この研究はドイツ学術協会（CRC1039 A3）と研究助成プログラムヘッセン州の「LandesoffensiveツアEntwicklung wissenschaftlich-ökonomischerExzellenz」（LOEWE）、トランスレーショナル医学・薬理学TMPとそうでないクローネ-フレゼニウス財団研究センターによってサポートされていました（EKFS）、研究研修グループトランスレーショナルリサーチイノベーション - ファーマ（TRIP）。

SJL / Jマウスにおける1 EAEの誘導<ol><li> マウス <ol><li> 11週齢の雌SJL / Jマウスを使用し、それらは約7日間の実験室に馴化することができます。グループあたりのn = 10匹のマウスを使用してください。 </li><li>薬物の効果を評価するために、免疫後3又は5日出発連続飲料水を介してまたは餌ペレットを介して制御グループの薬物およびプラセボを投与する（群あたりn = 10）。疾患のピーク時には、牛乳または3％の砂糖水に浸したコーンフレークと薬またはプラセボを投与します。 </li></ol></li><li> 予防接種材料 <ol><li>完全フロイントアジュバント（CFA、熱殺菌された結核菌H37 Ra）が2バイアル（各5μg）とエマルジョン中の抗原からなるEAE誘導キット（プロテオリピドタンパク質のペプチド、PLP139-151、1mg / mlのエマルジョン）を使用します凍結乾燥した百日咳毒素（PTX）の。 </li><li> すなわち、&lt;; 1×リン酸緩衝生理食塩水（PBSにPTX（2μg/ ml）を溶解させ/ em&gt;の）、各PTXチューブにPBSの1.5 mLを加え、よく混ぜ、同じピペットチップで除去し、50 mLチューブ中の1mLのPBSに追加します。よく混ぜます。 </li></ol></li><li> 免疫 <ol><li>尾の基部に、2箇所にそれぞれ100μL、両方をPLP / CFAの皮下に注入します。背中上部または首の皮膚内の任意の免疫反応が頭のイメージングおよび脊髄の障害になるので、首の後ろに注入しないでください。 </li><li>免疫後2時間および24時間で二 - 、二回マウス当たり、腹腔内（ip）第1のPTXの100μLを注入します。 </li><li>対照マウスでは、PLPなしPLPなしCFA（100μLの2箇所）を加えたPTXを注入します。 </li></ol></li><li> マウスは免疫後の取り扱い <ol><li> 7日目に一日おきにマウスを計量し、その後、毎日それらの重量を量ります。 注：マウスは約1失う - EAE間に体重を2g。減少は、EAEの発症をマーク。 </li><li> 7日目アコードから毎日臨床症状を評価します運動機能に明らかな変化を、0.5スコア：標準スコアリングシステムにる（ すなわち、スコア0ない尾の先端麻痺を;スコア1：完全な尾の麻痺を、1.5スコア：1または両方の後肢の軽度の不全麻痺;スコア2：後ろ足の深刻な麻痺;スコア2.5：1後肢の完全麻痺;スコア3：両方の後肢の完全麻痺; 3.5スコア：後肢と1前脚の麻痺の完全な麻痺が3.5以上のスコアのためにマウスを安楽死させます&gt; 12時間。 </li></ol></li><li> EAEコースや撮影時 <ol><li>免疫後12 - マウスは10日目の周りに発生するスコア&gt; 1に達したときに、疾患の発症時に最初の撮影を行います。 </li><li> 3日 - 初期症状が発症する1または2日後に到達され、1持続しますピーク時の第2の撮像を実行します。 注：その後、マウスは完全に7〜10日以内に回復します。インターバル中のイメージングは​​、依然として、血管の漏れを示すことができますしかし、炎症の指標が負でなければなりません。 </li></ol></li></ol> 2.生物発光と視神経炎と脳炎症の近赤外イメージング<ol><li> イメージング・システムのセットアップ <ol><li>生物発光と近赤外信号の解析を可能にする機器をin vivoイメージングに行います。 </li><li>全てのイメージング手順の間に2.5％イソフルラン麻酔 - 2の下にマウスを保管してください。 </li><li>中央のガス供給を使用して、装置内で互いに横に位置1または2匹のマウス。中心部の上部脊椎を置きます。 </li><li>薬の効果の評価は、ペアを比較するために、同時に2匹のマウス、グループごとに1つを使用してください。これは、生物発光イメージングのために重要です。 </li><li>黒い布を用いた免疫化の部位を遮蔽し、マウス/マウスの正確な位置決めを評価するために写真とベースライン画像を取ります。