私たちは、シンクロトロンデータ収集時のサポートのためのスイスの光源、ポールシェラー研究所、Villigen、スイスでのビームラインX06DAのスタッフに感謝します。私たちは、優れた技術サポートのためのモニカGompertに感謝しています。プロジェクトはケルン大学でサポートされているとドイツの研究評議会からINST 216/682から1 FUGGを付与しました。 CPの開発健康と疾病の国際大学院から博士課程の交わりが認められています。これらの結果につながる研究は、助成金の契約番号283570（BioStruct-X）の下で欧州共同体のセブンス枠組み計画（FP7 / 2007年から2013年）から資金提供を受けています。

<ol>
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The authors have nothing to disclose.

X線結晶学は、依然としてタンパク質28の3次元近接原子分解能構造を決定するための最速かつ最も正確な方法です。しかし、十分に秩序単結晶の成長を必要とします。これらは、多くの場合、取得するのが困難であり、結晶状態は、人工的です。しかしながら、他の方法によって決定されたもので、X線結晶学によって決定されるタンパク質構造の比較は、特にNMR、一般的に非常に良?...

クロストリジウム・ディフィシルは、院内抗生物質関連下痢症の感染1の主要な原因の1つです。このグラム陽性嫌気性細菌は、糞口経路を介して、その胞子の形を介して送信されます。過去十年間で、新しい&#39;&#39;流行&#39;&#39;または&#39;&#39;の超&#39;&#39;株（ 例えば BI / NAP1 / 027）北米、欧州2の新規感染と死亡率の大幅な増加を引き起こしました。 C.ディフィシル -関連疾患（CDAD）は、高い致死率3との生活を脅かす大腸の炎症です。症状は、下痢4から偽膜性大腸炎5、しばしば致命的な中毒性巨大結腸6の範囲です。 毒性株が多剤耐性であり、再発率が7高いほどCDADの治療は困難です。抗生物質メトロニダゾール、fidaxomicinまたはバンコマイシンが含まれる、またはrepetitiのモーメント療法でvely再発例の糞便細菌叢移植。新しい治療戦略が緊急に8を必要とされています。いくつかの進展がC.ディフィシル毒素B 9をターゲットに 、治療用モノクローナル抗体Bezlotoxumabとして記録され、最近成功した第III相臨床試験を通過し、FDAやEMAと承認のために提出されました。さらに、新たな抗生物質は臨床試験10の異なる段階で、現時点ではテストされています。 効果的な治療法を開発するために新たな治療標的を識別しなければなりません。ノックアウト株におけるPPEP-1の欠如がCの病原性を減少させるように、そのような有望な標的である最近C.ディフィシルプロテアーゼプロリン-プロリンエンドペプチダーゼ-1（;; CD2830 / Zmp1 EC 3.4.24.89 PPEP-1）が発見されました生体内 11インチ ディフィシル 。 PPEP-1は、それらのC末端で2 C.ディフィシルアドヘシンを切断分泌型メタロプロテアーゼ12,13で13こうして付着bacterを解放人間の腸上皮からIA。したがって、 クロストリジウム・ディフィシルの固着性と運動性の表現型の間のバランスを維持することに関与しています。 PPEP-1に対する選択的阻害剤を開発するために、それはその3次元構造の詳細な知識が不可欠であるその基質を認識する方法を理解します。私たちは、基質ペプチド14でPPEP-1単独および複合体中の第1の結晶構造を解決しました。 PPEP-1は、2プロリン残基15との間に選択的に切断ペプチド結合最初の既知のプロテアーゼです。それは二重ねじれた方法で基板を結合し、プロテアーゼ活性部位14をカバーする S-ループに位置する残基の延長脂肪族-芳香族、ネットワークを介して、それを安定化させます。この基質結合モードはPPEP-1に固有のものであり、現在までに人間のプロテアーゼには見られません。これは有望な薬物標的になり、および阻害剤のオフターゲット効果は非常に低いです。 選択PPEP-1 INHを開発し、画面に将来的にibitors純粋な単分散PPEP-1タンパク質を多量に必要とされます。また、第一の阻害剤の結合様式を決定するために、PPEP-1との共結晶構造が決定されなければなりません。私たちの手でPPEP-1は常に相互成長結晶を生成します。したがって、私たちはPPEP-1の単一回折品質の結晶を生成するために最適化手順を開発しました。このプロトコルでは、我々は詳細にPPEP-1 14の生産、精製、結晶化および構造ソリューションについて説明します。我々は、亜鉛単一波長異常分散を介して最適化画面と構造決意に16 microseeding続く精製タグの除去と分泌シグナル配列、アフィニティークロマトグラフィーおよびサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーを欠くPPEP-1変異体の大腸菌における細胞内発現を使用します（亜鉛-SAD）17。このプロトコルは、他のタンパク質（ 例えば 、の産生および構造決意に適合させることができます&lt;/ em&gt;のメタロプロテアーゼ）と相互成長結晶の製造タンパク質について、特にインチリクエストに応じて、構築物（をpET28a-NHIS-rPPEP-1）のプラスミドDNAおよび回折データは、教育目的のために提供することができます。

