この作品は、オランダCF財団（NCFS）、ZonMW（40-00812-98-14103）、ウィルヘルミナ小児病院研究基金とCZ、およびZilverenkruis / AchmeaのHIT-CFプログラムによってサポートされていました。我々はS. HEIDA・ミッシェル、M. Geerdink、KMデウィンター・ド・グルート、およびG. Berkers（小児呼吸器科、ウィルヘルミナこども病院、UMCユトレヒト）、及びRHJ Houwen（小児消化器科、ウィルヘルミナに感謝したいと思います患者に接近し、CFバイオバンクの生成のための生検を取得するための小児病院、UMCユトレヒト）。

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Hans Clevers is an inventor on patents for organoid culture and the Forskolin-induced swelling assay. Jeffrey M Beekman is an inventor on a patent for the Forskolin-induced swelling assay. Sylvia F Boj and Robert Vries are employed by the Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology (HUB), which holds the exclusive license to the Organoid Technology. Otherwise, the authors have nothing to disclose.

ここでは、ヒト結腸直腸オルガノイドの発生、拡大、凍結、融解のための完全なプロトコルを提供します。我々はいくつかの時間前に17人のオルガノイド培養を確立しているが、それは時々 、ハンズオントレーニングすることなく、他の研究室で技術の確立が困難であることが判明しました。私たちは、これらのプロトコルは、このような訓練を置き換えることを期待して?...