すべての画像のためのカメラに6.5 cmの距離でB-フォーカスを使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li> 生物発光炎症プローブの注射とイメージング <ol><li> in vivoイメージングシステム設定を使用：8ビニングエピBLIは、エムがオープンフィルタリング、例のフィルタブロック、FSTOP 1、B = 6.5センチメートル、広告露出120秒を集中。ベースライン画像を取ります。 </li><li>すぐに使用できる化学発光試薬（40ミリグラム/ mL）を100μLの腹腔に注入します。注射器を充填する前によく混ぜます。 </li><li>生物発光画像5、10、および注射後15分をキャプチャします。生物発光ピークの時間経過は、動物間で異なります。 注：ピークは5発生します - 注射後の10分。 15分での減少はそれ以上の画像が必要とされないことを示しています。異なる時間のコースのためにマイナーなバイアスを排除するためにコントロール群と処置群のマウスのペアを使用してください。 </li><li>実験に関連する説明を記入します。自動的にポップアップダイアログボックスを観察し、そのようなマウス系統、性別、時刻、プローブ注射、グループなどの時間などの情報を含みます。ファイルのすべての中のOを保存neのフォルダ;彼らは、時間タグとすべての記述があります。 </li></ol></li><li> BBBの整合性のための近赤外蛍光ナノ粒子の注射とイメージング <ol><li> B-フォーカス（：6.5センチメートル距離）に近赤外落射蛍光イメージングを使用してください。ペグ化蛍光ナノ粒子の励起/発光最大値は690分の675 nmです。 Ex640 / Em700およびEx675 / Em720で、異なる波長で2つの画像をキャプチャ。 8ビニング2-のエクスポージャーを、使用、およびFSTOP 2は、ベースライン画像を取ります。 </li><li>尾静脈を介してペグ化された蛍光赤外線ナノ粒子の70μLの静脈注入し、マウスを3時間と、上記の設定を使用して、注射後24時間を想像してみてください。注射器を充填する前に、溶液をよく混ぜます。 </li><li>シグナルの特異性を評価するために必要とされる対照マウスにおける0.9％塩化ナトリウム、注射。 </li></ol></li><li> 注入及びMMP活性の近赤外蛍光プローブのイメージング <ol><li>剃るか、頭を脱毛するとuベースライン画像を撮影する前に、慎重に1日PPERの脊椎領域。皮膚が負傷してはいけません。 </li><li> B-フォーカス（：6.5センチメートル距離）に近赤外落射蛍光イメージングを使用してください。 MMPの活性化プローブの励起/発光最大値は700分の680 nmです。 Ex640 / Em700およびEx675 / Em720で、異なる波長で2つの画像をキャプチャ。 8ビニング1-sの露出を、使用、およびFSTOP 2は、ベースライン画像を取ります。 </li><li>それは、10匹のマウスのために十分になるようにすぐに使用できる溶液（1×PBS中で20ナノモル/ 1.5 mL）を1.5 mLチューブに1×PBSの200μLを加えます。注射器を充填する前によく混ぜます。 注：提供するボリュームは、いくつかのボリュームがシリンジ充填および注入中に失われていることを考慮に入れていません。 </li><li> 24時間イメージングの前に尾静脈を介してプローブivの150μLを注入します。シグナルの特異性を評価するためにのみ対照動物にPBSを注入します。 </li><li>注射後24時間の時点で、少なくとも二つの波長、Ex640 / Em700および実施例675 / Eでエピ-FLの画像を撮影しますM720は、設定で（8、およびFSTOP 2ビニング1-sの露出、フォーカスB）上記で説明しました。 注：2波長の使用は、非特異的シグナルを差し引くことによって、スペクトルアンミキシングを可能にします。 </li></ol></li></ol> 3.画像の解析<ol><li> 生物発光分析（BLI） <ol><li>それを開くためにソフトウェアをダブルクリックします。 </li><li>上部のメニューバーで、実験のフォルダのディレクトリに移動し、それを選択し、 ファイルブラウザのアイコンをクリックしてください。これは、テーブル内のフォルダ内のすべてのファイルを開きます。 </li><li>実験に関連する記述を示す列を設定します。 </li><li>品質管理のために、EAE信号の特異性を確認するために、EAEおよび/またはナイーブマウスの症状がなく、非レスポンダーマウスのファイルをダブルクリックします。 