<table><tbody><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Genes / Vectors / cell strains&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>pET28a vector</td><td>Merck-Millipore</td><td>69864</td><td>Thrombin cleavable N-terminal His-tag</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt; strain BL21 (DE3) Star</td><td>ThermoFisher Scientific</td><td>C601003</td><td>RNase H deficient</td></tr><tr><td>Codon-optimized gene (for &lt;em&gt;E. coli&lt;/em&gt;) of PPEP-1 (CD630_28300)</td><td>Geneart (Thermo Fisher Scientific)</td><td>custom</td><td>amino acids 27-220</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Chemicals&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Yeast extract</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tryptone</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antifoam B</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>A5757</td><td>aqueous-silicone emulsion</td></tr><tr><td>Agar</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kanamycin</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>IPTG</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1008</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Tris-HCl</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1087</td><td>Buffer grade</td></tr><tr><td>NaCl</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>Buffer grade</td></tr><tr><td>DNaseI</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A3778</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Imidazole</td><td>AppliChem</td><td>A1073</td><td>Buffer grade</td></tr><tr><td>Thrombin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T4648</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium phosphate dibasic</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>215996</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glycerol 100%</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>purest grade</td></tr><tr><td>Sucrose</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>84097</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Liquid nitrogen</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>for storage and cryocooling of crystals</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment (general)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Shaking incubator</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>providing temperatures of 20 &amp;deg;C - 37 &amp;deg;C</td></tr><tr><td>Glassware</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>baffled Erlenmeyer flasks (50 ml - 2.8 L)</td></tr><tr><td>Centrifuge for large culture volumes</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>centrifuge for processing volumes up to 12 L</td></tr><tr><td>Sonicator Vibra-Cell VCX500</td><td>Sonics</td><td>SO-VCX500</td><td>or any other sonicator / cell disruptor</td></tr><tr><td>Ultracentrifuge</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>centrifuge providing speeds up to 150,000 x g</td></tr><tr><td>NiNTA Superflow resin</td><td>Qiagen</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Empty Glass Econo-Column</td><td>Bio-Rad</td><td>7371007</td><td>or any other empty glass or plastic column</td></tr><tr><td>Size exclusion chromatography column HiLoad Superdex 200 16/600</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28989335</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chromatography system &amp;Auml;kta Purifier</td><td>GE Healthcare</td><td>28406264</td><td>or any other chromatography system</td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis tubing Spectra/Por 3</td><td>Spectrum Labs</td><td>132724</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dialysis tubing closures</td><td>Spectrum Labs</td><td>132738</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ultrafiltration units (concentrators) 10,000 NWCO</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Name&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Company&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Catalog Number&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td>&lt;strong&gt;Comments&lt;/strong&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>&lt;strong&gt;Equipment (crystallography)&lt;/strong&gt;</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Low volume pipette 0.1-10 &amp;micro;l</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Positive displacement pipette Microman M10</td><td>Gilson</td><td>F148501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystallization robot</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>96-well crystallization plates TTP IQ with three protein wells</td><td>TTP</td><td>4150-05810</td><td>or any other 96-well crystallization plate&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>24-well CombiClover Junior Plate</td><td>Jena Bioscience</td><td>EB-CJR</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Crystal Clear Sealing Tape</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR3-511</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Siliconized Glass Cover Slides</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR3-225</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial crystallization screens: SaltRx, Index, PEG/Ion, Crystal</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>diverse</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Commercial crystallization screens: Wizard, PACT++, JCSG++</td><td>Jena Bioscience</td><td>diverse</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>JBS Beads-for-Seeds</td><td>Jena Bioscience</td><td>CO-501</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CrystalCap SPINE HT (nylon loops)</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>diverse</td><td>loop sizes 0.025 mm - 0.5 mm</td></tr><tr><td>CrystalCap Vial</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-904</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryogenic Foam Dewar 800 ml</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-673</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cryogenic Foam Dewar 2 L</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-675</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Vial Clamp, Straight</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-670</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CrystalWand Magnetic, Straight</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-729</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CryoCane 6 Vial Holder</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-711</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CryoSleeve</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-708</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>CryoCane Color Coder - White</td><td>Hampton Research</td><td>HR4-713</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Scalpel</td><td>any</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Straight microforcep</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>for manipulation of sealing tape. &lt;em&gt;etc.&lt;/em&gt;</td></tr><tr><td>Acupuncture needle</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>&lt;em&gt;e.g.&lt;/em&gt; from a pharmacy</td></tr><tr><td>Stereo microscope</td><td>any</td><td></td><td>for inspection of crystallization plates and crystal mounting, magnification up to 160X</td></tr></tbody></table>

