この作品は、科学技術のためのメキシコ評議会（Conacyt、マイケルSchnoorに207268と233395）からの助成金によってサポートされていました。 KFCOは、修士の学位を取得するためにConacyt奨学金（396260）の受取人です。

<ol>
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N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Does+everyone+with+inflammatory+bowel+disease+need+to+be+treated+with+combination+therapy.">Does everyone with inflammatory bowel disease need to be treated with combination therapy.</a> Curr Opin Gastroenterol. , (2016).</li><li>Nanau, R. M., Neuman, M. 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A., Schnoor, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidative+diet+supplementation+reverses+high-fat+diet-induced+increases+of+cardiovascular+risk+factors+in+mice.">Antioxidative diet supplementation reverses high-fat diet-induced increases of cardiovascular risk factors in mice.</a> Ox Med Cell Longev. 2015, 467471 (2015).</li><li>Perse, M., Cerar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sodium+sulphate+colitis+mouse+model:+traps+and+tricks.">Dextran sodium sulphate colitis mouse model: traps and tricks.</a> J Biomed Biotechnol. 2012, 718617 (2012).</li><li>Chassaing, B., Aitken, J. D., Malleshappa, M., Vijay-Kumar, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sulfate+sodium+(DSS)-induced+colitis+in+mice.">Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.</a> Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 104, 25 (2014).</li><li>Laroui, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dextran+sodium+sulfate+(DSS)+induces+colitis+in+mice+by+forming+nano-lipocomplexes+with+medium-chain-length+fatty+acids+in+the+colon.">Dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) induces colitis in mice by forming nano-lipocomplexes with medium-chain-length fatty acids in the colon.</a> PLoS One. 7, 32084 (2009).</li><li>Mennigen, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Probiotic+mixture+VSL#3+protects+the+epithelial+barrier+by+maintaining+tight+junction+protein+expression+and+preventing+apoptosis+in+a+murine+model+of+colitis.">Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 296, 1140-1149 (2009).</li><li>Park, C. 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K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+dietary+fat+on+intestinal+microbes,+inflammation,+barrier+function+and+metabolic+outcomes.">Influence of dietary fat on intestinal microbes, inflammation, barrier function and metabolic outcomes.</a> J Nutr Biochem. , (2013).</li><li>Bruewer, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interferon-gamma+induces+internalization+of+epithelial+tight+junction+proteins+via+a+macropinocytosis-like+process.">Interferon-gamma induces internalization of epithelial tight junction proteins via a macropinocytosis-like process.</a> FASEB J. 19, 923-933 (2005).</li><li>Fournier, B. M., Parkos, C. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+neutrophils+during+intestinal+inflammation.">The role of neutrophils during intestinal inflammation.</a> Muc Immunol. 5, 354-366 (2012).</li><li>Yan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+and+spatial+analysis+of+clinical+and+molecular+parameters+in+dextran+sodium+sulfate+induced+colitis.">Temporal and spatial analysis of clinical and molecular parameters in dextran sodium sulfate induced colitis.</a> PLoS One. 4, 6073 (2009).</li><li>Maxwell, J. R., Viney, J. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overview+of+mouse+models+of+inflammatory+bowel+disease+and+their+use+in+drug+discovery.">Overview of mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease and their use in drug discovery.</a> Curr Prot Pharmacol, S.J. Enna. , (2009).</li><li>Ostanin, D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=T+cell+transfer+model+of+chronic+colitis:+concepts,+considerations,+and+tricks+of+the+trade.">T cell transfer model of chronic colitis: concepts, considerations, and tricks of the trade.</a> Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 296, 135-146 (2009).</li><li>Randhawa, P. K., Singh, K., Singh, N., Jaggi, A. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+chemical-induced+inflammatory+bowel+disease+models+in+rodents.">A review on chemical-induced inflammatory bowel disease models in rodents.</a> Kor J Physiol Pharmacol. 18, 279-288 (2014).</li><li>Whittem, C. G., Williams, A. D., Williams, C. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Murine+Colitis+modeling+using+Dextran+Sulfate+Sodium+(DSS).">Murine Colitis modeling using Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS).</a> JoVE. , (2010).</li><li>Wirtz, S., Neufert, C., Weigmann, B., Neurath, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemically+induced+mouse+models+of+intestinal+inflammation.">Chemically induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation.</a> Nat Prot. 2, 541-546 (2007).</li><li>Naydenov, N. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nonmuscle+Myosin+IIA+Regulates+Intestinal+Epithelial+Barrier+in+vivo+and+Plays+a+Protective+Role+During+Experimental+Colitis.">Nonmuscle Myosin IIA Regulates Intestinal Epithelial Barrier in vivo and Plays a Protective Role During Experimental Colitis.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 24161 (2016).</li><li>Sumagin, R., Robin, A. Z., Nusrat, A., Parkos, C. 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臨床試験での栄養補助食品を使用するために、そのようなサプリメントの利点及び安全性を慎重に動物実験においてインビボで評価されなければなりません。大腸炎の場合には、IBDの臨床症状に似ているいくつかの適切な動物モデルは、DSS、TNBS、または酢酸を用いて化学モデルを含む、確立されています。ノックアウトなどIL10-KOとして（KO）モデル。養子T細胞転写19-21を用い?...