注：非応答マウスではないナイーブマウスの信号と最小の信号があってはなりません。 <ol><li>プロの注入前のベースライン画像をチェック信号の特異性のさらなる対照として、各マウスについてです。それが負でなければなりません。 </li></ol></li><li>画像を選択するには、最初のEAEマウスの最初のファイルをダブルクリックし、生物発光強度（LUTバー範囲）と局在を確認してください。すべての画像を一枚ずつ確認してください。各マウスの最安強度（ すなわち 、各マウスのための3つの画像のうち、2を保持）を使用してファイルを閉じます。 </li><li>画像調整と輸出<ol><li>定量化される最初のファイルをダブルクリックします。新しいウィンドウポップアップを確認します。 「オプション」（上部メニュー）の下では、各画像に表示するラベルをカスタマイズします。 </li><li>右側のツールパレットでは、に行く「画像調整」。デフォルトでは、最小値と最大強度は、「オート」に設定されており、虹の擬似カラーで表示されています。必要に応じて設定を変更するには、「手動」を選択します。 注：たとえば、エクスポートされたすべての画像が簡単に匹敵する同一のLUTバー（同一の最小値と最大値）を有していてもよいです。最小値と最大値の調整は、定量的な結果には影響しません。 </li><li>画像のエクスポート、選択PNG形式、ディレクトリ、およびイメージ名をクリックして</li></ol></li><li>関心領域の定量化（ROI） <ol><li>ツールパレットで「ROI」ツールに移動します。 ROI法（円、長方形、自動、また​​はフリーハンド）とROIの数を選択します。画像ウィンドウでポップアップROIウィンドウを確認します。 </li><li>マウスを使用して、サイズと位置を調整します。自動ROIツールを使用する場合は、すべての画像に対して同一のROIのしきい値を使用します。 ROIのサイズと位置を手動で（ 例えば、円形のROI）が定義されている場合は、すべての画像に対して同一の領域を使用してください。 </li><li> RO.I.が新しいウィンドウポップアップを観察し測定する」をクリックします。列をカスタマイズする（ 例えば、ファイル名、動物番号、グループ、実験、面積、総カウント、平均カウント、SD数、minとmaxはカウント、面積、時間ポイント、プローブ注入など ）の時間。カスタマイズされた設定を保存します。場合には、再ADYは、全てます（Ctrl + A）を選択し、スプレッドシートに表をコピーして貼り付けます。 </li><li>代わりにROIを持つPNGなどの画像をエクスポートします。保存した画像ファイルを閉じます。 </li></ol></li><li>定量化する必要があるすべての画像ファイルのために - （3.1.7 3.1.6ステップ）の手順を繰り返します。スプレッドシートにすべてのROIの定量化をコピーします。 注記：ここでは、結果等のグループ、時刻によってソートされ、統計的に分析することができます。統計分析のためのROIにおける生物発光シグナルの合計カウントを使用してください。 </li></ol></li><li> 蛍光ナノ粒子の近赤外（NIR）分析 <ol><li>ソフトウェアのコントロールを使用して、画像のしきい値を調整します。 注：これは、定量的な結果には影響を与えません。 </li><li>視覚信号の特異性を評価するために、EX /エム720分の675及びEX /エム700分の640で撮影した画像を比較します。 </li><li>定量分析のためにEX /エム720分の675で撮影した画像を使用してください（最大励起：680 nm）を。自動ROIツールを使用することができるためのROIを規定します。自動ROIのしきい値を調整し、すべての画像のためにそれを使用しています。関心領域内の総放射効率を定量化する（ステップ3.1参照）。 </li></ol></li><li> プロテアーゼ感受性プローブの近赤外（NIR）分析 <ol><li>ソフトウェアのコントロールを使用して、画像のしきい値を調整します。 注：これは、定量的な結果には影響を与えません。自家蛍光のスペクトルアンミキシングを行います。アンミキシングツールはイメージリビングに実装されます。自動アンミキシングは、自家蛍光画像などの特定および720分の675としてEX /エム700分の640を使用しています。 </li><li>混合されていない画像を選択し、上記のように、関心領域を定義します。定量的および統計分析のためのROI内の総放射効率を使用してください。 </li></ol></li></ol>