CFは、上皮陰イオンチャネルをコードする嚢胞性線維症膜コンダクタンス制御因子（CFTR）遺伝子の変異によって引き起こされます。 CFは、全世界で約85,000人1に影響を与えます 。 2,000 CFTR変異が同定されている（ <a href="http://www.genet.sickkids.on.ca">www.genet.sickkids.on.ca</a> ）。この多様性は、部分的に観察された疾患表現型（広範囲の説明<a href="http://www.CFTR2.org">www.CFTR2.org</a> ）2、3。 CFTR突然変異の6つのクラスは、CFTRタンパク質の発現と機能に及ぼす影響に基づいて定義されている：（I）NO合成、（II）損なわれ、人身売買、（III）、不良チャネル開閉、（IV）変更されたコンダクタンス、通常の（V）減少したレベルCFTRの機能、および（VI）損なわれ、細胞表面安定4。臨床状態と共通のCFTR突然変異がよく研究されていますが、CFTR機能と関係poorl残りますyは特に希少な「孤児」変異（の大規模なグループのために、個々のレベルで理解<a href="http://www.CFTR2.org">www.CFTR2.org</a> ）1、3。 最近では、薬物は、突然変異特異的にCFTRタンパク質を標的と開発されています。 CFTRタンパク質を標的とする2つのクラスの薬物は、現在臨床で使用され、異なる作用様式を有します。このようなVX-770などの増強、頂端局在変異CFTRのオープン確率を高め、セル5への添加時に直接作用します。このようなVX-809のような補正器は、小胞体局在ミスフォールドCFTRの人身売買を復元し、効果は6観察される前に、細胞とのプレインキュベーションを必要とします。 CFTR増強、VX-770は、同様に他の8の場合と同様に、G551D変異7、8の被験者のために登録されていますCFTRは、S1251N 9を含む、変異をゲーティング。一緒に、これらの変異は、すべてのCF科目の5パーセントによって運ばれています。他の臨床試験では、VX-770、補正VX-809と組み合わせたが、肺機能にはまだかなりの影響を制限していることが示された患者10の百分の45から50によって運ばF508del突然変異についてホモ接合性の被験者における増悪率の減少を引き起こすしています11。 CF患者の残りの50％以内の薬物応答性被験体を同定するために、従来の臨床試験では、コストと時間がかかり、非常にまれなCFTR遺伝子型を持つ個人のために実行可能ではありません。小説、費用対効果の高い、パーソナライズされた方法は、CFTR突然変異のいずれかのタイプを運ぶ個人へのCFTRモジュレーターの増加数と一致することが重要です。今までは、特定のCFTR変異を有する患者群のトライアル含めることは、hでの変異CFTR遺伝子のトランスフェクションを用いた研究によって導かれていますチャンバー5、6、12をアッシングで電気生理学的研究に続いeterologous電池システム、。適切なCFの動物モデルの不足のために、CF肺の外植片の材料から誘導される空気-液体界面分化気管支上皮細胞における薬効研究は、薬物開発の13、14、15のために使用されています。しかし、肺の外植組織や侵襲的処置の限られた利用可能性はあまり一般的CFTR突然変異の分析を妨げる末期疾患のない被験者からの気管支細胞を取得し、パーソナライズされたファッションで薬物検査を防止することができます。これらの制限を克服するために、人工多能性幹細胞から誘導される大腸オルガノイド、鼻の気道細胞、および気道の細胞のような「簡単なアクセス」組織は、現在、パーソナライズされた薬物治療のために検討されています。 16、17の形で任意の胃腸器官からの培養上皮幹細胞へのプロトコルを確立しました。ヒト結腸/直腸のために、培養条件は、小分子（ニコチンアミド、A83-01と組み合わせ定義された成長因子（上皮増殖因子（EGF）、ガストリンは、Wnt-3A、Rスポンジン3（Rspo3）、及びノギン）を含みます基底膜マトリックスおよびSB202190）。これらの条件下では、単一の幹細胞または小さな組織フラグメントは、閉じた、嚢胞性に外側に向い、その基端側で高い偏上皮によって形成された3D構造を成長させます。すべての細胞型は、典型的には、それらの正常な比率と位置で表示されます。オルガノイドは、毎週の機械的破壊と再メッキにより長期間にわたって拡張することができます。それらは、遺伝的および表現型的に安定であり、長期的な拡大、バイオバンキング17を可能にする、保存することができます。彼らはに適しています2Dセルライン18のために開発された全ての標準的な細胞生物学/遺伝子操作および分析技術。 我々は最近、CFTRの機能を容易にフォルスコリン誘発性腫脹（FIS）アッセイ19、20に大腸オルガノイドで測定することができることを実証しました。コレラ毒素の代わりにフォルスコリン（FSK）や、にさらされたとき、オルガノイドは急速に、それらの環状アデノシン一リン酸（cAMP）のレベルを増加させるCFTRチャンネル19の開口部に回転もたらします。健康な個体から、または残存機能に関連したCFTR変異を有する被験者からのオルガノイドは、その後オルガノイドの内腔へのイオンと水輸送の結果、分泌性下痢のin vitroでの同等物として膨潤します。 CFTR-nullの個人由来オルガノイドによって示されるように大腸オルガノイドのFIS応答は以前に、完全にCFTR依存性であることが示されました特定の薬理学的CFTR阻害剤19を使用することによりND。大きな被写体固有のデータセットは、生検を取った後、数週間以内に導出することができます。 ここでは詳細に説明FISアッセイのために、オルガノイドは、どの年齢で及び限ら不快21を得ることができる直腸生検から培養されます。オルガノイドは、簡単に再密閉し、新しいオルガノイドを形成する単一の陰窩に機械的破壊によって毎週継代します。 FISアッセイを実行するために、これらの破砕少しオルガノイドの〜30-80は、96ウェルプレート19の各ウェルに播種します。アッセイの日に、オルガノイドをカルセイン緑、それがライブイメージングを容易にする、生きた細胞内に保持される蛍光細胞透過性色素で染色します。そして、細胞内cAMPを上昇させ、それによってCFTRを活性化するFSKは、オルガノイド膨潤を促進するために添加されます。頂端CFTRに作用増強を同時にワット追加されますフォルスコリンi番目、CFTRの人身売買を復元補正器に対し、FSKの添加前に24時間を追加されます。オルガノイド膨潤は、フォルスコリン添加時の各時点での全蛍光オブジェクトの合計面積の相対的増加を計算する自動画像解析によって定量化されます。 3Dオルガノイド腫れはアッシングチャンバーで2D培養気道細胞内の既存の電気生理学的CFTRの読み出しを超える利点と欠点を提供します。主な利点は、膨潤アッセイのスループットです。細胞を培養し、培養液の単一タイプを使用してアッセイであり、経験豊富な技術者は、12の患者サンプルで週当たり約1200のデータポイントを文化毎週25オルガノイドサンプルまで定量することができますしながら。私たちは、従来のプレートあたりの重複または三重測定により、単一の実験条件を入力して、三つの独立インキュベーション時点でそのような測定を繰り返します。合計で、約300〜500秒イングルオルガノイド構造は、次に限定された技術的な変動とCFTR機能の非常に正確な測定につながる実験条件、毎に測定されています。この精度は、私たちは明らかにCFTRモジュレーターに残存機能とレスポンスの違いを定義することができ、容易に同一のCFTR突然変異19、22、23、24、25を運ぶ患者間の遺伝的背景の影響をピックアップすることを可能にします。データの品質は、容易に顕微鏡画像から評価することができます。 FISは完全にCFTR依存性であるが、それはその読み出し流体輸送へのイオン輸送のカップリングによる、CFTR機能のための間接的なアウトカム指標です。これは、経上皮イオン電流26を測定アッシングチャンバーで直接CFTR機能の測定、とは対照的です。アッシングチャンバは、頂端または側底Cの選択刺激を可能にします（オルガノイドアッセイは許可されません）ompartments。側底膜を透過性にすることにより、頂端CFTR依存性アニオン分泌を選択的に27で測定することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1053">
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			<td style="width:399px;">stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific:&#160; Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#35050</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific:&#160; Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"># 15630-056</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific:&#160; Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#15140-122</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">96 well culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Cellstar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#655180</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">6 well culture plate</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Cellstar</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#657160</td>
			<td style="width:399px;"></td>
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			<td height="50" style="height:50px;width:355px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (-) CaCl2 (-) MgCl2) (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies: Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#14190-094</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagles Medium&#160; (DMEM) 500ml&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific:&#160; Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#31966-021</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">For Wnt-3A Conditioned Medium Production. Stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#SFBS LOT#11113</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">For Wnt-3A Conditioned Medium Production. Stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#17-285</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">For measuring Wnt activity</td>
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			<td style="width:399px;">For Wnt-3A Cell line selection</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#17504-044</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">N-Acetylcysteine</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#A9165-5G</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#N0636</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">PrepoTech</td>