大腸炎は、下痢や腹痛を引き起こす可能性があり、大腸の炎症状態です。大腸炎は、感染症またはストレスに応答して、急性ことができ、またはそのような炎症性腸疾患（IBD）のグループに属している潰瘍性大腸炎（UC）のように、慢性疾患として発症することができます。 UCの臨床徴候は、十分に記載されているが、病因は依然として不十分1と理解されます。 UCが大きな役割2をプレイする遺伝子変異や異常な免疫応答と、多因子疾患であることが専門家の間で受け入れられています。しかし、このような生活と栄養のスタイルなどの環境要因は、また、疾患の発症と進行3に貢献しています。 残念ながら、IBDは、硬化性ではなく、臨床症状を軽減することを目指し、多くの治療の選択肢があります。現在の治療は、スルファサラジンおよびコルチコステロイドなどの抗炎症薬を含みます。このようなazathioなどの免疫抑制剤、prine;過剰な白血球動員を減少させるために、例えば、インテグリンなどの腫瘍壊死因子α（TNF-α）、またはブロック接着分子などの炎症性サイトカインを、捕捉モノクローナル抗体。そして、このようなヤヌスキナーゼ（JAK）4のようなプロ炎症経路を、トリガキナーゼを標的とする阻害剤。ていないすべての患者は、全ての治療に応答するため、治療戦略が5を個別に判断しなければなりません。さらに、これらの治療薬のほとんどは、多くの場合、重篤な副作用を引き起こす代謝および免疫応答を妨害します。この理由のために、代替の治療選択肢が検討されています。 代替治療は、プロバイオティクスと成功6,7の様々なレベルで、動物モデルおよび臨床試験に適用されている栄養補助食品が含まれます。我々は最近発見したような抗酸化ビタミンやω3-多価不飽和脂肪酸のような異なる単一の栄養補助食品の適用（PUFAS）、大腸炎および心血管疾患の症状8,9を緩和するようなサプリメントの組み合わせのアプリケーションに劣っています。これらの研究はマウスにおいて行われたため、臨床試験は、これらの知見は、ヒトに適用するかどうかを決定するためにヒトで行われなければなりません。臨床試験が開始される前に、新たな治療の選択肢の有効性と安全性は、動物モデルで評価されなければなりません。 IBDのために、デキストラン硫酸ナトリウム（DSS）モデルは、広く、疾患の発生のメカニズムと薬物および栄養補助食品6,10の有益な効果を研究するために使用されてきました。ほとんどの研究では、7日の期間にわたってのみ急性疾患が誘発されます。それにもかかわらず、これらの動物で観察された臨床症状は密接にIBDの患者で観察されるものに似ている（ すなわち、血性下痢、体重減少、上皮性機能不全、および免疫細胞浸潤）10。 DSSは、粘膜にびらんを誘発しますバリア機能不全と増加し、腸上皮透過性11が生じます。正確なメカニズムは不明のまま。しかし、研究は、DSSの上皮細胞に侵入すると、炎症性シグナル伝達経路12を誘導することができるナノlipocomplexesを形成するために、中鎖長の脂肪酸と相互作用することを示唆しています。この記事では、我々はマウスにおいて誘導され、分析される大腸炎方法を詳細に説明し、どのように栄養補助食品は、各動物において一定の投与量を確保するために、胃管栄養法によって適用され、どのように様々な大腸炎の症状に対するそのようなサプリメントの効果を調べています。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">0.3% of gelatin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Bioxon</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">158</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">10% formaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2106-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">96-well plate with flat bottom</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">3368</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Absolute ethanol&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9000-03</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Absolute xylene</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9490-03</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">ABTS</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H5882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9048-46-8</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">ColoScreen</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Helena Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">5072</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Corabion (Kindly provided by Merck, Naucalpan, Mexico)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Merck</td>
			<td style="width:139px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Dextran Sulfate Sodium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Affymetrix</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9011-18-1</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">(M.W. 40,000-50,000)</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Dihydroethidium</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Life Technology</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">D11347</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Eosin-Y&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">L087-03</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Evans blue</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">314-13-6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Feeding&#160; needle</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Cadence Science Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9921</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass slide rack with handle</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">70312-16</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Glass Slides</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2947</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Harris hematoxylin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H3136</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hexadecyltrimethyammonium (HTAB)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H6269</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Histosette (Embedding cassette)</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Simport</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">M498.2</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hydrochloric acid 1 M</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9535-62</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H3410</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PiSA Agropecuaria</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-028</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Liquid paraffin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Paraplast</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">39501-006</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Lithium carbonate&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">2362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">J.T. Baker</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">68-12-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">N-acetylcysteine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">A9165</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Plastic cubes</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Electron Microscopy</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">70181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Poly-L-Lysine Solution</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">25988-63-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Prism 5 statistical software</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">GraphPad Software</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Prism 5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Saline Solution 0.9% NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">CS PiSA</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Sodium citrate</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">W302600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Synthetic resin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Poly Mont</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">7987</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Taq DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">11615-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tissue-tek. O.C.T Compound</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">4583</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tuberculine Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">BD Plastipak</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">305945</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">9005-64-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">VECTASHIELD Antifade Mounting Medium with DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">H-1200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:439px;">Xylazine</td>
			<td style="width:184px;">PiSA Agropecuaria</td>
			<td style="width:139px;">Q-7833-099</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analyzing beneficial effects of nutritional supplements on intestinal epithelial barrier functions during experimental colitis