production, crystallization and structure determination of c. difficile ppep-1 via microseeding and zinc-sad

New therapies are needed to treat Clostridium difficile infections that are a major threat to human health. The C. difficile metalloprotease PPEP-1 is a target for future development of inhibitors to decrease the virulence of the pathogen. To perform biophysical and structural characterization as well as inhibitor screening, large amounts of pure and active protein will be needed. We have developed a protocol for efficient production and purification of PPEP-1 by the use of E. coli as the expression host yielding sufficient amounts and purity of protein for crystallization and structure determination. Additionally, using microseeding, highly intergrown crystals of PPEP-1 can be grown to well-ordered crystals suitable for X-ray diffraction analysis. The methods could also be used to produce other recombinant proteins and to study the structures of other proteins producing intergrown crystals.

rPPEP-1を大腸菌 BL21（DE3）スター（ 図1C）で最も高い収率で、いくつかの大腸菌株で過剰発現されます。最初のNiNTAアフィニティークロマトグラフィー工程後の6xHisタグが正常タンパク質の大部分から切断することができ、第二のNiNTAステップで未消化のタンパク質を完全にトロンビン消化されたタンパク質（ 図1D）から分離する?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Production, Crystallization and Structure Determination of C. difficile PPEP-1 via Microseeding and Zinc-SAD at JoVE.com

Production, Crystallization and Structure Determination of C. difficile PPEP-1 via Microseeding and Zinc-SAD

Proline-proline endopeptidase-1 (PPEP-1) is a secreted metalloprotease and promising drug-target from the human pathogen Clostridium difficile. Here we describe all methods necessary for the production and structure determination of this protein.

の生産、結晶化と構造決意<em&gt; C。ディフィシル</em&gt; PPEP-1 Microseeding及び亜鉛SADを介しました

New therapies are needed to treat Clostridium difficile infections that are a major threat to human health. The C. difficile metalloprotease PPEP-1 is a ...

production-crystallization-structure-determination-c-difficile-ppep-1

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Production, Crystallization and Structure Determination of C. difficile PPEP-1 via Microseeding and Zinc-SAD

11.5K ビュー.  University of Cologne. Proline-proline endopeptidase-1 (PPEP-1) is a secreted metalloprotease and promising drug-target from the human pathogen Clostridium difficile. Here we describe all methods necessary for the production and structure determination of this protein. 

