remembering long shopping lists.
These JoVE videos in Cognitive Psychology provide a perfect place for instructors to start if they are interested in demonstrating tasks in class. Better yet, the videos can be used to get students involved&#8212;to execute the procedures and to even be the participants. Thus, the collection perfectly introduces lab components to a Psychology class.

認知心理学の視点

Source: Laboratory of Jonathan Flombaum&#8212;Johns Hopkins University

As an Assistant Professor of Psychology and Cognitive Science at Johns Hopkins ...

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスのシングル·ペレット到達タスクで学ぶ学習運動スキル

神経科学の展望

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールとしての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング

オンラインプラットフォームとニューロイメージング技術を用いた学齢期の子どものモダリティとドメイン間の統計的学習の測定

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

学習と記憶の概要

神経生理学入門

神経心理学の視点

認知心理学の視点

神経生理学の視点：学習を特徴づけるために、エンゲージメントの複数の次元を評価します

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

マウスのシングル·ペレット到達タスクで学ぶ学習運動スキル

神経科学の展望

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールと​​しての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング

オンラインプラットフォームとニューロイメージング技術を用いた学齢期の子どものモダリティとドメイン間の統計的学習の測定

オープンエンド共同学習における脳間同期:fNIRS-ハイパースキャン研究

目標指向到達行動中の皮質脊髄興奮性の評価

学習と記憶の概要

神経生理学入門

神経心理学の視点

認知心理学の視点

知覚と学習を研究するためのツールとしての電気生理学的皮質の記録と刺激と組み合わせたシャトル・ボックストレーニング