クローン病および潰瘍性大腸炎などの炎症性腸疾患（IBD）は、腸の慢性再発性障害です。これらは、罹患した個体で腹部痙攣、出血性下痢、体重減少、などの深刻な問題を引き起こします。残念ながら、治療法はまだありません、そして治療は、唯一の症状を緩和することを目指しています。現在の治療は、重篤な副作用を引き起こす可能性の抗炎症および免疫抑制剤が挙げられます。これは、副作用を引き起こさないような栄養補助食品などの代替治療選択肢、検索を保証します。臨床研究への応用の前に、このような化合物は、厳密に、動物モデルでの有効性と安全のためにテストする必要があります。信頼できる実験モデルは、ヒトにおける潰瘍性大腸炎の臨床徴候の多くを再現したマウスにおけるデキストラン硫酸ナトリウム（DSS）大腸炎モデルです。我々は最近含む栄養補助食品の有益な効果をテストするためにこのモデルを適用しましたビタミンCおよびE、L-アルギニン、及びω3多価不飽和脂肪酸（PUFA）。我々は、様々な病気のパラメータを分析し、このサプリメントは、疾患活動指数の全体的な改善につながる、浮腫形成、組織損傷、白血球浸潤、酸化ストレス、およびプロ炎症性サイトカインの産生を改善することができることを見出しました。この記事では、我々はそのような組織学、酸化ストレス、および炎症などの疾患パラメータが評価される方法をC57BL / 6マウスにおけるDSS大腸炎モデルを用いて詳細に栄養補助食品の正しいアプリケーションを説明するだけでなく、。別ダイエットサプリメントの有益な効果を分析して、その後、最終的IBDの症状を軽減および/またはそれは重篤な副作用を引き起こすことなく、寛解の位相を延長代替治療戦略の開発のための新しい道を開くことができます。

ダイエットサプリメントDSS大腸炎から保護することができます。 ビタミンC、ビタミンE、一酸化窒素（NO）-source L-アルギニン、及びω3多価不飽和脂肪酸（ω3-のPUFA）、抗炎症性および抗酸化ダイエットサプリメントは、動物における変化成功とともに使用されています炎症性疾患3,6,15の兆候を軽減するモデル。栄養?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis at JoVE.com

Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

炎症性腸疾患（IBD）の現在の治療は、疾患の症状の緩和を目指すが、重篤な副作用を引き起こす可能性があります。したがって、代替戦略は、動物大腸炎モデルにおいて研究されています。ここでは、臨床的なIBDの兆候にダイエットサプリメントの有益な効果は、このような大腸炎モデルで分析されている方法について説明します。

実験的大腸炎の間、腸上皮バリア機能に栄養補助食品の有益な効果を分析

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic relapsing disorders of the intestines. They cause ...

analyzing-beneficial-effects-nutritional-supplements-on-intestinal

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Pharmacology

Medicine

Unit 1

Drugs for Chronic Bowel Disorders

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.1K ビュー.  Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute. 炎症性腸疾患（IBD）の現在の治療は、疾患の症状の緩和を目指すが、重篤な副作用を引き起こす可能性があります。したがって、代替戦略は、動物大腸炎モデルにおいて研究されています。ここでは、臨床的なIBDの兆候にダイエットサプリメントの有益な効果は、このような大腸炎モデルで分析されている方法について説明します。 

ビデオ: Analyzing Beneficial Effects of Nutritional Supplements on Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Functions During Experimental Colitis

DNBS/TNBS Colitis Models: Providing Insights Into Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Effects of Dietary Fat

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently host immune responses to microbial and environmental agents. Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS)-induced colitis allows one to study the pathogenesis of IBD associated environmental triggers such as stress and diet, the effects of potential therapies, and the mechanisms underlying intestinal inflammation and mucosal injury. In this paper, we investigated the effects of dietary n-3 and n-6 fatty acids on the colonic mucosal inflammatory response to DNBS-induced colitis in rats. All rats were fed identical diets with the exception of different types of fatty acids [safflower oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO)] for three&#160;weeks prior to exposure to intrarectal DNBS. Control rats given intrarectal ethanol continued gaining weight over the 5 day study, whereas, DNBS-treated rats fed lipid diets all lost weight with FO and CO fed rats demonstrating significant weight loss by 48&#160;hr and rats fed SO by 72&#160;hr. Weight gain resumed after 72&#160;hr post DNBS, and by 5 days post DNBS, the FO group had a higher body weight than SO or CO groups. Colonic sections collected 5&#160;days post DNBS-treatment showed focal ulceration, crypt destruction, goblet cell depletion, and mucosal infiltration of both acute and chronic inflammatory cells that differed in severity among diet groups. The SO fed group showed the most severe damage followed by the CO, and FO fed groups that showed the mildest degree of tissue injury. Similarly, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, a marker of neutrophil activity was significantly higher in SO followed by CO fed rats, with FO fed rats having significantly lower MPO activity. These results demonstrate the use of DNBS-induced colitis, as outlined in this protocol, to determine the impact of diet in the pathogenesis of IBD.

DNBS/TNBS induced colitis offers an alternative and inexpensive method to study the pathobiology of inflammatory bowel disease. The protocol discussed in this paper outlines the successful application of DNBS to induce colitis in mice and rats and allows one to thoroughly study host-mediated intestinal responses.

DNBS / TNBS大腸炎モデル：食事脂肪の炎症性腸疾患への洞察とエフェクトを提供

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Crohn&#39;s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis, have long been associated with a genetic basis, and more recently ...

医学

Long-Term Catheterization of the Intestinal Lymph Trunk and Collection of Lymph in Neonatal Pigs

Catheterization of the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs is a technique allowing for the long-term collection of large quantities of intestinal (central) efferent lymph. Importantly, the collection of central lymph from the intestine enables researchers to study both the mechanisms and lipid constitutes associated with lipid metabolism, intestinal inflammation and cancer metastasis, as well as cells involved in immune function and immunosurveillance. A ventral mid-line surgical approach permits excellent surgical exposure to the cranial abdomen and relatively easy access to the intestinal lymph trunk vessel that lies near the pancreas and the right ventral segment of the portal vein underneath the visceral aspect of the right liver lobe. The vessel is meticulously dissected and released from the surrounding fascia and then dilated with sutures allowing for insertion and subsequent securing of the catheter into the vessel. The catheter is exteriorized and approximately 1 L/24 hr of lymph is collected over a 7 day period. While this technique enables the collection of large quantities of central lymph over an extended period of time, the success depends on careful surgical dissection, tissue handling and close attention to proper surgical technique. This is particularly important with surgeries in young animals as the lymph vessels can easily tear, potentially leading to surgical and experimental failure. The video demonstrates an excellent surgical technique for the collection of intestinal lymph.

We present a surgical procedure to catheterize the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs to collect large quantities of lipid metabolism components from efferent lymph.

新生豚のリンパ節の腸リンパトランクやコレクションの長期カテーテル法

Catheterization of the intestinal lymph trunk in neonatal pigs is a technique allowing for the long-term collection of large quantities of intestinal ...

A Step by Step Protocol for Subretinal Surgery in Rabbits

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in adults in industrially developed countries. RPE transplantation appears to be a promising therapy, as it may replace dysfunctional RPE, restore its function, and thereby vision.
Here we describe a method for transplanting a cultured RPE monolayer on a scaffold into the subretinal space (SRS) of rabbits. After vitrectomy xenotransplants were delivered into the SRS using a custom made shooter consisting of a 20-gauge metallic nozzle with a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) coated plunger. The current technique evolved in over 150 rabbit surgeries over 6 years. Post-operative follow-up can be obtained using non-invasive and repetitive in vivo imaging such as spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) followed by perfusion-fixed histology.
The method has well-defined steps for easy learning and high success rate. Rabbits are considered a large eye animal model useful in preclinical studies for clinical translation. In this context rabbits are a cost-efficient and perhaps convenient alternative to other large eye animal models.

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) replacement strategies and gene-based therapy are considered for several retinal degenerative conditions. For clinical translation, large eye animal models are required to study surgical techniques applicable in patients. Here we present a rabbit model for subretinal surgery geared towards RPE transplantation, which is versatile and cost-efficient.

ウサギにおける網膜下手術のためのステッププロトコルによってステップ

Age related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, and other RPE related diseases are the most common causes for irreversible loss of vision in ...

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a lesion in the Achilles tendon; prepare PRP and inject it (or the saline solution); remove the tendon; and perform biomechanical, molecular, and histological evaluations. At each step, all the procedures and methods are described in detail, so they can be reproduced easily.
Achilles tendons have been surgically sectioned (removal of a 5-mm long section). Afterwards, PRP or saline solution was injected to study whether PRP has a positive effect on the healing of the tendon. Three groups of 40 animals (a total of 120 rats were used in this study) were subdivided into 2 subgroups: PRP injection group and a saline injection control group. Rats were sacrificed at increasing time points (Group A: 5 days; Group B: 15 days; Group C: 30 days) and tendons were removed. 90 tendons underwent biomechanical testing before performing transcriptomic analysis and the 30 remaining tendons were submitted to histological analysis.

Effects of Allogeneic Platelet-Rich Plasma PRP on the Healing Process of Sectioned Achilles Tendons of Rats: A Methodological Description

This protocol describes the evaluation process of healing tendons in rats that have been injected with allogeneic platelet rich plasma (PRP) or saline solution after removing part of the Achilles tendon. The progress of tendon healing is evaluated at several time points using different types of analyses.

ラットの断面アキレス腱の治癒過程に及ぼす同種多血小板血漿 (PRP): 方法論的説明

This article describes the experimental procedures used to observe if PRP can positively affect tendon healing. There are 4 main steps to follow: induce a ...

Ultrasonography in Experimental Reproductive Investigations on Rats

With the development of assisted reproductive technology and the ethical limitations of research on humans, rat animal models have been widely used in reproductive medicine. In the past, the study of reproductive system development in rodents has been based on one-time histological examination of excised tissues. Recently, with the development of high-resolution transabdominal ultrasound, high-quality sonography can now be performed to evaluate the reproductive organs of rats, allowing a new method for studying the reproductive system. Images were obtained using a high-resolution ultrasonographic system. Gynecological ultrasonography was performed on 28 eight-week-old non-pregnant rats and 5 pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats. We describe how to recognize organs of the reproductive system and associated structures in typical views during different phases of the estrus cycle. Color flow Doppler was used to measure uterine artery blood flow and evaluate uterine blood flow pattern changes during different stages of pregnancy. We have demonstrated that ultrasound exploration is a useful method for evaluating changes in internal reproductive organs. Its use raises the possibility of conducting additional experiments, including medical or surgical procedures, and provides the ability to monitor sonographic changes to internal organs without sacrificing animals.

This manuscript describes the utility of ultrasound performed on female rats to design experimental models for reproductive and gynecological investigation. A step-by-step explanation of how to perform ultrasonographic evaluation is shown.

ラットの生殖実験における超音波検査

With the development of assisted reproductive technology and the ethical limitations of research on humans, rat animal models have been widely used in ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During In Vitro Wound Healing

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated experimental procedures, while potentially lacking in precision. In vitro culture of epithelial cell lines provides a suitable platform for researching the cell migratory behavior in wound healing and the impact of treatments on these cells. The physiology of epithelial cells is often studied in non-confluent conditions; however, this approach may not resemble natural wound healing conditions. Disrupting the epithelium integrity by mechanical means generates a realistic model, but may impede the application of molecular techniques. Consequently, microscopy based techniques are optimal for studying epithelial cell migration in vitro. Here we detail two specific methods, the artificial wound scratch assay and the artificial migration front assay, that can obtain quantitative and qualitative data, respectively, on the migratory performance of epithelial cells.

Microscopy Based Methods for the Assessment of Epithelial Cell Migration During  In Vitro Wound Healing

This manuscript describes how incision-like lesions made on cultured epithelial cell monolayers conveniently model wound healing in vitro, allowing for imaging by confocal or laser scanning microscopy, and which can provide high-quality quantitative and qualitative data for studying both cell behavior and the mechanisms involved in migration.

顕微鏡法によるIn Vitro創傷が治癒過程における上皮移行の評価

Cell migration is a mandatory aspect for wound healing. Creating artificial wounds on research animal models often results in costly and complicated ...