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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+fMRI+detects+white-matter+dysfunction+in+mice+with+acute+optic+neuritis.">Diffusion fMRI detects white-matter dysfunction in mice with acute optic neuritis.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 67, 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Knier, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+IL-17+protects+the+optic+nerve+from+autoimmune+pathology+and+prevents+retinal+nerve+fiber+layer+atrophy+during+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Neutralizing IL-17 protects the optic nerve from autoimmune pathology and prevents retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Autoimmun. 56, 34-44 (2015).</li><li>Schellenberg, A. E., Buist, R., Yong, V. W., Del Bigio, M. R., Peeling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+blood-spinal+cord+barrier+disruption+in+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Magnetic resonance imaging of blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Magn Reson Med. 58 (2), 298-305 (2007).</li><li>Mori, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+pathological+alterations+of+lower+lumbar+cords+detected+by+ultrahigh-field+MRI+in+a+mouse+multiple+sclerosis+model.">Early pathological alterations of lower lumbar cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model.</a> Int Immunol. 26 (2), 93-101 (2014).</li><li>Bittner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+TWIK-related+potassium+channel-1+(TREK1)+regulates+immune-cell+trafficking+into+the+CNS.">Endothelial TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK1) regulates immune-cell trafficking into the CNS.</a> Nat Med. 19 (9), 1161-1165 (2013).</li><li>Theien, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+treatment+with+a+small-molecule+VLA-4+antagonist+before+and+after+onset+of+relapsing+EAE.">Differential effects of treatment with a small-molecule VLA-4 antagonist before and after onset of relapsing EAE.</a> Blood. 102 (13), 4464-4471 (2003).</li><li>Hawkins, B. T., Davis, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier/neurovascular+unit+in+health+and+disease.">The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 57 (2), 173-185 (2005).</li><li>Coisne, C., Mao, W., Engelhardt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+Natalizumab+blocks+adhesion+but+not+initial+contact+of+human+T+cells+to+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+vivo+in+an+animal+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Cutting edge: Natalizumab blocks adhesion but not initial contact of human T cells to the blood-brain barrier in vivo in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.</a> J Immunol. 182 (10), 5909-5913 (2009).</li><li>Andresen, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+intravital+microscopy.">High-resolution intravital microscopy.</a> PLoS One. 7 (12), e50915 (2012).</li><li>Bukilica, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-induced+suppression+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+in+the+rat.">Stress-induced suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat.</a> Int J Neurosci. 59 (1-3), 167-175 (1991).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らが競合する金融利害関係を持たないことを宣言します。