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			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="46" style="height:46px;width:355px;">Gastrin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
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			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#2939</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#S1049</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">p38 MAPK inhibitor (p38i) (SB202190)</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#S7067</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#ant-pm-1</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#3500-RS/CF</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#861987- 250mg</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#15710-049</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:119px;">#431788</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies: Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#12648010</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">for freezing</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Life Technologies: Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#C3100MP</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#1099-50 mg</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
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			<td style="width:180px;">Selleckchem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#s1565</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Ivacaftor (VX-770)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Selleckchem</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#s1144</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">stored at -80 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Name of Reagents/Material</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Solvent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Stock Concentration</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">Final Concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">GlutaMax</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">2m M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Hepes</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1 M</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:355px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10K U/ml 10K &#181;g/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">100 U/ml 100 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Zeocin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100 mg/ml&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">125 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">B27 supplement&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100 x</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">1 x</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:355px;">N-Acetylcysteine</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MiliQ H20</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">500 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Nicotinamide</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1 M</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Human Epithelial Growth Factor (hEGF)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DPBS 0.1%BSA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0.5 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">50 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Gastrin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DPBS</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100 &#181;M</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">10 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">TGFb type I Receptor inhibitor (A83-01)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">5 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">500 nM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Y-27632 dihydrochloride (RhoKi)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">p38 MAPK inhibitor (p38i) (SB202190)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">30 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">10 &#181;M</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Primocin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">50 mg/ml&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">100 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Human Noggin (hNoggin)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DPBS 0.1%BSA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">100 &#181;g/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">100 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Human R-spondin 3 (hRspo-3)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">varies per lot</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">300 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Vancomycin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">50 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Gentamycin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;"></td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 mg/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">50 &#181;g/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:355px;">Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">MiliQ H20</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">0.5 M</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Calcein</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 &#181;g/ml</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">3.3 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Forskolin</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">10 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">variable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Lumacaftor (VX-809)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">variable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:355px;">Ivacaftor (VX-770)</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">20 mM</td>
			<td style="width:399px;">variable</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

forskolin-induced swelling in intestinal organoids: an in vitro assay for assessing drug response in cystic fibrosis patients

Recently-developed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-modulating drugs correct surface expression and/or function of the mutant CFTR channel in subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Identification of subjects that may benefit from these drugs is challenging because of the extensive heterogeneity of CFTR mutations, as well as other unknown factors that contribute to individual drug efficacy. Here, we describe a simple and relatively rapid assay for measuring individual CFTR function and response to CFTR modulators in vitro. Three dimensional (3D) epithelial organoids are grown from rectal biopsies in standard organoid medium. Once established, the organoids can be bio-banked for future analysis. For the assay, 30-80 organoids are seeded in 96-well plates in basement membrane matrix and are then exposed to drugs. One day later, the organoids are stained with calcein green, and forskolin-induced swelling is monitored by confocal live cell microscopy at 37 &#176;C. Forskolin-induced swelling is fully CFTR-dependent and is sufficiently sensitive and precise to allow for discrimination between the drug responses of individuals with different and even identical CFTR mutations. In vitro swell responses correlate with the clinical response to therapy. This assay provides a cost-effective approach for the identification of drug-responsive individuals, independent of their CFTR mutations. It may also be instrumental in the development of future CFTR modulators.

図1Aは、BMMに埋め込まれた陰窩の代表新鮮な分離を示しています。陰窩は、CF対象の大腸生検からのものです。通常、オルガノイドは、それぞれのcrypt（ - C 図1A）から生成されます。 CFTRの機能不全に、大腸のCFオルガノイドのほとんどは、嚢胞性ではなく、むしろコンパクト突起とbuddings（ 図2A - 2B）で?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients at JoVE.com

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

This protocol describes an assay for measuring CFTR function and CFTR modulator responses in cultured tissue from subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Biopsy-derived intestinal organoids swell in a cAMP-driven fashion, a response that is defective (or strongly reduced) in CF organoids and can be restored by exposure to CFTR modulators.

フォルスコリン誘発性腸オルガノイドに腫れ：<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;アッセイ嚢胞性線維症患者における薬物反応を評価するための

Recently-developed cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)-modulating drugs correct surface expression and/or function of the mutant ...

forskolin-induced-swelling-intestinal-organoids-an-vitro-assay-for

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Unit 1

Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

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19.0K ビュー.  Foundation Hubrecht Organoid Technology. This protocol describes an assay for measuring CFTR function and CFTR modulator responses in cultured tissue from subjects with cystic fibrosis (CF). Biopsy-derived intestinal organoids swell in a cAMP-driven fashion, a response that is defective (or strongly reduced) in CF organoids and can be restored by exposure to CFTR modulators.

ビデオ: Forskolin-induced Swelling in Intestinal Organoids: An In Vitro Assay for Assessing Drug Response in Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

胎児性アルコール暴露のゼブラフィッシュモデルの催奇形性変化を評価する

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

医学

Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay

Studies to understanding interspecies transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are challenging in that they typically rely upon lengthy and costly in vivo animal challenge studies. A number of in vitro assays have been developed to aid in measuring prion species barriers, thereby reducing animal use and providing quicker results than animal bioassays. Here, we present the protocol for a rapid in vitro prion conversion assay called the conversion efficiency ratio (CER) assay. In this assay cellular prion protein (PrPC) from an uninfected host brain is denatured at both pH 7.4 and 3.5 to produce two substrates. When the pH 7.4 substrate is incubated with TSE agent, the amount of PrPC that converts to a proteinase K (PK)-resistant state is modulated by the original host&#8217;s species barrier to the TSE agent. In contrast, PrPC in the pH 3.5 substrate is misfolded by any TSE agent. By comparing the amount of PK-resistant prion protein in the two substrates, an assessment of the host&#8217;s species barrier can be made. We show that the CER assay correctly predicts known prion species barriers of laboratory mice and, as an example, show some preliminary results suggesting that bobcats (Lynx rufus) may be susceptible to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) chronic wasting disease agent.

Assessing Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Species Barriers with an In Vitro Prion Protein Conversion Assay

Measuring the barrier to the interspecies transmission of prion diseases is challenging and typically involves animal challenges or biochemical assays. Here, we present an in vitro prion protein conversion assay with the ability to predict species barriers.

と伝達性海綿状脳症種の障壁を評価する<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;プリオンタンパク質変換アッセイ

Studies to understanding interspecies transmission of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs, prion diseases) are challenging in that they ...

