Bu araştırma, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1039 A3) ve araştırma fonu programı Hessen, Translasyonel Tıp ve Farmakoloji TMP Araştırma Merkezi Devlet &quot;Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz&quot; (LOEWE) ve Else Kröner-Fresenius Vakfı tarafından desteklenen (EKFS), Araştırma Eğitim Grubu Translational Araştırma Yenilik - Pharma (AÇMA).

SJL 1. EAE İndüksiyon / J Fareler <ol><li> fareler <ol><li> 11 haftalık dişi SJL / J fareler kullanın ve onları yaklaşık 7 gün boyunca deneysel odasına alıştırmak için izin verir. Grup başına n = 10 fare kullanın. </li><li> ilaç etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi için, sürekli olarak içme suyu yoluyla ya da 3 ya da 5 gün Aşıdan sonra (n = 10 grup başına) başlangıç ​​gıda pelet yoluyla kontrol grubunda ilaç ve plasebo yönetmek. Hastalığın zirve sırasında, süt ya da% 3 şekerli su ile ıslatılmış mısır gevreği ile ilaç ya da plasebo yönetmek. </li></ol></li><li> Aşılama malzemesi <ol><li> Tam Freund katkı maddesi (CFA, ısı ile öldürülmüş Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37 Ra) ve 2 şişeler (5 ug her biri) ile bir emülsiyon içinde bir EAE indüksiyon kiti antijenini içeren (proteolipid protein peptidi, PLP139-151, 1 mg / ml emülsiyon) kullanarak liyofilize boğmaca toksin (PTX). </li><li> 1x Fosfat tamponlu tuzlu su içinde PTX (2 ug / ml) (PBS içinde çözülür, yani, &lt;/ Em&gt;), aynı bir pipet ucu ile kaldırma, iyice karıştırın ve 50 ml bir tüp içinde 1 mL PBS ile eklemek için, her PTX tüpüne PBS 1.5 mL eklemek; iyice karıştırın. </li></ol></li><li> aşılama <ol><li> kuyruk dibinde, 2 kısım halinde, her 100 uL, her iki PLP / CFA deri altına enjekte edilir. Üst sırt ya da boyun deride herhangi bir immün reaksiyonlar baş ve omurilik görüntüleme rahatsız olacaktır, çünkü boyun arkasına enjekte etmeyin. </li><li> aşılamadan sonra 2 saat ve 24 saat sonra ikinci - iki kez, fare başına intraperitonal PTX (ip), 100 uL, önce, 1 enjekte edilir. </li><li> kontrol fareleri için, PLP olmadan PLP olmadan CFA (100 uL 2 porsiyon) artı PTX enjekte edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Fare aşılama sonrası işleme <ol><li> farelere günde 7 her geçen gün yukarı tartılır ve daha sonra onları her gün tartın. NOT: Fareler yaklaşık 1 kaybetmek - EAE sırasında vücut ağırlığının 2 g. düşüş EAE başlangıcına işaret. </li><li> gün 7 anlaşmanın günlük klinik semptomları değerlendirmekmotor fonksiyonlarda belirgin bir değişiklik; 0.5 puan: Standart skorlama sistemlerine ing (yani 0 Skor kuyruk distal felç; 1 puan: tam kuyruk paralizi; 1,5 puan: Bir veya her iki arka bacaklarda hafif parezi; 2 puan: arka ayakları şiddetli parezi; skoru 2.5: bir arka bacak tam paralizi; skoru 3: Her iki arka ayakları tam felç, 3.5 puan. arka ayakları ve bir ön bacak parezi tam felç 3.5 veya daha yüksek puanları ile fareler Euthanize &gt; 12 saat. </li></ol></li><li> EAE ders ve görüntüleme zamanı <ol><li> aşılamadan sonra 12 - fareler günde 10 civarında oluşacak puanları&gt; 1, ulaştığınızda, hastalığın başlangıcında ilk görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek. </li><li> 3 gün - ilk belirtileri