現在のビデオは、SJL / JマウスにおけるEAEのin vivoイメージングにおける生物発光と近赤外蛍光のための技術を示しています。我々は、炎症感受性プローブを用いた生物発光イメージングは​​、主に視神経炎を示し、そして定量化はEAEの重症度の臨床評価および薬物の効果と一致することを示します。信号は脊柱によって吸収されるためしかし、生物発光イメージング法は、お?...

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice. 
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 "R" principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points. 
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals. 
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5. 
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1287">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">AngioSpark-680</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEV10149</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MMP-sense 680</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>NEV10126</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>760535</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLP139-151/CFA emulsion&#160;</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IVIS Lumina Spectrum</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LivingImage 4.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice

SJL / Jマウスにおける実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）は、再発寛解型多発性硬化症（RRMS）のモデルです。運動機能障害を記述する臨床EAEスコアは、脊髄の免疫媒介炎症の基本的な読み出しです。しかし、スコアおよび体重は脳の炎症と視神経炎のin vivoで評価することができません。後者は、約2/3のMS患者の早期かつ頻繁な症状です。ここでは、 インビボイメージングシステムを用いて、生きているマウスにおける生物発光およびEAEの視神経炎を誘発評価するための近赤外ライブイメージング、脳の炎症、及び血液脳関門（BBB）破壊するための方法を示します。酸化酵素によって活性化された生物発光基質は、主に視神経炎を示しました。信号は特異的であり、臨床スコアを並列薬の効果や病気の時間のコース、の可視化を可能にしました。 vasculatur内に留まったペグ化蛍光ナノ粒子長時間eがBBBの完全性を評価するために使用しました。近赤外イメージングは​​、疾患のピーク時BBB漏れを明らかにしました。信号は、目の周りの最も強かったです。マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼのための近赤外基質は、EAE誘発炎症を評価しました。自家蛍光は、定量化のためのスペクトルアンミキシングを必要とし、信号を妨害しました。全体として、生物発光イメージングは​​、EAEに関連する視神経炎および薬物の効果を評価するための信頼性の高い方法であり、シグナルの特異性、堅牢性、定量化の容易さ、及びコストの観点から近赤外の技術よりも優れていました。

視神経炎の生物発光の時間コース 炎症プローブの生物発光信号は、目の周りの最も強かったと視神経炎でEAEマウスでのみ発生しました。信号は非EAEマウスや炎症プローブを注入していないマウスでもないに発生しました。マウスが回復したときに信号が消失しました。したがって、信号は、視神経炎に特異?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

我々は、in vivoでのライブ生物発光およびSJL / Jマウスにおける多発性硬化症の実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）モデルにおける視神経炎や脳炎の近赤外イメージングのための技術を示します。

マウスにおける多発性硬化症のEAEモデルにおける視神経炎と脳炎症の生物発光と近赤外イメージング

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

bioluminescence-near-infrared-imaging-optic-neuritis-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.1K ビュー.  University Hospital Frankfurt. 我々は、in vivoでのライブ生物発光およびSJL / Jマウスにおける多発性硬化症の実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）モデルにおける視神経炎や脳炎の近赤外イメージングのための技術を示します。 

