马克诺德霍夫协助管道连接的设计和实施。艾伦司徒卢威帮助选择和购买二手设备。

<ol>
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作者什么都没有透露。

在寒武纪海洋微生物群落受到管制，或修改为，他们的活动的结果和当时的地球化学条件。在解释BIF的起源，研究人员推断一般微生物的基础上，沉积或BIF的地球化学特征， 例如 ，史密斯等人 23和约翰逊等人 24的存在或活动。现代生物在有地球化学类似物古环境现代环境的研究也是一个有价值的方法， 例如，克罗等人 11和Koeksoy 等<sup...

寒武纪（4.6到0.541戈瑞前）大气经历了光合作用产生的氧逐渐积聚（O 2），也许在所谓的"大氧化事件"（GOE）阶跃变化约2.4戈瑞打断以前，又在新元古代（1至0.541戈瑞前）作为大气中的O 2走近现代化水平1。蓝藻能够氧光合作用2的第一生物的进化残余。地球化学证据和模拟研究支持沿岸浅水环境中窝藏蓝藻或能够氧光合作用或含氧的光养生物的活跃的社区，产生以下主要缺氧气氛3-5海洋表面局部氧绿洲的作用。 条状铁层的海水整个寒武纪点的铁沉积（内建函数）（II）铁（Fe（II））作为一个主要的地球化学Ç海水onstituent，至少在当地，他们的沉积过程。一些最大的BIF都是深水沉积，形成了大陆架和斜坡。铁沉积量为与主要大陆（ 即 ，风化）源的质量平衡的观点来看是不相容的。因此，大部分的铁必须从镁铁质或铁质海底地壳6热液蚀变提供。铁的速率的估计沉积沿海环境的外侧是通过上升流7供给到海洋表面用铁（Ⅱ）相一致。为了使铁在上涌电流被输送，必须已存在于缩小，移动的形式 - 的Fe（Ⅱ）。在BIF保存铁的平均氧化态为2.4 8和它一般认为BIF保留铁沉积的Fe（Ⅲ），上升流的Fe时（II）被氧化，可能是由氧形成。因此，探索沿坡environme潜在的Fe（II）氧化机制NTS重要的是要了解BIF如何形成的。此外，海洋沉积物成品地球化学特征已经确定了铁质的条件，其中的Fe（II）是目前在缺氧水柱，是整个前寒武纪海洋的持续性特征，可能不被限于时间和地点其中，BIF沉积9。因此，至少有两个十亿多年的地球历史，在浅海的Fe（II）和O 2之间的氧化还原界面有可能司空见惯。 许多研究利用现代的网站，是前寒武纪海洋的不同功能的化学和/或生物类似物。一个很好的例子是铁锈色的湖泊，铁（II）是稳定的，并出现在阳光照射的地表水，而光合活性（包括蓝细菌）检测10-13。这些研究结果提供洞察到富氧到缺氧/ FER的地球化学和微生物的特性ruginous chemocline。然而，这些位点通常在物理上与小垂直混合14，而不是在一个上升流系统中发生的化学接口分层，并且被认为是支持最氧气生产前寒武纪时间4。 一个自然的模拟探索海洋的氧气绿洲发展的缺氧气氛下，并在阳光照射面水柱的Fe（II）丰富的上涌系统不可用现代的地球上。因此，需要能够模拟铁质上升流区并且还支持蓝藻和photoferrotrophs生长的实验室系统。代表前寒武纪海水的理解和微生物过程的识别及其与上涌水介质的互动促进了理解，并可以以充分了解古代地球上独特的生物地球化学过程补充从岩石记录获得的信息。 </p&gt; 为此目的，一个实验室规模的柱的目的是在其中的Fe（II）的富含海水培养基（pH为中性的）泵入塔的底部，并从顶部抽出。光照在顶部设置来创建支持蓝藻的生长在顶端3cm的宽4厘米"透光区"。天然环境通常分层，通过理化梯度，如盐度或温度稳定。为了稳定在一个实验室规模的水柱，塔筒中填充的多孔玻璃珠基质，有助于保持成立，实验过程中形成的地球化学模式。连续的 N 2 / CO 2气体流量施加到冲洗塔的顶部空间，以维持缺氧气氛反射之前GOE 15的海洋。 （II）Fe的恒定通量成立后，蓝藻在整个柱接种，和它们的growth的通过细胞计数通过取样口取出的样品进行监测。氧气是通过将氧敏感光极箔上柱筒和测量的内壁用的光纤从塔外进行原位监测。水溶液的Fe形态通过除去样本深度分辨水平取样端口量化并与铁试剂法进行分析。非生物控制实验，结果证明证明的概念 - ，古水柱实验室规模的模拟，从大气中分离保持，是可以实现的。蓝藻生长和产生的氧，和Fe（II）和氧之间的反应是可解析的。这里，对于设计，制备，装配，执行和这样的列的采样的方法被提出，以结果一起从塔84小时运行，同时用海洋蓝细菌聚球藻接种。 7002。

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			<td>Widdel flask (5 L)</td>
			<td>Ochs</td>
			<td>110015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
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			<td>Glass bottles (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
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			<td>Glass pipettes (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>51714</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
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			<td>0.22 &#181;m Steritop filter unit (0.22&#160;&#181;m Polyethersulfone membrane)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>X337.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
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			<td>Aluminum foil</td>
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			<td>Sterile Luer Lock glass syringe, filled with cotton</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
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			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needles (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
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			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>433209</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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			<td>MgSO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>208094</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C4901</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>NH4Cl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A9434</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P5655</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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			<td>KBr</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3691</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P9541</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
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			<td>Glass cylinder</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Y310.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
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			<td>Glass wool</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>7377.2</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
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			<td>Glass beads (&#248; 0.55 - 0.7&#160;mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>11079105</td>
			<td>biospec.com</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.2 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271024</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri Dish, glass (&#248; 8.0 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>T939.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optical oxygen sensor foil (for oxygen analysis, see below)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211; on request &#8211;</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (35 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock male = LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, luer lock female = LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (25 mm, 0.72 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (50 mm, 7 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770350</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201015</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 1.0 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665120</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock stainless steel needle (150 mm, 1.5 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>201520</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>position: Luer Lock female connector part at C.7</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polymers glue</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>OTTOSEAL S68</td>
			<td>adchem.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (120 mm, 0.7 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4665643</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tube clamp</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>STHC-C-500-4</td>
			<td>tekproducts.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock plastic cap (LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>CT69.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (5 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>Y682.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (300 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Shrink tubing (35 mm, 3 mm ID shrunk)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>541458 - 62</td>
			<td>conrad.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (10 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C680.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loose cotton&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 cm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless Steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock glass syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C679.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (&#248; 1.75 mm)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>271050</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel needle (40 mm, 0.8 mm ID)</td>
			<td>Sterican</td>
			<td>4657519</td>
			<td>bbraun.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (40 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass bottle (2 L)</td>
			<td>Rotilabo</td>
			<td>X716.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyl rubber stopper (for GL45)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>444704</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (50 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (30 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tubing (100 mm x 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>2600185</td>
			<td>newageindustries.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (1.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P334.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock 3-way connector (LLF, 2x LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>6134</td>
			<td>cadenceinc.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light source</td>
			<td>Samsung</td>
			<td>SI-P8V151DB1US</td>
			<td>samsung.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peristalic pump</td>
			<td>Ismatec</td>
			<td>EW-78017-35</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pumping tubing (0.89 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>EW-97628-26</td>
			<td>coleparmer.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (200 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56736</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel capillary (400 mm, 0.74 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>56737</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Supel-Inert Foil (Tedlar - PFC) gas pack (10 L)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>30240-U</td>
			<td>sigmaaldrich.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubber tube (30 mm, 6 mm ID)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>770300</td>
			<td>labor-ochs.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLM)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P343.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Luer Lock tube connector (3.0 mm, LLF)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>P335.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas-tight syringe (20 mL)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>C681.1</td>
			<td>carlroth.com</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bunsen burner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fiber optic oxygen meter for oxygen quantification</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>TR-FB-10-01</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum pump</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>&#8211;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone glue for oxygen optodes</td>
			<td>Presens</td>
			<td>PS1</td>
			<td>presens.de</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

laboratory simulation of an iron(ii)-rich precambrian marine upwelling system to explore the growth of photosynthetic bacteria