ビデオ: Production, Crystallization and Structure Determination of C. difficile PPEP-1 via Microseeding and Zinc-SAD

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Physical interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane protein complexes and in dynamic processes such as transmembrane (TM) signaling and regulation of cell-surface protein levels. Understanding the structural features driving the association of particular sequences requires sophisticated biophysical and biochemical analyses of TM peptide complexes. However, the extreme hydrophobicity of TM domains makes them very difficult to manipulate using standard peptide chemistry techniques, and production of suitable study material often proves prohibitively challenging. Identifying conditions under which peptides can adopt stable helical conformations and form complexes spontaneously adds a further level of difficulty. Here we present a procedure for the production of homo- or hetero-dimeric TM peptide complexes from materials that are expressed in E. coli, thus allowing incorporation of stable isotope labels for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or non-natural amino acids for other applications relatively inexpensively. The key innovation in this method is that TM complexes are produced and purified as covalently associated (disulfide-crosslinked) assemblies that can form stable, stoichiometric and homogeneous structures when reconstituted into detergent, lipid or other membrane-mimetic materials. We also present carefully optimized procedures for expression and purification that are equally applicable whether producing single TM domains or crosslinked complexes and provide advice for adapting these methods to new TM sequences.

Biophysical and biochemical studies of interactions among membrane-embedded protein domains face many technical challenges, the first of which is obtaining appropriate study material. This article describes a protocol for producing and purifying disulfide-stabilized transmembrane peptide complexes that are suitable for structural analysis by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other analytical applications.

構造研究のためのジスルフィド安定化膜貫通ペプチド複合体の生産

Physical  interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane  proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane ...

化学

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Carbohydrate Transport Substrate-binding-protein SP0092

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant strains. Carbohydrate substrate binding proteins (SBPs) represent viable targets for the development of protein-based vaccines and new antimicrobials because of their extracellular localization and the centrality of carbohydrate import for pneumococcal metabolism, respectively. Described here is a rationalized integrated protocol to carry out a comprehensive characterization of SP0092, which can be extended to other carbohydrate SBPs from the pneumococcus and other bacteria. This procedure can aid the structure-based design of inhibitors for this class of proteins. Presented in the first part of this manuscript are protocols for biochemical analysis by thermal shift assay, multi angle light scattering (MALS), and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), which optimize the stability and homogeneity of the sample directed to crystallization trials and so enhance the probability of success. The second part of this procedure describes the characterization of the SBP crystals using a tunable wavelength anomalous diffraction synchrotron beamline, and data collection protocols for measuring data that can be used to resolve the crystallized protein structure.

A streamlined protocol for performing an extensive biochemical and structural characterization of a carbohydrate substrate binding protein from Streptococcus pneumoniae is presented.

炭水化物輸送基質結合タンパク質 SP0092 の生化学的および構造特性

Development of new antimicrobials and vaccines for Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) are necessary to halt the rapid rise in multiple resistant ...

生化学

Generation and Recovery of &beta;-cell Spheroids From Step-growth PEG-peptide Hydrogels

Hydrogels are hydrophilic crosslinked polymers that provide a three-dimensional microenvironment with tissue-like elasticity and high permeability for culturing therapeutically relevant cells or tissues. Hydrogels prepared from poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) derivatives are increasingly used for a variety of tissue engineering applications, in part due to their tunable and cytocompatible properties. In this protocol, we utilized thiol-ene step-growth photopolymerizations to fabricate PEG-peptide hydrogels for encapsulating pancreatic MIN6 b-cells. The gels were formed by 4-arm PEG-norbornene (PEG4NB) macromer and a chymotrypsin-sensitive peptide crosslinker (CGGYC). The hydrophilic and non-fouling nature of PEG offers a cytocompatible microenvironment for cell survival and proliferation in 3D, while the use of chymotrypsin-sensitive peptide sequence (CGGY&darr;C, arrow indicates enzyme cleavage site, while terminal cysteine residues were added for thiol-ene crosslinking) permits rapid recovery of cell constructs forming within the hydrogel. The following protocol elaborates techniques for: (1) Encapsulation of MIN6 &beta;-cells in thiol-ene hydrogels; (2) Qualitative and quantitative cell viability assays to determine cell survival and proliferation; (3) Recovery of cell spheroids using chymotrypsin-mediated gel erosion; and (4) Structural and functional analysis of the recovered spheroids.

Generation and Recovery of &#946;-cell Spheroids From Step-growth PEG-peptide Hydrogels

The following protocol provides techniques for encapsulating pancreatic &#x03B2;-cells in step-growth PEG-peptide hydrogels formed by thiol-ene photo-click reactions. This material platform not only offers a cytocompatible microenvironment for cell encapsulation, but also permits user-controlled rapid recovery of cell structures formed within the hydrogels.