ビデオ: Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading to an accumulation of lipid-laden intra-luminal plaque, smooth muscle cell proliferation and progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen. The formation of such vulnerable plaques prone to rupture underlies the majority of cases of acute myocardial infarction. The complex molecular and cellular inflammatory cascade is orchestrated by the recruitment of T lymphocytes and macrophages and their paracrine effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells.1
Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis has evolved into an important clinical and research tool that allows in vivo visualization of inflammation and other biological processes. Several recent examples demonstrate the ability to detect high-risk plaques in patients, and assess the effects of pharmacotherapeutics in atherosclerosis.4 While a number of molecular imaging approaches (in particular MRI and PET) can image biological aspects of large vessels such as the carotid arteries, scant options exist for imaging of coronary arteries.2 The advent of high-resolution optical imaging strategies, in particular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), coupled with activatable fluorescent probes, have enhanced sensitivity and led to the development of new intravascular strategies to improve biological imaging of human coronary atherosclerosis.
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging utilizes excitation light with a defined band width (650-900 nm) as a source of photons that, when delivered to an optical contrast agent or fluorescent probe, emits fluorescence in the NIR window that can be detected using an appropriate emission filter and a high sensitivity charge-coupled camera. As opposed to visible light, NIR light penetrates deeply into tissue, is markedly less attenuated by endogenous photon absorbers such as hemoglobin, lipid and water, and enables high target-to-background ratios due to reduced autofluorescence in the NIR window. Imaging within the NIR 'window' can substantially improve the potential for in vivo imaging.2,5
Inflammatory cysteine proteases have been well studied using activatable NIRF probes10, and play important roles in atherogenesis. Via degradation of the extracellular matrix, cysteine proteases contribute importantly to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis8. In particular, the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is highly expressed and colocalizes with macrophages in experimental murine, rabbit, and human atheromata.3,6,7 In addition, cathepsin B activity in plaques can be sensed in vivo utilizing a previously described 1-D intravascular near-infrared fluorescence technology6, in conjunction with an injectable nanosensor agent that consists of a poly-lysine polymer backbone derivatized with multiple NIR fluorochromes (VM110/Prosense750, ex/em 750/780nm, VisEn Medical, Woburn, MA) that results in strong intramolecular quenching at baseline.10 Following targeted enzymatic cleavage by cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B (known to colocalize with plaque macrophages), the fluorochromes separate, resulting in substantial amplification of the NIRF signal. Intravascular detection of NIR fluorescence signal by the utilized novel 2D intravascular NIRF catheter now enables high-resolution, geometrically accurate in vivo detection of cathepsin B activity in inflamed plaque.
In vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using catheter-based 2D NIRF imaging, as opposed to a prior 1-D spectroscopic approach,6 is a novel and promising tool that utilizes augmented protease activity in macrophage-rich plaque to detect vascular inflammation.11,12 The following research protocol describes the use of an intravascular 2-dimensional NIRF catheter to image and characterize plaque structure utilizing key aspects of plaque biology. It is a translatable platform that when integrated with existing clinical imaging technologies including angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), offers a unique and novel integrated multimodal molecular imaging technique that distinguishes inflammatory atheromata, and allows detection of intravascular NIRF signals in human-sized coronary arteries.

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

We detail a new near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) catheter for 2-dimensional intravascular molecular imaging of plaque biology in vivo. The NIRF catheter can visualize key biological processes such as inflammation by reporting on the presence of plaque-avid activatable and targeted NIR fluorochromes. The catheter utilizes clinical engineering and power requirements and is targeted for application in human coronary arteries. The following research study describes a multimodal imaging strategy that utilizes a novel in vivo intravascular NIRF catheter to image and quantify inflammatory plaque in proteolytically active inflamed rabbit atheromata.

炎症性プラークの赤外蛍光（NIRF）血管内分子イメージング、マルチモーダルアプローチの近くin vivoでの動脈硬化のイメージングに

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading ...

医学

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

マウスモデルにおける乳がんの脳転移の腫瘍の低酸素動態の in vivo生物発光イメージングに

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

臨床試験および筋萎縮性側索硬化症（ALS）のマウスモデルにおける脊髄の除去

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

視神経炎患者における脱髄次のVisual損傷と修復を特定し、定量化するために、動的なビジュアルテスト

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient&#8217;s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report methodologic details on a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT). This new approach to the objective of quantification of MS related disability provides a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity.

多発性硬化性能試験（MSPT）：iPadのベース障害評価ツール

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

免疫不全マウスにおける口腔咽頭カンジダ症のTh17細胞炎症モデル

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to 55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 clinical centers across 20 countries located in both hemispheres. Central to the success of this method was the strategic use of plot analysis to guide and corroborate the statistical regression modelling. Initial plot analysis was necessary for establishing realistic hypotheses regarding the presence and structural form of seasonal and latitudinal influences on relapse probability and then testing the performance of the resultant models. Trigonometric regression was then necessary to quantify these relationships, adjust for important confounders and provide a measure of certainty as to how plausible these associations were. Synchronization of graphing techniques with regression modelling permitted a systematic refinement of models until best-fit convergence was achieved, enabling novel inferences to be made regarding the independent influence of both season and latitude in predicting relapse onset timing in MS. These methods have the potential for application across other complex disease and epidemiological phenomena suspected or known to vary systematically with season and/or geographic location.

Combining plot analysis with trigonometric regression is a robust method for exploring complex, cyclical phenomena such as relapse onset timing in multiple sclerosis (MS). This method enabled unbiased characterisation of seasonal trends in relapse onset permitting novel inferences around the influence of seasonal variation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and latitude.