对于一些前寒武纪条状铁层（BIF）的沉积的常规概念上的假设进行了二价铁的[Fe（Ⅱ）〕从寒武纪海洋热液源上升流是由分子氧氧化[O 2]由蓝藻生产。最古老的BIF，在约2.4十亿年（戈瑞）前大氧化事件（GOE）之前沉积，可以通过铁（II）的直接氧化由缺氧条件下不产氧photoferrotrophs已经形成。至于测试，根据不同的生物情景发展地球化学和矿物学图案的方法，我们设计了一个长40厘米的垂直流过柱来模拟海洋富含系统上涌的代表远古海洋上的实验室规模缺氧的Fe（II） 。气缸中填充的多孔玻璃珠基质稳定地球化学梯度，以及铁定量的液体样品可以采取整个水柱。溶解氧检测非侵入性通过从外部光极。从从底部，从上一个独特的光梯度，以及在水体中蓝藻目前参与的Fe（II）的上涌通量生物实验，对铁的形成显示清晰证据的结果（III）矿物沉淀和chemocline发展铁之间（Ⅱ）和O 2。此列允许我们检验假设为通过模拟海洋前寒武纪的条件下培养蓝藻（和将来photoferrotrophs）形成的BIF的。此外，我们推测，我们的专栏概念允许各种化学和物理环境的模拟 - 包括浅海或湖泊沉积物。

对照实验 非生物控制实验（10天）表现出一致的低浓度的氧（O 2 &lt;0.15毫克/升）与铁（Ⅱ无显著波动）-profile整个涌水柱。析出物的形成（大概的Fe（III）（oxyhydr-）氧化物）在介质中贮存，并在整体的Fe（Ⅱ）浓度为500μM，以440μM的贯通连接的轻微下降超过10天表明一些氧气扩散橡胶制（ 例?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria at JoVE.com

Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

我们在实验室规模的垂直流通柱模拟了前寒武纪海洋铁质系统上涌。我们的目标是了解O 2和Fe（II）如何地球化学剖面演变为蓝藻产生O 2。结果表明，由于通过光合作用产生氧气的Fe（II）氧化建立chemocline的。

一个铁（II）的实验室模拟的前寒武纪富海洋上升流系统探索光合细菌生长

A conventional concept for the deposition of some Precambrian Banded Iron Formations (BIF) proceeds on the assumption that ferrous iron [Fe(II)] upwelling ...

laboratory-simulation-an-iron-ii-rich-precambrian-marine-upwelling

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Laboratory Simulation of an Iron(II)-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

11.7K 次观看.  University of Tuebingen. 我们在实验室规模的垂直流通柱模拟了前寒武纪海洋铁质系统上涌。我们的目标是了解O 2和Fe（II）如何地球化学剖面演变为蓝藻产生O 2。结果表明，由于通过光合作用产生氧气的Fe（II）氧化建立chemocline的。 

视频: Laboratory Simulation of an IronII-rich Precambrian Marine Upwelling System to Explore the Growth of Photosynthetic Bacteria

A Fish-feeding Laboratory Bioassay to Assess the Antipredatory Activity of Secondary Metabolites from the Tissues of Marine Organisms

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with the goal of examining the ecological functions of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. The result has been a progression of protocols that have increasingly refined the ecological relevance of the experimental approach. Here we present the most up-to-date version of a fish-feeding laboratory bioassay that enables investigators to assess the antipredatory activity of secondary metabolites from the tissues of marine organisms. Organic metabolites of all polarities are exhaustively extracted from the tissue of the target organism and reconstituted at natural concentrations in a nutritionally appropriate food matrix. Experimental food pellets are presented to a generalist predator in laboratory feeding assays to assess the antipredatory activity of the extract. The procedure described herein uses the bluehead, Thalassoma bifasciatum, to test the palatability of Caribbean marine invertebrates; however, the design may be readily adapted to other systems. Results obtained using this laboratory assay are an important prelude to field experiments that rely on the feeding responses of a full complement of potential predators. Additionally, this bioassay can be used to direct the isolation of feeding-deterrent metabolites through bioassay-guided fractionation. This feeding bioassay has advanced our understanding of the factors that control the distribution and abundance of marine invertebrates on Caribbean coral reefs and may inform investigations in diverse fields of inquiry, including pharmacology, biotechnology, and evolutionary ecology.

This bioassay employs a model predatory fish to assess the presence of feeding-deterrent metabolites from organic extracts of the tissues of marine organisms at natural concentrations using a nutritionally comparable food matrix.

了鱼喂食实验室生物测定，从海洋生物的组织评估次生代谢产物的Antipredatory活动

Marine chemical ecology is a young discipline, having emerged from the collaboration of natural products chemists and marine ecologists in the 1980s with ...

科研

环境科学

Development of Sulfidogenic Sludge from Marine Sediments and Trichloroethylene Reduction in an Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate reduction is used in industrial wastewater treatment to remove large concentrations of sulfate along with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and heavy metals. The most common approach to the process is with anaerobic bioreactors in which sulfidogenic sludge is obtained through adaptation of predominantly methanogenic granular sludge to sulfidogenesis. This process may take a long time and does not always eliminate the competition for substrate due to the presence of methanogens in the sludge. In this work, we propose a novel approach to obtain sulfidogenic sludge in which hydrothermal vents sediments are the original source of microorganisms. The microbial community developed in the presence of sulfate and volatile fatty acids is wide enough to sustain sulfate reduction over a long period of time without exhibiting inhibition due to sulfide. 
This protocol describes the procedure to generate the sludge from the sediments in an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) type of reactor. Furthermore, the protocol presents the procedure to demonstrate the capability of the sludge to remove by reductive dechlorination a model of a highly toxic organic pollutant such as trichloroethylene (TCE). The protocol is divided in three stages: (1) the formation of the sludge and the determination of its sulfate reducing activity in the UASB, (2) the experiment to remove the TCE by the sludge, and (3) the identification of microorganisms in the sludge after the TCE reduction. Although in this case the sediments were taken from a site located in Mexico, the generation of a sulfidogenic sludge by using this procedure may work if a different source of sediments is taken since marine sediments are a natural pool of microorganisms that may be enriched in sulfate reducing bacteria.

Microbial sulfate reduction is a process of great importance in environmental biotechnology. The success of the sulfidogenic reactors depends among other factors on the microbial composition of the sludge. Here, we present a protocol to develop sulfidogenic sludge from hydrothermal vents sediments in a UASB reactor for reductive dechlorination purposes.

Sulfidogenic污泥海洋沉积物和三氯乙烯减少在上流式厌氧污泥床反应器开发

The importance of microbial sulfate reduction relies on the various applications that it offers in environmental biotechnology. Engineered sulfate ...

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and detritus, and excreting particulate and dissolved compounds, they serve as important agents for benthic-pelagic coupling. Accurately measuring the compounds removed and excreted by suspension feeders (such as sponges, ascidians, polychaetes, bivalves) is crucial for the study of their physiology, metabolism, and feeding ecology, and is fundamental to determine the ecological relevance of the nutrient fluxes mediated by these organisms. However, the assessment of the rate by which suspension feeders process particulate and dissolved compounds in nature is restricted by the limitations of the currently available methodologies. Our goal was to develop a simple, reliable, and non-intrusive method that would allow clean and controlled water sampling from a specific point, such as the excurrent aperture of benthic suspension feeders, in situ. Our method allows simultaneous sampling of inhaled and exhaled water of the studied organism by using minute tubes installed on a custom-built manipulator device and carefully positioned inside the exhalant orifice of the sampled organism. Piercing a septum on the collecting vessel with a syringe needle attached to the distal end of each tube allows the external pressure to slowly force the sampled water into the vessel through the sampling tube. The slow and controlled sampling rate allows integrating the inherent patchiness in the water while ensuring contamination free sampling. We provide recommendations for the most suitable filtering devices, collection vessel, and storing procedures for the analyses of different particulate and dissolved compounds. The VacuSIP system offers a reliable method for the quantification of undisturbed suspension feeder metabolism in natural conditions that is cheap and easy to learn and apply to assess the physiology and functional role of filter feeders in different ecosystems.

VacuSIP, an Improved InEx Method for In Situ Measurement of Particulate and Dissolved Compounds Processed by Active Suspension Feeders

We introduce the VacuSIP, a simple, non-intrusive, and reliable method for clean and accurate point sampling of water. The system was developed and evaluated for the simultaneous collection of the water inhaled and exhaled by benthic suspension feeders in situ, to cleanly measure removal and excretion of particulate and dissolved compounds.

VacuSIP，对改进的方法INEX<em&gt;原位</em&gt;颗粒物与测量溶解的化合物加工后主动悬挂给料机

Benthic suspension feeders play essential roles in the functioning of marine ecosystems. By filtering large volumes of water, removing plankton and ...

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food webs. Toxicity testing based on microorganisms are widely used because they are relatively quick, reproducible, cheap, and are not associated with ethical issues. Here, we describe an ecotoxicological method to evaluate the biological response of the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method assesses the acute toxicity of chemical compounds, including new contaminants such as nanoparticles, as well as environmental samples. The endpoint is the reduction of bacterial culturability (i.e., the capability to replicate and form colonies) due to exposure to a toxicant. This reduction can be generally referred to as mortality. The test allows for the determination of the LC50, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease of bacteria actively replicating and forming colonies, after a 6 h exposure. The culturable bacteria are counted in terms of colony forming units (CFU), and the &#34;mortality&#34; is evaluated and compared to the control. In this work, the toxicity of copper sulphate (CuSO4) was evaluated. A clear dose-response relationship was observed, with a mean LC50 of 1.13 mg/L, after three independent tests. This protocol, compared to existing methods with microorganisms, is applicable in a wider range of salinity and has no limitations for colored/turbid samples. It uses saline solution as the exposure medium, avoiding any possible interferences of growth medium with the investigated contaminants. The LC50 calculation facilitates comparisons with other bioassays commonly applied to ecotoxicological assessments of the marine environment.

Ecotoxicological Method with Marine Bacteria Vibrio anguillarum to Evaluate the Acute Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants

This work describes a new protocol to assess the ecotoxicity of pollutants, including emerging contaminants such as nanomaterials, using the marine bacterium Vibrio anguillarum. This method allows for the determination of the LC50, or mortality, the concentration that causes a 50% decrease in bacteria culturability, after a 6 h exposure.

生物毒理学方法与海洋细菌<em&gt;鳗弧菌</em&gt;评估环境污染物的急性毒性

Bacteria are an important component of the ecosystem, and microbial community alterations can have a significant effect on biogeochemical cycling and food ...

Comparison of Scale in a Photosynthetic Reactor System for Algal Remediation of Wastewater

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ammonia removal, nitrogen removal and algal growth are compared over an 8-week period in paired sets of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) reactors designed for algal remediation of landfill wastewater. Contents of the small and large scale reactors were mixed before the beginning of each weekly testing interval to maintain equivalent initial conditions across the two scales. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted to better equalize conditions occurring at both scales. During the short 8-week representative time period, starting ammonia and total nitrogen concentrations ranged from 3.1-14 mg NH3-N/L, and 8.1-20.1 mg N/L, respectively. The performance of the treatment system was evaluated based on its ability to remove ammonia and total nitrogen and to produce algal biomass. Mean &#177; standard deviation of ammonia removal, total nitrogen removal and biomass growth rates were 0.95&#177;0.3 mg NH3-N/L/day, 0.89&#177;0.3 mg N/L/day, and 0.02&#177;0.03 g biomass/L/day, respectively. All vessels showed a positive relationship between the initial ammonia concentration and ammonia removal rate (R2=0.76). Comparison of process efficiencies and production values measured in reactors of different scale may be useful in determining if lab-scale experimental data is appropriate for prediction of commercial-scale production values.

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of small (100 L) and large (1,000 L) scale reactors designed for algae remediation of landfill wastewater. System characteristics, including surface area to volume ratio, retention time, biomass density, and wastewater feed concentrations, can be adjusted based on application.

规模在光合反应器系统对污水的整治藻类比较

An experimental methodology is presented to compare the performance of two different sized reactors designed for wastewater treatment. In this study, ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Adherence of Bacteria to Plant Surfaces Measured in the Laboratory

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell counts. Plant materials used include roots, sprouts, leaves, and cut fruits. The methods described are inexpensive, easy, and suitable for small sample sizes. Binding is measured in the laboratory and a variety of incubation media and conditions can be used. The effect of inhibitors can be determined. Situations that promote and inhibit binding can also be assessed. In some cases it is possible to distinguish whether various conditions alter binding primarily due to their effects on the plant or on the bacteria.

An easy method for measuring and characterizing bacterial adhesion to plants, particularly roots and sprouts, is described in this article.

细菌附着在实验室测量的植物表面

This manuscript describes a method to measure bacterial binding to axenic plant surfaces in the light microscope and through the use of viable cell ...

Development of New Methods for Quantifying Fish Density Using Underwater Stereo-video Tools

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and estimating fish abundance. We developed and implemented a rotating stereo-video camera tool that covers a full 360 degrees of sampling, which maximizes sampling effort compared to stationary camera tools. A variety of studies have detailed the ability of static, stereo-camera systems to obtain highly accurate and precise measurements of fish; the focus here was on the development of methodological approaches to quantify fish density using rotating camera systems. The first approach was to develop a modification of the metric MaxN, which typically is a conservative count of the minimum number of fish observed on a given camera survey. We redefine MaxN to be the maximum number of fish observed in any given rotation of the camera system. When precautions are taken to avoid double counting, this method for MaxN may more accurately reflect true abundance than that obtained from a fixed camera. Secondly, because stereo-video allows fish to be mapped in three-dimensional space, precise estimates of the distance-from-camera can be obtained for each fish. By using the 95% percentile of the observed distance from camera to establish species-specific areas surveyed, we account for differences in detectability among species while avoiding diluting density estimates by using the maximum distance a species was observed. Accounting for this range of detectability is critical to accurately estimate fish abundances. This methodology will facilitate the integration of rotating stereo-video tools in both applied science and management contexts.

We describe a new method for counting fishes, and estimating relative abundance (MaxN) and fish density using rotating stereo-video camera systems. We also demonstrate how to use distance from camera (Z distance) to estimate species-specific detectability.

利用水下立体视频工具量化鱼类密度的新方法研究进展

The use of video camera systems in ecological studies of fish continues to gain traction as a viable, non-extractive method of measuring fish lengths and ...

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly relevant as a model for the studies of osmoregulatory mechanisms because of its extreme tolerance to low salinity. It is also widely used as a model of settling biology, in particular in relation to antifouling research. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae for studies. A protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus has been developed and a detailed description of all steps in the production line is outlined (i.e., the establishment of adult cultures on panels, the collection and rearing of barnacle larvae, and the administration of feed for adults and larvae). The description also provides guidance on troubleshooting and discusses critical parameters (e.g., the removal of contamination, the production of high-quality feed, the manpower needed, and the importance of high-quality seawater). Each batch from the culturing system maximally yields roughly 12,000 nauplii and can deliver four batches in a week, so up to almost 50,000 larvae per week can be produced. The method used to culture B. improvisus is, probably, to a large extent also applicable to other marine invertebrates with free-swimminglarvae. Protocols are presented for the dissection of various tissues from adults as well as the production of high-quality RNA for studies on gene expression. It is also described how cultured adults and reared cyprids can be utilized in a wide array of experimental designs for examining gene expression in relation to external factors. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression is illustrated with studies of possible osmoregulatory roles of Na+/K+ ATPase and aquaporins.

The Barnacle Balanus improvisus as a Marine Model - Culturing and Gene Expression

The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is a model for studying osmoregulation and antifouling. However, natural seasonal spawning yields an unpredictable supply of cyprid larvae. Here, a protocol for the all-year-round culturing of B. improvisus is described, including the production of larvae. The use of cultured barnacles in gene expression studies is illustrated.

藤壶Balanus improvisus作为海洋模型的培养和基因表达

Barnacles are marine crustaceans with a sessile adult and free-swimming, planktonic larvae. The barnacle Balanus (Amphibalanus) improvisus is particularly ...

An Optimized Rhizobox Protocol to Visualize Root Growth and Responsiveness to Localized Nutrients

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive harvest or expensive equipment. We present a customizable and affordable rhizobox method that allows the non-destructive visualization of root growth over time and is particularly well-suited to studying root plasticity in response to localized resource patches. The method was validated by assessing maize genotypic variation in plasticity responses to patches containing 15N-labeled legume residue. Methods are described to obtain representative developmental measurements over time, measure root length density in resource-containing and control patches, calculate root growth rates, and determine 15N recovery by plant roots and shoots. Advantages, caveats, and potential future applications of the method are also discussed. Although care must be taken to ensure that experimental conditions do not bias root growth data, the rhizobox protocol presented here yields reliable results if carried out with sufficient attention to detail.

Visualizing and measuring root growth in situ is extremely challenging. We present a customizable rhizobox method to track root development and proliferation over time in response to nutrient enrichment. This method is used to analyze maize genotypic differences in root plasticity in response to an organic nitrogen source.

一种优化的 Rhizobox 协议, 用于可视化根系生长和对局部营养素的响应

Roots are notoriously difficult to study. Soil is both a visual and mechanical barrier, making it difficult to track roots in situ without destructive ...

一个铁（II）的实验室模拟的前寒武纪富海洋上升流系统探索光合细菌生长

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