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key element is the quantitative determination of a tumor-specific genetic alteration in relation to a universal sequence using a dual-probe digital PCR assay and the subsequent calculation of the proportion of tumor cells. The assay is carried out on a culture containing tumor cells of an established line and spiked-in non-tumor cells. The mixed culture is treated with a test drug at various concentrations. After the treatment, DNA is prepared directly from the survived adhesive cells in wells of 96-well plates using a simple and inexpensive method, and subjected to a dual-probe digital PCR assay for measuring a tumor-specific genetic alteration and a reference universal sequence. In the present demonstration, a heterozygous deletion of the NF1 gene is used as the tumor-specific genetic alteration and a RPP30 gene as the reference gene. Using the ratio NF1/RPP30, the proportion of tumor cells was calculated. Since the dose-dependent change of the proportion of tumor cells provides an in vitro indication for specificity of the drug, this genetic and cell-based in vitro assay will likely have application potential in drug discovery. Furthermore, for personalized cancer-care, this genetic- and cell-based tool may contribute to optimizing adjuvant chemotherapy by means of testing efficacy and specificity of candidate drugs using primary cultures of individual tumors.

Assessing Specificity of Anticancer Drugs In Vitro

The goal of this protocol is to assess specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using mixed cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells.

抗がん剤の特異性を評価します<em&gt;インビトロ</em

A procedure for assessing specificity of anticancer drugs in vitro using cultures containing both tumor and non-tumor cells is demonstrated. The key ...

Optimized LC-MS/MS Method for the High-throughput Analysis of Clinical Samples of Ivacaftor, Its Major Metabolites, and Lumacaftor in Biological Fluids of Cystic Fibrosis Patients

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening pulmonary manifestations. Ivacaftor (IVA) and ivacaftor-lumacaftor (LUMA) combination are two new breakthrough CF drugs that directly modulate the activity and trafficking of the defective CFTR-protein. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic parameters and the pharmacology of ivacaftor and lumacaftor. The HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of the concentrations of ivacaftor, hydroxymethyl-ivacaftor, ivacaftor-carboxylate, and lumacaftor in biological fluids in patients receiving standard ivacaftor or ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination therapy has previously been developed by our group and partially validated to FDA standards. However, to allow the high-throughput analysis of a larger number of patient samples, our group has optimized the reported method through the use of a smaller pore size reverse-phase chromatography column (2.6 &#181;m, C8 100 &#197;; 50 x 2.1 mm) and a gradient solvent system (0-1 min: 40% B; 1-2 min: 40-70% B; 2-2.7 min: held at 70% B; 2.7-2.8 min: 70-90% B; 2.8-4.0 min: 90% B washing; 4.0-4.1 min: 90-40% B; 4.1-6.0 min: held at 40% B) instead of an isocratic elution. The goal of this study was to reduce the HPLC-MS analysis time per sample dramatically from ~15 min to only 6 min per sample, which is essential for the analysis of a large amount of patient samples. This expedient method will be of considerable utility for studies into the exposure-response relationships of these breakthrough CF drugs.

Ivacaftor and ivacaftor-lumacaftor combination are two new CF drugs. However, there is still a dearth of understanding on their PK/PD and pharmacology. We present an optimized HPLC-MS technique for the simultaneous analysis of ivacaftor and its major metabolites, and lumacaftor.

Ivacaftor、主要な代謝産物および嚢胞性線維症患者の体液中の Lumacaftor の臨床サンプルの高スループット分析のための最適化された LC-MS/MS 法

Defects in the cystic fibrosis trans-membrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are the cause of cystic fibrosis (CF), a disease with life-threatening ...

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models based on pBECs in mono-culture (MC), MC with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM), and non-contact co-culture (NCC) with astrocytes of porcine or rat origin. pBECs were isolated and cultured from fragments of capillaries from the brain cortices of domestic pigs 5-6 months old. These fragments were purified by careful removal of meninges, isolation and homogenization of grey matter, filtration, enzymatic digestion, and centrifugation. To further eliminate contaminating cells, the capillary fragments were cultured with puromycin-containing medium. When 60-95% confluent, pBECs growing from the capillary fragments were passaged to permeable membrane filter inserts and established in the models. To increase barrier tightness and BBB characteristic phenotype of pBECs, the cells were treated with the following differentiation factors: membrane permeant 8-CPT-cAMP (here abbreviated cAMP), hydrocortisone, and a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, RO-20-1724 (RO). The procedure was carried out over a period of 9-11 days, and when establishing the NCC model, the astrocytes were cultured 2-8 weeks in advance. Adherence to the described procedures in the protocol has allowed the establishment of endothelial layers with highly restricted paracellular permeability, with the NCC model showing an average transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of 1249 &#177; 80 &#937; cm2, and paracellular permeability (Papp) for Lucifer Yellow of 0.90 10-6 &#177; 0.13 10-6 cm sec-1 (mean &#177; SEM, n=55). Further evaluation of this pBEC phenotype showed good expression of the tight junctional proteins claudin 5, ZO-1, occludin and adherens junction protein p120 catenin. The model presented can be used for a range of studies of the BBB in health and disease and, with the highly restrictive paracellular permeability, this model is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking.