ステップ成長PEG-ペプチドハイドロゲルからβ細胞のスフェロイドの発生と復旧

Hydrogels are hydrophilic crosslinked polymers that provide a three-dimensional  microenvironment with tissue-like elasticity and high permeability for  ...

生物工学

Multi-target Parallel Processing Approach for Gene-to-structure Determination of the Influenza Polymerase PB2 Subunit

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States alone, an average of 41,400 deaths and 1.86 million hospitalizations are caused by influenza virus infection each year 1. Point mutations in the polymerase basic protein 2 subunit (PB2) have been linked to the adaptation of the viral infection in humans 2. Findings from such studies have revealed the biological significance of PB2 as a virulence factor, thus highlighting its potential as an antiviral drug target.
The structural genomics program put forth by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID) provides funding to Emerald Bio and three other Pacific Northwest institutions that together make up the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID). The SSGCID is dedicated to providing the scientific community with three-dimensional protein structures of NIAID category A-C pathogens. Making such structural information available to the scientific community serves to accelerate structure-based drug design.
Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for new lead discovery by targeting a pathway or an entire protein family. Emerald Bio has developed a high-throughput, multi-target parallel processing pipeline (MTPP) for gene-to-structure determination to support the consortium. Here we describe the protocols used to determine the structure of the PB2 subunit from four different influenza A strains.

Structure-based drug design plays an important role in drug development. Pursuing multiple targets in parallel greatly increases the chance of success for lead discovery. The following article highlights how the Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease utilizes a multi-target approach for gene-to-structure determination of the PB2 influenza A subunit.

インフルエンザポリメラーゼPB2サブユニットの遺伝子の構造決定のためのマルチターゲット並列処理アプローチ

Pandemic outbreaks of highly virulent influenza strains can cause widespread morbidity and mortality in human populations worldwide. In the United States ...

免疫・感染学

Production, Crystallization, and Structure Determination of the IKK-binding Domain of NEMO

NEMO is a scaffolding protein which plays an essential role in the NF-&#954;B pathway by assembling the IKK-complex with the kinases IKK&#945; and IKK&#946;. Upon activation, the IKK complex phosphorylates the I&#954;B molecules leading to NF-&#954;B nuclear translocation and activation of target genes. Inhibition of the NEMO/IKK interaction is an attractive therapeutic paradigm for the modulation of NF-&#954;B pathway activity, making NEMO a target for inhibitors design and discovery. To facilitate the process of discovery and optimization of NEMO inhibitors, we engineered an improved construct of the IKK-binding domain of NEMO that would allow for structure determination of the protein in the apo form and while bound to small molecular weight inhibitors. Here, we present the strategy utilized for the design, expression and structural characterization of the IKK-binding domain of NEMO. The protein is expressed in E. coli cells, solubilized under denaturing conditions and purified through three chromatographic steps. We discuss the protocols for obtaining crystals for structure determination and describe data acquisition and analysis strategies. The protocols will find wide applicability to the structure determination of complexes of NEMO and small molecule inhibitors.

We describe protocols for the structure determination of the IKK-binding domain of NEMO by X-ray crystallography. The methods include protein expression, purification and characterization as well as strategies for successful crystal optimization and structure determination of the protein in its unbound form.

NEMOのIKK結合ドメインの生産・結晶化・構造決定

NEMO is a scaffolding protein which plays an essential role in the NF-&#954;B pathway by assembling the IKK-complex with the kinases IKK&#945; and ...

X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050

The M42 aminopeptidases form functionally active complexes made of 12 subunits. Their assembly process appears to be regulated by their metal ion cofactors triggering a dimer-dodecamer transition. Upon metal ion binding, several structural modifications occur in the active site and at the interaction interface, shaping dimers to promote the self-assembly. To observe such modifications, stable oligomers must be isolated prior to structural study. Reported here is a method that allows the purification of stable dodecamers and dimers of TmPep1050, an M42 aminopeptidase of T. maritima, and their structure determination by X-ray crystallography. Dimers were prepared from dodecamers by removing metal ions with a chelating agent. Without their&#160;cofactor, dodecamers became less stable and were fully dissociated upon heating. The oligomeric structures were solved by the straightforward molecular replacement approach. To illustrate the methodology, the structure of a TmPep1050 variant, totally impaired in metal ion binding, is presented showing no further breakdown of dimers to monomers.

X-Ray Crystallography to Study the Oligomeric State Transition of the Thermotoga maritima M42 Aminopeptidase TmPep1050

This protocol has been developed to study the dimer-dodecamer transition of TmPep1050, an M42 aminopeptidase, at the structural level. It is a straightforward pipeline starting from protein purification to X-ray data processing. Crystallogenesis, data set indexation, and molecular replacement have been emphasized through a case of study, TmPep1050H60A H307A variant.

X線結晶学は 、熱利子マリティマ M42アミノペプチダーゼTmPepT050のオリゴマー状態推移を研究する

The M42 aminopeptidases form functionally active complexes made of 12 subunits. Their assembly process appears to be regulated by their metal ion ...

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments

Here, a protocol is presented to facilitate the creation of large volumes (&#62; 100 &#181;L) of micro-crystalline slurries suitable for serial crystallography experiments at both synchrotrons and XFELs. The method is based upon an understanding of the protein crystal phase diagram, and how that knowledge can be utilized. The method is divided into three stages: (1) optimizing crystal morphology, (2) transitioning to batch, and (3) scaling. Stage 1 involves finding well diffracting, single crystals, hopefully but not necessarily, presenting in a cube-like morphology. In Stage 2, the Stage 1 condition is optimized by crystal growth time. This strategy can transform crystals grown by vapor diffusion to batch. Once crystal growth can occur within approximately 24 h, a morphogram of the protein and precipitant mixture can be plotted and used as the basis for a scaling strategy (Stage 3). When crystals can be grown in batch, scaling can be attempted, and the crystal size and concentration optimized as the volume is increased. Endothiapepsin has been used as a demonstration protein for this protocol. Some of the decisions presented are specific to endothiapepsin. However, it is hoped that the way they have been applied will inspire a way of thinking about this procedure that others can adapt to their own projects.

The aim of this article is to give the viewer a solid understanding of how to transform their small-volume, vapor-diffusion protocol, for growing large, single protein crystals, into a large-volume batch micro-crystallization method for serial crystallography.

連続結晶構造解析実験のためのエンドチアペプシン結晶の成長の最適化

Here, a protocol is presented to facilitate the creation of large volumes (&#62; 100 &#181;L) of micro-crystalline slurries suitable for serial ...

Crystallization and Structural Determination of an Enzyme:Substrate Complex by Serial Crystallography in a Versatile Microfluidic Chip

The preparation of well diffracting crystals and their handling before their X-ray analysis are two critical steps of biocrystallographic studies. We describe a versatile microfluidic chip that enables the production of crystals by the efficient method of counter-diffusion. The convection-free environment provided by the microfluidic channels is ideal for crystal growth and useful to diffuse a substrate into the active site of the crystalline enzyme. Here we applied this approach to the CCA-adding enzyme of the psychrophilic bacterium Planococcus halocryophilus in the presented example. After crystallization and substrate diffusion/soaking, the crystal structure of the enzyme:substrate complex was determined at room temperature by serial crystallography and the analysis of multiple crystals directly inside the chip. The whole procedure preserves the genuine diffraction properties of the samples because it requires no crystal handling.

A versatile microfluidic device is described that enables the crystallization of an enzyme using the counter-diffusion method, the introduction of a substrate in the crystals by soaking, and the 3D structure determination of the enzyme:substrate complex by a serial analysis of crystals inside the chip at room temperature.

酵素の結晶化と構造決定:多用途マイクロ流体チップにおける連続結晶学による基質複合体

The preparation of well diffracting crystals and their handling before their X-ray analysis are two critical steps of biocrystallographic studies. We ...

Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the lipidic cubic phase or in meso method. The method has been shown to be quite versatile in that it has been used to solve X-ray crystallographic structures of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins, proteins that are monomeric, homo- and hetero-multimeric, chromophore-containing and chromophore-free, and alpha-helical and beta-barrel proteins. Recent successes using in meso crystallization are the human engineered beta2-adrenergic and adenosine A2a G protein-coupled receptors. Protocols are presented for reconstituting the membrane protein into the monoolein-based mesophase, and for setting up crystallizations in the manual mode. Additional steps in the overall process, such as crystal harvesting, are to be addressed in future video articles. The time required to prepare the protein-loaded mesophase and to set up a crystallization plate manually is about one hour.

Herein is described the procedure implemented in the Caffrey Membrane Structural and Functional Biology Group to set up manually crystallization trials of membrane proteins in lipidic mesophases.

脂質中間相を用いた構造決定のための膜タンパク質の結晶化

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the ...

生物学

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to substrates to create phosphorylated products. The use of &#947;-32-P labeled NTP precursors allows simultaneous monitoring of substrate utilization and product formation by radiography. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) on cellulose plates allows rapid separation and sensitive quantification of substrate and product. We present a method for utilizing the thin-layer chromatography to assay the pyrophosphokinase activity of a purified (p)ppGpp synthetase. This method has previously been used to characterize the activity of cyclic nucleotide and dinucleotide synthetases and is broadly suitable for characterizing the activity of any enzyme that hydrolyzes a nucleotide triphosphate bond or transfers a terminal phosphate from a phosphate donor to another molecule.

A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a pppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile

Here, we describe a method for purifying histidine-tagged pyrophosphokinase enzymes and utilizing thin layer chromatography of radiolabelled substrates and products to assay for the enzymatic activity in vitro. The enzyme activity assay is broadly applicable to any kinase, nucleotide cyclase, or phosphor-transfer reaction whose mechanism includes nucleotide triphosphate hydrolysis.

浄化、体外(p) ppGppクロストリジウム ・ ディフィシルから合成酵素の活性

Kinase and pyrophosphokinase enzymes transfer the gamma phosphate or the beta-gamma pyrophosphate moiety from nucleotide triphosphate precursors to ...

の生産、結晶化と構造決意

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この動画の章

構造研究のためのジスルフィド安定化膜貫通ペプチド複合体の生産

炭水化物輸送基質結合タンパク質 SP0092 の生化学的および構造特性

ステップ成長PEG-ペプチドハイドロゲルからβ細胞のスフェロイドの発生と復旧

インフルエンザポリメラーゼPB2サブユニットの遺伝子の構造決定のためのマルチターゲット並列処理アプローチ

NEMOのIKK結合ドメインの生産・結晶化・構造決定

X線結晶学は、熱利子マリティマ M42アミノペプチダーゼTmPepT050のオリゴマー状態推移を研究する

連続結晶構造解析実験のためのエンドチアペプシン結晶の成長の最適化

酵素の結晶化と構造決定:多用途マイクロ流体チップにおける連続結晶学による基質複合体

脂質中間相を用いた構造決定のための膜タンパク質の結晶化

浄化、体外(p) ppGppクロストリジウム・ディフィシルから合成酵素の活性

の生産、結晶化と構造決意

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

構造研究のためのジスルフィド安定化膜貫通ペプチド複合体の生産

炭水化物輸送基質結合タンパク質 SP0092 の生化学的および構造特性

ステップ成長PEG-ペプチドハイドロゲルからβ細胞のスフェロイドの発生と復旧

インフルエンザポリメラーゼPB2サブユニットの遺伝子の構造決定のためのマルチターゲット並列処理アプローチ

NEMOのIKK結合ドメインの生産・結晶化・構造決定

X線結晶学は 、熱利子マリティマ M42アミノペプチダーゼTmPepT050のオリゴマー状態推移を研究する

連続結晶構造解析実験のためのエンドチアペプシン結晶の成長の最適化

酵素の結晶化と構造決定:多用途マイクロ流体チップにおける連続結晶学による基質複合体

脂質中間相を用いた構造決定のための膜タンパク質の結晶化

浄化、体外(p) ppGppクロストリジウム ・ ディフィシルから合成酵素の活性

X線結晶学は、熱利子マリティマ M42アミノペプチダーゼTmPepT050のオリゴマー状態推移を研究する

浄化、体外(p) ppGppクロストリジウム・ディフィシルから合成酵素の活性