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a nonmammalian animal model that is widely used as an assay system due to its short lifespan, transparency, cost-effectiveness, and lack of animal ethics issues. In this study, a method was developed to investigate the effects of different bacteria and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) on the intestinal permeability of C. elegans with a high-throughput image analysis system. The worms were infected with different gut bacteria or cotreated with DIM for 48 h and fed with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran overnight. Then, the intestinal permeability was examined by comparing the fluorescence images and the fluorescence intensity inside the worm bodies. This method may also have the potential to identify probiotic and pathogenic intestinal bacteria that affect intestinal permeability in the animal model and is effective for examining the effects of harmful or health-promoting chemicals on intestinal permeability and intestinal health. However, this protocol also has some considerable limitations at the genetic level, especially for determining which genes are altered to control illness, because this method is mostly used for phenotypic determination. In addition, this method is limited to determining exactly which pathogenic substrates cause inflammation or increase the permeability of the worms' intestines during infection. Therefore, further in-depth studies, including investigation of the molecular genetic mechanism using mutant bacteria and nematodes as well as chemical component analysis of bacteria, are required to fully evaluate the function of bacteria and chemicals in determining intestinal permeability.

Measuring the Effects of Bacteria and Chemicals on the Intestinal Permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans

This protocol describes how to measure intestinal permeability of Caenorhabditis elegans. This method is helpful for basic biological research on intestinal health related to the interaction between intestinal bacteria and their host and for screening to identify probiotic and chemical agents to cure leaky gut syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases.

ケネラブディティス・エレガンスの腸透過性に及ぼす細菌および化学物質の影響の測定

In living organisms, intestinal hyperpermeability is a serious symptom that leads to many inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). Caenorhabditis elegans is a ...

Investigating Intestinal Barrier Breakdown in Living Organoids

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was not possible in classical cell culture monolayers. Moreover, monolayer cell cultures are good in vitro model systems but do not represent the complex cellular differentiation processes and functions that rely on 3D structure. This has so far only been possible in animal experiments, which are laborious, time consuming, and hard to assess by optical techniques. Here we describe an assay to quantitatively determine the barrier integrity over time in living small intestinal mouse organoids. To validate our model, we applied interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;) as a positive control for barrier destruction and organoids derived from IFN-&#947; receptor 2 knock out mice as a negative control. The assay allowed us to determine the impact of IFN-&#947; on the intestinal barrier integrity and the IFN-&#947; induced degradation of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, -7, and -15. This assay could also be used to investigate the impact of chemical compounds, proteins, toxins, bacteria, or patient-derived probes on the intestinal barrier integrity.

Here we describe a technique to quantify the barrier integrity of small intestinal organoids. The fact that the method is based on living organoids enables the sequential investigation of different barrier integrity modulating substances or combinations thereof in a time-resolved manner.

生きているオルガノイドにおける腸のバリア破壊の調査

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was ...

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development

Chorioamnionitis is a common precipitant of preterm birth and is associated with many of the morbidities of prematurity, including necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, a mechanistic link between these two conditions remains yet to be discovered. We have adopted a murine model of chorioamnionitis involving lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI). This model of FEMI induces a sterile maternal, placental, and fetal inflammatory cascade, which is also present in many cases of clinical chorioamnionitis. Although models exist that utilize live bacteria and more accurately mimic the pathophysiology of an ascending infection resulting in chorioamnionitis, these methods may cause indirect effects on development of the immature intestinal tract and the associated developing microbiome. Using this protocol, we have demonstrated that LPS-induced FEMI results in a dose-dependent increase in pregnancy loss and preterm birth, as well as disruption of normal intestinal development in offspring. Further, we have demonstrated that FEMI significantly increases intestinal injury and serum cytokines in offspring, while simultaneously decreasing goblet and Paneth cells, both of which provide a first line of innate immunity against intestinal inflammation. Although a similar model of LPS-induced FEMI has been used to model the association between chorioamnionitis and subsequent abnormalities of the central nervous system, to our knowledge, this protocol is the first to attempt to elucidate a mechanistic link between chorioamnionitis and later perturbations in intestinal development as a potential link between chorioamnionitis and NEC.

We developed a model of chorioamnionitis to simulate fetal exposure to maternal inflammation (FEMI) without complications of live organisms to examine the effects of FEMI on development of the offspring&#8217;s intestinal tract. This allows for study of mechanistic causes for development of intestinal injury following chorioamnionitis.