Improved Method for the Establishment of an In Vitro Blood-Brain Barrier Model Based on Porcine Brain Endothelial Cells

The aim of the protocol is to present an optimized procedure for the establishment of an in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) model based on primary porcine brain endothelial cells (pBECs). The model shows high reproducibility, high tightness, and is suitable for studies of transport and intracellular trafficking in drug discovery.

体外血液脳関門ブタ脳血管内皮細胞に基づくモデルの確立のための改良法

The aim of this protocol presents an optimized procedure for the purification and cultivation of pBECs and to establish in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) ...

A Fluorescence-based Assay for Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Droplet Formation in Human Intestinal Organoids

Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG) molecules, before they are packaged into chylomicrons for transport to the lymph or into cytosolic lipid droplets (LDs) for intracellular storage. A crucial step for the formation of LDs is the catalytic activity of diacylglycerol acyltransferases (DGAT) in the final step of TG synthesis. LDs are important to buffer toxic lipid species and regulate cellular metabolism in different cell types. Since the human intestinal epithelium is regularly confronted with high concentrations of lipids, LD formation is of great importance to regulate homeostasis. Here we describe a simple assay for the characterization and quantification of LD formation (LDF) upon stimulation with the most common unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid, in human intestinal organoids. The LDF assay is based on the LD-specific fluorescent dye LD540, which allows for quantification of LDs by confocal microscopy, fluorescent plate reader, or flow cytometry. The LDF assay can be used to characterize LD formation in human intestinal epithelial cells, or to study human (genetic) disorders that affect LD metabolism, such as DGAT1 deficiency. Furthermore, this assay can also be used in a high-throughput pipeline to test novel therapeutic compounds, which restore defects in LD formation in intestinal or other types of organoids.

This protocol describes an assay for the characterization of lipid droplet (LD) formation in human intestinal organoids upon stimulation with fatty acids. We discuss how this assay is used for quantification of LD formation, and how it can be used for high throughput screening for drugs that affect LD formation.

ヒト腸オルガノイドにおける脂質液滴形成の特徴付けと定量化のための蛍光ベースアッセイ

Dietary lipids are taken up as free fatty acids (FAs) by the intestinal epithelium. These FAs are intracellularly converted into triglyceride (TG) ...

Investigating Intestinal Barrier Breakdown in Living Organoids

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was not possible in classical cell culture monolayers. Moreover, monolayer cell cultures are good in vitro model systems but do not represent the complex cellular differentiation processes and functions that rely on 3D structure. This has so far only been possible in animal experiments, which are laborious, time consuming, and hard to assess by optical techniques. Here we describe an assay to quantitatively determine the barrier integrity over time in living small intestinal mouse organoids. To validate our model, we applied interferon gamma (IFN-&#947;) as a positive control for barrier destruction and organoids derived from IFN-&#947; receptor 2 knock out mice as a negative control. The assay allowed us to determine the impact of IFN-&#947; on the intestinal barrier integrity and the IFN-&#947; induced degradation of the tight junction proteins claudin-2, -7, and -15. This assay could also be used to investigate the impact of chemical compounds, proteins, toxins, bacteria, or patient-derived probes on the intestinal barrier integrity.

Here we describe a technique to quantify the barrier integrity of small intestinal organoids. The fact that the method is based on living organoids enables the sequential investigation of different barrier integrity modulating substances or combinations thereof in a time-resolved manner.

生きているオルガノイドにおける腸のバリア破壊の調査

Organoids and three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures allow the investigation of complex biological mechanisms and regulations in vitro, which previously was ...

Using a Chemical Biopsy for Graft Quality Assessment

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated with an increased survival rate and greater quality of patient&#8217;s life when compared to conventional dialysis. Regrettably, transplantology suffers from a lack of reliable methods for organ quality assessment. Standard diagnostic techniques are limited to macroscopic appearance inspection or invasive tissue biopsy, which do not provide comprehensive information about the graft. The proposed protocol aims to introduce solid phase microextraction (SPME) as an ideal analytical method for comprehensive metabolomics and lipidomic analysis of all low molecular compounds present in kidneys allocated for transplantation. The small size of the SPME probe enables performance of a chemical biopsy, which enables extraction of metabolites directly from the organ without any tissue collection. The minimum invasiveness of the method permits execution of multiple analyses over time: directly after organ harvesting, during its preservation, and immediately after revascularization at the recipient&#8217;s body. It is hypothesized that the combination of this novel sampling method with a high-resolution mass spectrometer will allow for discrimination of a set of characteristic compounds that could serve as biological markers of graft quality and indicators of possible development of organ dysfunction.

The protocol presents utilization of the chemical biopsy approach followed by comprehensive metabolomic and lipidomic analysis for quality assessment of kidney grafts allocated for transplantation.

移植質評価のための化学バイオプシーの使用

Kidney transplantation is a life-saving treatment for a large number of people with end-stage renal dysfunction worldwide. The procedure is associated ...

Culture and Imaging of Human Nasal Epithelial Organoids

Individualized therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can be achieved with an in vitro disease model to understand baseline Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) activity and restoration from small molecule compounds. Our group recently focused on establishing a well-differentiated organoid model directly derived from primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNE). Histology of sectioned organoids, whole-mount immunofluorescent staining, and imaging (using confocal microscopy, immunofluorescent microscopy, and bright field) are essential to characterize organoids and confirm epithelial differentiation in preparation for functional assays. Furthermore, HNE organoids produce lumens of varying sizes that correlate with CFTR activity, distinguishing between CF and non-CF organoids. In this manuscript, the methodology for culturing HNE organoids are described in detail, focusing on the assessment of differentiation using the imaging modalities, including the measurement of baseline lumen area (a method of CFTR activity measurement in organoids that any laboratory with a microscope can employ) as well as the developed automated approach to a functional assay (which requires more specialized equipment).

A detailed protocol is presented here to describe an in vitro organoid model from human nasal epithelial cells. The protocol has options for measurements requiring standard laboratory equipment, with additional possibilities for specialized equipment and software.

ヒト鼻上皮オルガノイドの培養とイメージング

Individualized therapy for cystic fibrosis (CF) patients can be achieved with an in vitro disease model to understand baseline Cystic Fibrosis ...

Rectal Organoid Morphology Analysis (ROMA): A Diagnostic Assay in Cystic Fibrosis

Diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF) is not always straightforward, especially when sweat chloride concentration is intermediate and/or less than two disease-causing CFTR mutations can be identified. Physiological CFTR assays (nasal potential difference, intestinal current measurement) have been included in the diagnostic algorithm but are not always readily available or feasible (e.g., in infants). Rectal organoids are 3D structures that grow from stem cells isolated from crypts of a rectal biopsy when cultured under specific conditions. Organoids from non-CF subjects have a round shape and a fluid-filled lumen, as CFTR-mediated chloride transport drives water into the lumen. Organoids with defective CFTR function do not swell, retaining an irregular shape and having no visible lumen. Differences in morphology between CF and non-CF organoids are quantified in the &#39;Rectal Organoid Morphology Analysis&#39; (ROMA) as a novel CFTR physiological assay. For the ROMA assay, organoids are plated in 96-well plates, stained with calcein, and imaged in a confocal microscope. Morphological differences are quantified using two indexes: The circularity index (CI) quantifies the roundness of organoids, and the intensity ratio (IR) is a measure of the presence of a central lumen. Non-CF organoids have a high CI and low IR compared to CF organoids. ROMA indexes perfectly discriminated 167 subjects with CF from 22 subjects without CF, making ROMA an appealing physiological CFTR assay to aid in CF diagnosis. Rectal biopsies can be routinely performed at all ages in most hospitals and tissue can be sent to a central lab for organoid culture and ROMA. In the future, ROMA might also be applied to test the efficacy of CFTR modulators in vitro. The aim of the present report is to fully explain the methods used for ROMA, to allow replication in other labs.

Rectal Organoid Morphology Analysis ROMA: A Diagnostic Assay in Cystic Fibrosis

This protocol describes rectal organoid morphology analysis (ROMA), a novel diagnostic assay for cystic fibrosis (CF). Morphological characteristics, namely the roundness (circularity index, CI) and the presence of a lumen (intensity ratio, IR), are a measure of CFTR function. Analysis of 189 subjects showed perfect discrimination between CF and non-CF.