多発性硬化症の再発のデータを用いて実証季節変動の三角モデリングの方法

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to  55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 ...

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical excitability. With well-established safety and tolerability, tDCS has been found to have the potential to ameliorate symptoms such as depression and pain in a range of conditions as well as to enhance outcomes of cognitive and physical training. However, effects are cumulative, requiring treatments that can span weeks or months and frequent, repeated visits to the clinic. The cost in terms of time and travel is often prohibitive for many participants, and ultimately limits real-world access. 
Following guidelines for remote tDCS application, we propose a protocol that would allow remote (in-home) participation that uses specially-designed devices for supervised use with materials modified for patient use, and real-time monitoring through a telemedicine video conferencing platform. We have developed structured training procedures and clear, detailed instructional materials to allow for self- or proxy-administration while supervised remotely in real-time. The protocol is designed to have a series of checkpoints, addressing attendance and tolerability of the session, to be met in order to continue to the next step. The feasibility of this protocol was then piloted for clinical use in an open label study of remotely-supervised tDCS in multiple sclerosis (MS). This protocol can be widely used for clinical study of tDCS.

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

The goal of this pilot study is to describe a protocol for the remotely-supervised delivery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) so that the procedure maintains standards of in-clinic practice, including safety, reproducibility, and tolerability. The feasibility of this protocol was tested in participants with multiple sclerosis (MS).

多発性硬化症での遠隔監視付き頭蓋直流刺激（TDCは）を使用するためのプロトコル（MS）

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical ...

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of stroke than relying on indirect measurements, and will be a potent and robust vascular research tool. We use an optical imaging approach that labels thrombi with a molecular imaging thrombus marker&#160;&#8212; a Cy5.5 near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe that is covalently linked to the fibrin strands of the thrombus by the fibrin-crosslinking enzymatic action of activated coagulation factor XIIIa during the process of clot maturation. A micro-computed tomography (microCT)-based approach uses thrombus-seeking gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized to target the major component of the clot: fibrin. This paper describes a detailed protocol for the combined in vivo microCT and ex vivo NIRF imaging of thromboemboli in a mouse model of embolic stroke. We show that in vivo microCT and fibrin-targeted glycol-chitosan AuNPs (fib-GC-AuNPs) can be used for visualizing both in situ thrombi and cerebral embolic thrombi. We also describe the use of in vivo microCT-based direct thrombus imaging to serially monitor the therapeutic effects of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis. After the last imaging session, we demonstrate by ex vivo NIRF imaging the extent and the distribution of residual thromboemboli in the brain. Finally, we describe quantitative image analyses of microCT and NIRF imaging data. The combined technique of direct thrombus imaging allows two independent methods of thrombus visualization to be compared: the area of thrombus-related fluorescent signal on ex vivo NIRF imaging vs. the volume of hyperdense microCT thrombi in vivo.

This protocol describes the application of combined near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging and micro-computed tomography (microCT) for visualizing cerebral thromboemboli. This technique allows the quantification of thrombus burden and evolution. The NIRF imaging technique visualizes fluorescently labeled thrombus in excised brain, while the microCT technique visualizes thrombus inside living animals using gold-nanoparticles.

直接脳血栓塞栓を可視化するための複合近赤外蛍光イメージングおよびマイクロコンピュータ断層撮影

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of ...

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic demand. Reactive hyperemia (in response to a brief period of tissue ischemia) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and provides important insight into vascular health and vasodilatory capacity. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is equally important in health and disease, as it determines the energy supply for myocellular processes. Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess each of these major clinical endpoints (reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling, and muscle oxidative capacity) during a single clinic or laboratory visit. Unlike Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance images/spectroscopy, or invasive catheter-based flow measurements or muscle biopsies, our approach is less operator-dependent, low-cost, and completely non-invasive. Representative data from our lab taken together with summary data from previously published literature illustrate the utility of each of these end-points. Once this technique is mastered, application to clinical populations will provide important mechanistic insight into exercise intolerance and cardiovascular dysfunction.

Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in a single clinic or laboratory visit.

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップ ショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic ...