マークノードホフは、配管接続部の設計と実装を支援します。エレン・シュトルーヴェが使用される機器を選択して取得するのに役立ちました。

<ol>
	<li>Lyons, T. W., Reinhard, C. T., Planavsky, N. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+rise+of+oxygen+in+Earth's+early+ocean+and+atmosphere.">The rise of oxygen in Earth's early ocean and atmosphere.</a> Nature. 506 (7488), 307-315 (2014).</li><li>Raymond, J., Blankenship, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origin+of+the+oxygen-evolving+complex.">The origin of the oxygen-evolving complex.</a> Coord. Chem. Rev. 252 (3-4), 377-383 (2008).</li><li>Kendall, B., Reinhard, C. T., Lyons, T., Kaufman, A. J., Poulton, S. W., Anbar, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pervasive+oxygenation+along+late+Archaean+ocean+margins.">Pervasive oxygenation along late Archaean ocean margins.</a> Nature Geosci. 3 (9), 647-652 (2010).</li><li>Olson, S. L., Kump, L. R., Kasting, J. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantifying+the+areal+extent+and+dissolved+oxygen+concentrations+of+Archean+oxygen+oases.">Quantifying the areal extent and dissolved oxygen concentrations of Archean oxygen oases.</a> Chem. Geol. 362 (1), 35-43 (2013).</li><li>Satkoski, A. M., Beukes, N. J., Li, W., Beard, B. L., Johnson, C. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+redox-stratified+ocean+3.2+billion+years+ago.">A redox-stratified ocean 3.2 billion years ago.</a> Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 430 (1), 43-53 (2015).</li><li>Holland, H. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oceans+-+Possible+Source+of+Iron+in+Iron-Formations.">Oceans - Possible Source of Iron in Iron-Formations.</a> Econ. Geol. 68 (7), 1169-1172 (1973).</li><li>Holland, H. D., Lazar, B., Mccaffrey, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evolution+of+the+Atmosphere+and+Oceans.">Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans.</a> Nature. 320 (6057), 27-33 (1986).</li><li>Klein, C., Beukes, N. J., Schopf, J. W., Klein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+distribution,+stratigraphy,+and+sedimentologic+setting,+and+geochemistry+of+Precambrian+iron-formations.">Time distribution, stratigraphy, and sedimentologic setting, and geochemistry of Precambrian iron-formations.</a> The Proterozoic Biosphere. , 139-146 (1992).</li><li>Poulton, S. W., Canfield, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ferruginous+Conditions:+A+Dominant+Feature+of+the+Ocean+through+Earth's+History.">Ferruginous Conditions: A Dominant Feature of the Ocean through Earth's History.</a> Elements. 7 (2), 107-112 (2011).</li><li>Busigny, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+isotopes+in+an+Archean+ocean+analogue.">Iron isotopes in an Archean ocean analogue.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 133, 443-462 (2014).</li><li>Crowe, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photoferrotrophs+thrive+in+an+Archean+Ocean+analogue.">Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue.</a> PNAS. 105 (41), 15938-15943 (2008).</li><li>Jones, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biogeochemistry+of+manganese+in+ferruginous+Lake+Matano,+Indonesia.">Biogeochemistry of manganese in ferruginous Lake Matano, Indonesia.</a> Biogeosciences. 8 (10), 2977-2991 (2011).</li><li>Lliros, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pelagic+photoferrotrophy+and+iron+cycling+in+a+modern+ferruginous+basin.">Pelagic photoferrotrophy and iron cycling in a modern ferruginous basin.</a> Sci. Rep. 5 (13803), (2015).</li><li>Koeksoy, E., Halama, M., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+modern+ferruginous+habitats+to+interpret+Precambrian+banded+iron+formation+deposition.">Using modern ferruginous habitats to interpret Precambrian banded iron formation deposition.</a> Int. J. Astrobiol. , 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Canfield, D. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+model+for+Proterozoic+ocean+chemistry.">A new model for Proterozoic ocean chemistry.</a> Nature. 396 (6710), 450-453 (1998).</li><li>Wu, W. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+the+physiology+and+cell-mineral+interactions+of+the+marine+anoxygenic+phototrophic+Fe(II)+oxidizer+Rhodovulum+iodosum+-+implications+for+Precambrian+Fe(II)+oxidation.">Characterization of the physiology and cell-mineral interactions of the marine anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II) oxidizer Rhodovulum iodosum - implications for Precambrian Fe(II) oxidation.</a> FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 88 (3), 503-515 (2014).</li><li>Hungate, R. E., Macy, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Roll-Tube+Method+for+Cultivation+of+Strict+Anaerobes.">The Roll-Tube Method for Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes.</a> Bull. Ecol. Res. Comm. 17 (1), 123-126 (1973).</li><li>Van Baalen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studies+on+marine+blue-green+algae.">Studies on marine blue-green algae.</a> Bot. mar. 4 (1-2), 129-139 (1962).</li><li>Sakamoto, T., Bryant, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Growth+at+low+temperature+causes+nitrogen+limitation+in+the+cyanobacterium+Synechococcus+sp.+PCC+7002.">Growth at low temperature causes nitrogen limitation in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002.</a> Arch. Microbiol. 169 (1), 10-19 (1998).</li><li>Swanner, E. D., Mloszewska, A. M., Cirpka, O. A., Schoenberg, R., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modulation+of+oxygen+production+in+Archaean+oceans+by+episodes+of+Fe(II)+toxicity.">Modulation of oxygen production in Archaean oceans by episodes of Fe(II) toxicity.</a> Nature Geosci. 8 (2), 126-130 (2015).</li><li>Stookey, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ferrozine+-+a+New+Spectrophotometric+Reagent+for+Iron.">Ferrozine - a New Spectrophotometric Reagent for Iron.</a> Anal. Chem. 42 (7), 779-784 (1970).</li><li>Fitch, M. W., Koros, W. J., Nolen, R. L., Carnes, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Permeation+of+Several+Gases+through+Elastomers,+with+Emphasis+on+the+Deuterium+Hydrogen+Pair.">Permeation of Several Gases through Elastomers, with Emphasis on the Deuterium Hydrogen Pair.</a> J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 47 (6), 1033-1046 (1993).</li><li>Smith, A. J. B., Beukes, N. J., Gutzmer, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Composition+and+Depositional+Environments+of+Mesoarchean+Iron+Formations+of+the+West+Rand+Group+of+the+Witwatersrand+Supergroup,+South+Africa.">The Composition and Depositional Environments of Mesoarchean Iron Formations of the West Rand Group of the Witwatersrand Supergroup, South Africa.</a> Econ. Geol. 108 (1), 111-134 (2013).</li><li>Johnson, C. M., Beard, B. L., Klein, C., Beukes, N. J., Roden, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Iron+isotopes+constrain+biologic+and+abiologic+processes+in+banded+iron+formation+genesis.">Iron isotopes constrain biologic and abiologic processes in banded iron formation genesis.</a> Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 72 (1), 151-169 (2008).</li><li>Krepski, S. T., Emerson, D., Hredzak-Showalter, P. L., Luther, G. W., Chan, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphology+of+biogenic+iron+oxides+records+microbial+physiology+and+environmental+conditions:+toward+interpreting+iron+microfossils.">Morphology of biogenic iron oxides records microbial physiology and environmental conditions: toward interpreting iron microfossils.</a> Geobiology. 11 (5), 457-471 (2013).</li><li>Posth, N. R., Konhauser, K. O., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbiological+processes+in+banded+iron+formation+deposition.">Microbiological processes in banded iron formation deposition.</a> Sedimentology. 60 (7), 1733-1754 (2013).</li><li>Maliva, R. G., Knoll, A. H., Simonson, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Secular+change+in+the+Precambrian+silica+cycle:+Insights+from+chert+petrology.">Secular change in the Precambrian silica cycle: Insights from chert petrology.</a> Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 117 (7-8), 835-845 (2005).</li><li>Kappler, A., Pasquero, C., Konhauser, K. O., Newman, D. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deposition+of+banded+iron+formations+by+anoxygenic+phototrophic+Fe(II)-oxidizing+bacteria.">Deposition of banded iron formations by anoxygenic phototrophic Fe(II)-oxidizing bacteria.</a> Geology. 33 (11), 865-868 (2005).</li><li>Krepski, S. T., Hanson, T. E., Chan, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+a+novel+biomineral+stalk-forming+iron-oxidizing+bacterium+from+a+circumneutral+groundwater+seep.">Isolation and characterization of a novel biomineral stalk-forming iron-oxidizing bacterium from a circumneutral groundwater seep.</a> Environ. Microbiol. 14 (7), 1671-1680 (2012).</li><li>Czaja, A. D., Johnson, C. M., Beard, B. L., Roden, E. E., Li, W. Q., Moorbath, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+Fe+oxidation+controlled+deposition+of+banded+iron+formation+in+the+ca.+3770+Ma+Isua+Supracrustal+Belt+(West+Greenland).">Biological Fe oxidation controlled deposition of banded iron formation in the ca. 3770 Ma Isua Supracrustal Belt (West Greenland).</a> Earth. Planet. Sci. Lett. 363 (1), 192-203 (2013).</li><li>Melton, E. D., Schmidt, C., Kappler, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microbial+iron(II)+oxidation+in+littoral+freshwater+lake+sediment:+the+potential+for+competition+between+phototrophic+vs.+nitrate-reducing+iron(II)-oxidizers.">Microbial iron(II) oxidation in littoral freshwater lake sediment: the potential for competition between phototrophic vs. nitrate-reducing iron(II)-oxidizers.</a> Front. Microbiol. 3 (197), 1-12 (2012).</li></ol>

著者らは、開示することは何もありません。

先カンブリア時代海洋における微生物群集はによって規制、またはそれらの活性の結果と支配的な地球化学的条件のように変更されました。 BIFの起源を解釈する際に、研究者は、一般的に堆積学またはBIFの地球化学、 例えば 、Smithら 23およびJohnsonら 24に基づいて、微生物の存在または活性を推測します。古代の環境への地球化学的類似体を持っている現...

先カンブリア時代（前4.6 0.541へGyの）雰囲気は、おそらく前に約2.4 Gyのでいわゆる「グレート酸化イベント」（GOE）でのステップ変化によって中断さ光合成生成された酸素（O 2）、の漸進的なビルドアップを経験し、再び大気Oなどの新原生代（1から0.541 Gyの前）で2は、現代のレベル1に近づきました。シアノバクテリアは酸素発生型光合成2のできる第一生物の進化の名残です。地球化学的証拠とモデリングの研究は、主に無酸素雰囲気3-5の下に海洋表層における局所酸素オアシスを生成し、シアノバクテリアまたは酸素発生型光合成や酸素発生光栄養生物の可能な生物のアクティブなコミュニティを保有中の浅い沿岸環境の役割をサポートしています。 鉄への先カンブリア時代ポイントを通して海水から縞状鉄鉱フォーメーションの堆積（のBIF）（II）（鉄（II））の主要な地球化学cとしてその堆積中に少なくとも局所的海水のonstituent、、。最大のBIFのいくつかは、大陸棚と斜面をオフ形成、深層水鉱床です。堆積したFeの量は、主に大陸（ すなわち 、風化）ソースとマスバランスの観点から互換性がありません。そのため、鉄の多くは苦鉄質や超苦海底地殻6の熱水変質から供給されている必要があります。鉄の速度の推定値は、沿岸環境の外側は、Fe（II）と一致している堆積湧昇7を介して表面の海に供給されます。 Feが湧昇流に輸送されるようにするために、縮小、移動体の形で存在していなければなりません - 鉄（II）として。 BIFに保存鉄の平均酸化状態は2.4 8であり、一般にBIFはFeが酸素によっておそらく、（II）の酸化された鉄の湧昇ときに形成される鉄（III）として寄託保つと考えられます。したがって、スロープenvironmeに沿ったポテンシャルのFe（II）酸化メカニズムを探索NTS BIFが形成された方法を理解することが重要です。また、海洋堆積物の洗練された地球化学的特徴付けは、Fe（II）は無酸素水柱に存在した含鉄条件は、先カンブリア紀を通じて海洋の持続的な特徴であった、とだけ時間と場所に制限されていない可能性があることを確認しましたここBIF 9を成膜しました。したがって、地球の歴史の少なくとも20億年の間、浅い海でのFe（II）とO 2との間のレドックスインターフェイスは、おそらく平凡でした。 多くの研究は、先カンブリア紀の海のさまざまな機能の化学的および/または生物学的な類似体である現代的なサイトを利用しています。良い例が光合成活性（シアノバクテリアによるものを含む）しながら、鉄（II）が10月13日に検出された太陽に照らされた地表水に安定して存在している含鉄湖です。これらの研究の結果は、無酸素/ FERに有酸素の地球化学と微生物特性への洞察を提供しますruginous chemocline。しかしながら、これらのサイトは、一般的に物理的にほとんど垂直ではなく湧昇システムで発生する化学インターフェースよりも、14を混合して層化され、先カンブリア時間4に最も酸素生成をサポートすると考えられています。 無酸素雰囲気下に海洋酸素オアシスの開発を探索するためのナチュラルアナログ、および太陽に照らされた表面水柱中のFe（II）に富む湧昇システムで、現代の地球では使用できません。したがって、含鉄湧昇ゾーンをシミュレートし、また、シアノバクテリアとphotoferrotrophsの成長をサポートすることができる実験室のシステムが必要とされています。微生物プロセスと理解を促進し、完全に古代の地球上の独特の生物地球化学的プロセスを理解するために、岩のレコードから得られた情報を補完することができる先カンブリア時代海水を表し湧昇水性媒体との相互作用の理解と識別。 </p&gt; そのために、実験室規模の列はその中のFe（II）に富む海水培地（中性pH）はカラムの底部に注入した設計された、と上から送り出さ。照明は上位3 cm単位でシアノバクテリアの成長を支え4センチメートルワイド」透光層」を作成するために、頂部に設けられました。自然環境は、一般的に塩分濃度や温度などの物理化学的勾配、によって層別化及び安定化されています。実験室規模での水カラムを安定化させるために、カラムシリンダが実験中に発生地球化学的パターンの確立を維持するのに役立った多孔質ガラスビーズマトリックスを充填しました。連続的なN 2 / CO 2ガス流はGOE 15の前に海の反射無酸素雰囲気を維持するために、カラムのヘッドスペースをフラッシュするために適用しました。鉄の一定のフラックス（II）が成立した後、シアノバクテリアは、列全体に接種し、そしてそのgrowtましたHは、サンプリングポートを介して除去したサンプルの細胞計数によってモニターしました。酸素は、列シリンダの内壁に酸素感受性オプトード箔を配置することによって、 その場でモニターし、測定は、カラムの外部からの光ファイバを用いて行きました。水性鉄スペシエーションは、深さ分解水平サンプリングポートからサンプルを除去することによって定量し、フェロジン法で分析しました。大気から分離して維持され、古代の水柱の実験室規模のアナログは、達成可能であること - 非生物対照実験と結果は概念実証を示しています。シアノバクテリアが成長し、酸素を生じ、およびFe（II）と酸素との反応を解決しました。海洋シアノバクテリアシネココッカス属を接種しながらここで、設計、準備、組み立て、実行、およびそのような列のサンプリングのための方法論は、カラムの84時間の実行から結果とともに、提示されています。 PCC 7002。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Widdel flask (5 L)</td>
			<td>Ochs</td>
			<td>110015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottles (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass pipettes (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>51714</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m Steritop filter unit (0.22&#160;&#181;m Polyethersulfone membrane)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>X337.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Luer Lock glass syringe, filled with cotton</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needles (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>433209</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>208094</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KBr</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3691</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Y310.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass wool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7377.2</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beads (&#248; 0.55 - 0.7&#160;mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>11079105</td>
			<td>biospec.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.2 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271024</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish, glass (&#248; 8.0 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>T939.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical oxygen sensor foil (for oxygen analysis, see below)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211; on request &#8211;</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (35 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock male = LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock female = LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (25 mm, 0.72 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (50 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665120</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.5 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201520</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>position: Luer Lock female connector part at C.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (120 mm, 0.7 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665643</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>STHC-C-500-4</td>
			<td>tekproducts.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock plastic cap (LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CT69.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (300 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C679.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (2 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>X716.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (30 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock 3-way connector (LLF, 2x LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6134</td>
			<td>cadenceinc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>SI-P8V151DB1US</td>
			<td>samsung.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristalic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>EW-78017-35</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pumping tubing (0.89 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EW-97628-26</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (200 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (400 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supel-Inert Foil (Tedlar - PFC) gas pack (10 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30240-U</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tube (30 mm, 6 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770300</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas-tight syringe (20 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen burner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic oxygen meter for oxygen quantification</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>TR-FB-10-01</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone glue for oxygen optodes</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>PS1</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria

いくつかの先カンブリア紀の縞状鉄鉱フォーメーション（BIF）の堆積のための従来の概念は先カンブリア紀海洋の熱水供給源からの第一鉄[鉄（II）]湧昇は、分子酸素によって酸化されたことを前提に進み、[O 2]シアノバクテリアによって生成さ。約2.4億年で前にグレート酸化イベント（GOE）に堆積最古のBIF、（グレイ）前、無酸素条件下での酸素非発生型のphotoferrotrophsによって、鉄（II）の直接酸化によって形成された可能性があります。異なる生物学的なシナリオの下で開発地球化学的および鉱物学的なパターンをテストするための方法として、我々は実験室規模でのリッチ海洋湧昇システム古代の海の代表的な無酸素のFe（II）をシミュレートするために、長さ40cmの垂直フロースルー列を設計しました。シリンダは、地球化学的勾配を安定化させるために多孔質ガラスビーズマトリックスを充填し、そして鉄定量のための液体試料は、水カラムを通して取ることができます。溶存酸素ました外部からオプトードを経由して非侵襲的に検出されました。下からのFe（II）の湧昇流束を関与生物実験、トップとは異なる光勾配、および水柱におけるシアノバクテリアの存在の結果、鉄の形成のためのショー明確な証拠（III）鉱物沈殿物とchemoclineの開発鉄（II）とO 2との間です。この列には、私たちがシミュレートされた海洋先カンブリア時代の条件の下で（と将来photoferrotrophsで）シアノバクテリアを培養したBIFの形成のための仮説をテストすることができます。浅海や湖底堆積物を含む - さらに私たちは列の概念は、様々な化学的および物理環境のシミュレーションを可能にすると仮定しました。

対照実験 非生物的対照実験（10日）は一貫して低い酸素濃度を示した（O 2 &lt;-profile湧昇水柱全体でのFe（II）に有意な変動には0.15mg / L）。 10日間の媒体貯蔵および440μMまで500μMから全体的な鉄（II）濃度がわずかに減少中の析出物の形成（おそらく鉄（III）（oxyhydr-）酸化物）は、ゴム製の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

私たちは、実験室規模の垂直フロースルーの列に先カンブリア時代含鉄海洋湧昇システムをシミュレートしました。目標は、O 2とFe（II）の方法地球化学的プロファイルを理解するシアノバクテリアの農産物O 2として進化しました。結果は、O 2を生成し、光合成によって、鉄（II）酸化にchemoclineの確立を示しています。

光合成細菌の増殖を探検する鉄（II）リッチ先カンブリア時代マリン湧昇システムの実験室でのシミュレーション

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

laboratory-simulation-an-iron-ii-rich-precambrian-marine-upwelling

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

11.7K ビュー.  University of Tuebingen. 私たちは、実験室規模の垂直フロースルーの列に先カンブリア時代含鉄海洋湧昇システムをシミュレートしました。目標は、O 2とFe（II）の方法地球化学的プロファイルを理解するシアノバクテリアの農産物O 2として進化しました。結果は、O 2を生成し、光合成によって、鉄（II）酸化にchemoclineの確立を示しています。 

ビデオ: Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.

海洋生物の組織からの二次代謝産物のAntipredatory活性を評価するために魚の供給研究所バイオアッセイ

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

環境学

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate reduction is used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove large concentrations of sulfate along with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals. The most common approach to the process is with anaerobic bioreactors in which sulfidogenic sludge is obtained through adaptation of predominantly methanogenic granular sludge to sulfidogenesis. This process may take a long time and does not always eliminate the competition for substrate due to the presence of methanogens in the sludge. In this work, we propose a novel approach to obtain sulfidogenic sludge in which hydrothermal vents sediments are the original source of microorganisms. The microbial community developed in the presence of sulfate and volatile fatty acids is wide enough to sustain sulfate reduction over a long period of time without exhibiting inhibition due to sulfide. 
This protocol describes the procedure to generate the sludge from the sediments in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) type of reactor. Furthermore, the protocol presents the procedure to demonstrate the capability of the sludge to remove by reductive dechlorination a model of a highly toxic organic pollutant such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The protocol is divided in three stages: (1) the formation of the sludge and the determination of its sulfate reducing activity in the UASB, (2) the experiment to remove the TCE by the sludge, and (3) the identification of microorganisms in the sludge after the TCE reduction. Although in this case the sediments were taken from a site located in Mexico, the generation of a sulfidogenic sludge by using this procedure may work if a different source of sediments is taken since marine sediments are a natural pool of microorganisms that may be enriched in sulfate reducing bacteria.

Microbial sulfate reduction is a process of great importance in environmental biotechnology. The success of the sulfidogenic reactors depends among other factors on the microbial composition of the sludge. Here, we present a protocol to develop sulfidogenic sludge from hydrothermal vents sediments in a UASB reactor for reductive dechlorination purposes.

上向流嫌気性スラッジブランケット炉内の海洋堆積物やトリクロロエチレンの削減からSulfidogenic汚泥の開発

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

Spotting Cheetahs: Identifying Individuals by Their Footprints

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges widely over sub-Saharan Africa and in parts of the Middle East. Cheetah conservationists face two major challenges, conflict with landowners over the killing of domestic livestock, and concern over range contraction. Understanding of the latter remains particularly poor2. Namibia is believed to support the largest number of cheetahs of any range country, around 30%, but estimates range from 2,9053 to 13,5204. The disparity is likely a result of the different techniques used in monitoring.
Current techniques, including invasive tagging with VHF or satellite/GPS collars, can be costly and unreliable. The footprint identification technique5 is a new tool accessible to both field scientists and also citizens with smartphones, who could potentially augment data collection. The footprint identification technique analyzes digital images of footprints captured according to a standardized protocol. Images are optimized and measured in data visualization software. Measurements of distances, angles, and areas of the footprint images are analyzed using a robust cross-validated pairwise discriminant analysis based on a customized model. The final output is in the form of a Ward's cluster dendrogram. A user-friendly graphic user interface (GUI) allows the user immediate access and clear interpretation of classification results.
The footprint identification technique algorithms are species specific because each species has a unique anatomy. The technique runs in a data visualization software, using its own scripting language (jsl) that can be customized for the footprint anatomy of any species. An initial classification algorithm is built from a training database of footprints from that species, collected from individuals of known identity. An algorithm derived from a cheetah of known identity is then able to classify free-ranging cheetahs of unknown identity. The footprint identification technique predicts individual cheetah identity with an accuracy of &gt;90%.

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is an iconic, endangered species, but conservation efforts are challenged by habitat shrinkage and conflict with commercial farmers. The footprint identification technique, a robust, accurate and cost-effective image classification system, is a new approach to monitoring cheetahs.

彼らの足跡によって識別個人：チータースポッティング

The cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) is Africa's most endangered large felid and listed as Vulnerable with a declining population trend by the IUCN1. It ranges ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP、のための改良INEX方法<em&gt;その場で</em&gt;微粒子と溶解した化合物の測定は、アクティブサスペンションフィーダによって処理します

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

海洋細菌の生態毒性学的方法<em&gt; Vibrio anguillarum</em&gt;環境汚染物質の急性毒性を評価する

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ammonia removal, nitrogen removal and algal growth are compared over an 8-week period in paired sets of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) reactors designed for algal remediation of landfill wastewater. Contents of the small and large scale reactors were mixed before the beginning of each weekly testing interval to maintain equivalent initial conditions across the two scales. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted to better equalize conditions occurring at both scales. During the short 8-week representative time period, starting ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.1-14 mg NH3-N/L, and 8.1-20.1 mg N/L, respectively. The performance of the treatment system was evaluated based on its ability to remove ammonia and total nitrogen and to produce algal biomass. Mean &#177; standard deviation of ammonia removal, total nitrogen removal and biomass growth rates were 0.95&#177;0.3 mg NH3-N/L/day, 0.89&#177;0.3 mg N/L/day, and 0.02&#177;0.03 g biomass/L/day, respectively. All vessels showed a positive relationship between the initial ammonia concentration and ammonia removal rate (R2=0.76). Comparison of process efficiencies and production values measured in reactors of different scale may be useful in determining if lab-scale experimental data is appropriate for prediction of commercial-scale production values.

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) scale reactors designed for algae remediation of landfill wastewater. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted based on application.

排水の藻類の修復のための光合成反応器システムにおけるスケールの比較

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell counts. Plant materials used include roots, sprouts, leaves, and cut fruits. The methods described are inexpensive, easy, and suitable for small sample sizes. Binding is measured in the laboratory and a variety of incubation media and conditions can be used. The effect of inhibitors can be determined. Situations that promote and inhibit binding can also be assessed. In some cases it is possible to distinguish whether various conditions alter binding primarily due to their effects on the plant or on the bacteria.

An easy method for measuring and characterizing bacterial adhesion to plants, particularly roots and sprouts, is described in this article.

植物実験室で測定した表面への細菌の付着

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

水中ステレオ ビデオのツールを使用して魚の密度を定量化する新方式の開発

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly relevant as a model for the studies of osmoregulatory mechanisms because of its extreme tolerance to low salinity. It is also widely used as a model of settling biology, in particular in relation to antifouling research. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae for studies. A protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus has been developed and a detailed description of all steps in the production line is outlined (i.e., the establishment of adult cultures on panels, the collection and rearing of barnacle larvae, and the administration of feed for adults and larvae). The description also provides guidance on troubleshooting and discusses critical parameters (e.g., the removal of contamination, the production of high-quality feed, the manpower needed, and the importance of high-quality seawater). Each batch from the culturing system maximally yields roughly 12,000 nauplii and can deliver four batches in a week, so up to almost 50,000 larvae per week can be produced. The method used to culture B. improvisus is, probably, to a large extent also applicable to other marine invertebrates with free-swimminglarvae. Protocols are presented for the dissection of various tissues from adults as well as the production of high-quality RNA for studies on gene expression. It is also described how cultured adults and reared cyprids can be utilized in a wide array of experimental designs for examining gene expression in relation to external factors. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression is illustrated with studies of possible osmoregulatory roles of Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins.

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is a model for studying osmoregulation and antifouling. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae. Here, a protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus is described, including the production of larvae. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression studies is illustrated.

海洋モデルとしてフジツボタテジマフジツボ improvisus培養と遺伝子発現

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...