gelişebilir sonra 1 ya da 2 gün ulaşılacaktır ve 1 sürecek zirve, ikinci görüntüleme gerçekleştirmek. NOT: Daha sonra, fareler tamamen 7 ila 10 gün içinde iyileşir. aralarda görüntüleme hala vasküler sızıntıları gösterebilirancak inflamasyon göstergeleri negatif olmalıdır. </li></ol></li></ol> 2. Bioluminescent ve Optik Nörit ve Beyin Enflamasyon Yakın kızılötesi görüntüleme <ol><li> Görüntüleme sisteminin Kur <ol><li> Biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi sinyallerin analizi için izin veren herhangi bir ekipman ile in vivo görüntüleme gerçekleştirin. </li><li> Tüm görüntüleme işlemleri sırasında% 2.5 izofluran anestezisi - 2 altında fareler tutun. </li><li> Pozisyon bir veya orta gaz tedarikini kullanarak aygıtında yanyana iki fare. merkezde üst omurga yerleştirin. </li><li> ilaç etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi çiftleri karşılaştırmak için, aynı anda iki fare, grup başına birini kullanın. Bu bio-ışıldar görüntüleme için önemlidir. </li><li> siyah bezle bağışıklama siteyi kalkan ve fare / farelerin doğru konumlandırma değerlendirmek için bir fotoğraf ve temel görüntü almak. Tüm görüntüler için kameraya 6.5 cm mesafe ile B-odak kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Enjeksiyon ve biyolojik olarak ışık veren inflamasyon prob görüntüleme <ol><li> In vivo görüntüleme sistemi ayarları kullanın: 8 binning Epi-BLI, Em açık filtre, Ex filtre bloğu, fStop 1, B = 6.5 cm, reklam maruz kalma 120 s odak; temel bir görüntü çekmek. </li><li> Hazır kullanımlı kemilüminesan bir reaktif (40 mg / ml), 100 uL ip enjekte edilir. şırınga doldurmadan önce iyice karıştırın. </li><li> biyolüminesans görüntüleri 5, 10, ve enjeksiyon sonrası 15 dakika yakalayın. biyolüminesans zirve zaman ders hayvanlar arasında farklılık gösterir. NOT: pik 5 oluşacak - enjeksiyondan sonra 10 dakika; 15 dakika bir düşüş başka görüntüler gerekli olduğunu göstermektedir. nedeniyle farklı zaman kursları küçük önyargıları ortadan kaldırmak için kontrol ve tedavi grupları fare çiftleri kullanınız. </li><li> deney ile ilgili açıklamalarda doldurun. otomatik olarak açılır bir iletişim kutusu gözlemlemek; Böyle fare suşu, cinsiyet, zaman noktasında, sonda enjeksiyon, grubun, vb gibi bilgileri içerir. Dosyaları tüm o kaydetne klasör; Onlar zaman etiketleri ve tüm açıklamaları olacaktır. </li></ol></li><li> BBB bütünlüğü için yakın kızılötesi floresan nanopartiküller Enjeksiyon ve görüntüleme <ol><li> B-odak (6.5 cm mesafe) yakın-kızılötesi Epifloresans görüntüleme kullanın. pegile floresan nanopartiküllerin uyarma / emisyon maxima 675/690 nm. Ex640 / Em700 ve Ex675 / Em720 farklı dalga boylarında, iki görüntü yakalamak; 8 binning 2 s pozlama, kullanabilir ve fStop 2. bir temel görüntü çekin. </li><li> kuyruk damar yoluyla pegile floresan kızılötesi nanopartiküllerin 70 mcL iv enjekte edilir ve fareler 3 saat ve üzeri ayarları kullanarak enjeksiyondan sonra 24 saat düşünün. şırınga doldurmadan önce çözüm iyice karıştırın. </li><li> sinyalin özelliğini değerlendirmek için gerekli olacak kontrol farelerinde,% 0.9 sodyum klorür enjekte edilir. </li></ol></li><li> Enjeksiyon ve MMP aktivitesi için yakın kızılötesi flüoresan probun görüntüleme <ol><li> Tıraş veya baş atmaktadır ve uBazal görüntüsünü almadan önce dikkatli bir gün pper omurga bölgesi. Cilt yaralı olmamalıdır. </li><li> B-odak (6.5 cm mesafe) yakın-kızılötesi Epifloresans görüntüleme kullanın. MMP aktive edilebilir prob uyarım / emisyon maksimum 680/700 nm. Ex640 / Em700 ve Ex675 / Em720 farklı dalga boylarında, iki görüntü yakalamak; 8 kutulamanın 1-s maruz kullanımı ve fStop 2. Bir taban çizgisi görüntüsü al. </li><li> 10 fareler için yeterli olacak şekilde hazır kullanım çözeltisi (1 x PBS içinde 20 nmol / 1.5 mL) içinde 1.5 mL bir tüpe 200 uL 1x PBS ilave et; şırınga doldurmadan önce iyice karıştırın. NOT: sağlanan hacim bazı ses şırınga doldurma ve enjeksiyon sırasında kaybolur dikkate almaz. </li><li> görüntüleme önce kuyruk damar yoluyla 24 saat sonda iv 150 mcL enjekte edilir. sinyalin özelliğini değerlendirmek için tek kontrol hayvanlarında PBS enjekte edilir. </li><li> enjeksiyondan 24 saat sonra, en az iki dalga boylarında, Ex640 / Em700 ve Ör 675 / E&#39;de Epi-FL görüntüleri çekmekM720, ayarları (8 ve Fstop 2 binning 1-s pozlama odak B) Yukarıda açıklanan. NOT: İki dalga boyu kullanımı belirsiz sinyal çıkarılarak spektral unmixing sağlar. </li></ol></li></ol> 3. Görüntü Analizi <ol><li> Biyoparlaklık analizi (BLI) <ol><li> açmak için yazılım çift tıklatın. </li><li> Üst menü çubuğunda, deney klasörün dizine gidin ve onu seçin, dosya tarayıcı ikonuna tıklayın; Bu tablodaki klasördeki tüm dosyaları açacak. </li><li> deney ile ilgili açıklamalar gösteren sütunları yapılandırın. </li><li> kalite kontrolü için, EAE sinyallerinin özgüllüğünü kontrol etmek EAE ve / veya naif fare semptomu olmayan bir yanıtsızlık fare dosyasına çift tıklayın. NOT: naif farelerde ve non-cevap farelerde az sinyal sinyal olmalıdır. <ol><li> pro enjeksiyonundan önce bazal görüntüyü kontrolsinyalin özgüllük daha kontrol olarak her fare için olacak; negatif olmalıdır. </li></ol></li><li> Bir görüntüyü seçmek için, ilk EAE fare ilk dosyasına çift tıklayın ve biyolüminesens yoğunluğunu (LUT çubuğu aralık) ve yerelleştirme kontrol edin. Tüm görüntüleri teker teker kontrol edin. Her fare için en düşük yoğunlukla dosyayı kapatın (yani, her fare için 2 out of 3 görüntüleri tutmak). </li><li> Görüntü ayarı ve ihracat <ol><li> sayısal olarak ilk dosyasını çift tıklatın. Yeni bir penceresi açılır gözlemleyin. &quot;Seçenekleri&quot; (üst menü) altında, her görüntüde görüntülemek için etiketleri özelleştirebilirsiniz. </li><li> Doğru aracı paletinde, gidin &quot;görüntü ayarı.&quot; Varsayılan olarak, minimum ve maksimum şiddetleri &quot;auto&quot; olarak ayarlanır ve gökkuşağı Pseudocolor görüntülenir. Gerekirse ayarları değiştirmek için &quot;el&quot; i seçin. NOT: Örneğin, tüm ihraç görüntüleri aynı LUT çubukları (aynı minima ve maxima) olabilir kolayca karşılaştırılabilir olması.asgari ve azami ayarlanması nicel sonuçlar üzerinde hiçbir etkisi yoktur. </li><li> görüntü ihracat seçin png, dizin ve bir resim adını tıklayın </li></ol></li><li> İlgi Bölgeler miktarının belirlenmesi (YG) <ol><li> araç paletinde &quot;ROI&quot; aracı gidin. ROI yöntemi (daire, dikdörtgen, otomatik ya da serbest el) ve ROI sayısını seçin. ROI pencere görüntü penceresinde açılır gözlemleyin. </li><li> Fareyi kullanarak, boyutunu ve konumunu ayarlamak. Otomatik ROI aracı kullanıldığı takdirde tüm görüntüler için aynı ROI eşikleri kullanın. YG boyutları ve konumları elle (örneğin, dairesel ROI) tanımlanmış olup olmadığını tüm görüntüler için aynı yerlerde kullanın. </li><li> RO.I. yeni penceresi açılır gözlemleyin ölçmek &quot;üzerine tıklayın. Sütunları özelleştir (örneğin, dosya adı, hayvan sayısı, grup, deney, alan, toplam sayım, ortalama sayısı, SD sayımı, min ve max sayar, alan, zaman nokta, sonda enjeksiyonu, vb) zamanı. özelleştirilmiş ayarları kaydedin. ne zaman yenidenady, bütün (Ctrl + A) seçin ve kopyalayıp bir elektronik tabloya tablo yapıştırın. </li><li> yerinde ROI ile png görüntü olarak dışa aktarın. Kaydet ve görüntü dosyasını kapatın. </li></ol></li><li> sayısal gereken tüm resim dosyaları için - prosedürü tekrarlayın (3.1.7 3.1.6 adımlar). elektronik tabloya tüm ROI quantifications kopyalayın. NOT: Burada, sonuçları vb grubunda, zaman noktasında, sıralanabilir ve istatistiksel analiz edildi. istatistiksel analizler için ROI biyolüminesens sinyallerinin toplam sayılarını kullanın. </li></ol></li><li> Floresan nanopartiküllerin Near-Infrared (NIR) analizi <ol><li> Yazılımda kontrolleri kullanarak, görüntünün eşiğini ayarlayın. NOT: Bu nicel sonuç üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi yoktur. </li><li> Görme sinyalin özelliğini değerlendirmek için Ex / Em 675/720 ve Ex / Em 640/700 çekilen görüntüleri karşılaştırın. </li><li> kantitatif analiz için Ex / Em 675/720 yakalanan görüntüleri kullanın (uyarma maksimum: 680 nm). Otomatik ROI aracı kullanılabileceği için İB&#39;leri, tanımlayın. Otomatik ROI eşiğini ayarlamak ve tüm görüntüler için kullanabilirsiniz. ROI toplam radyant verimlilik ölçmek (adım 3.1). </li></ol></li><li> Proteaz duyarlı prob Near-Infrared (NIR) analizi <ol><li> Yazılım denetimlerini kullanma, görüntünün eşiğini ayarlayın. NOT: Bu nicel sonuç üzerinde herhangi bir etkisi yoktur. otomatik floresans spektral Karışmama gerçekleştirin. Karışmama aracı Image Yaşayan uygulanmaktadır. Otomatik Karışmama otomatik floresan görüntü olarak özel ve 675/720 Ex / Em 640/700 kullanır. </li><li> karışmamış görüntü seçin ve yukarıda açıklandığı gibi, ROI tanımlar. Nicel ve istatistiksel analizler için ROI toplam radyant verimlilik kullanın. </li></ol></li></ol>

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R., Peeling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+blood-spinal+cord+barrier+disruption+in+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Magnetic resonance imaging of blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Magn Reson Med. 58 (2), 298-305 (2007).</li><li>Mori, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+pathological+alterations+of+lower+lumbar+cords+detected+by+ultrahigh-field+MRI+in+a+mouse+multiple+sclerosis+model.">Early pathological alterations of lower lumbar cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model.</a> Int Immunol. 26 (2), 93-101 (2014).</li><li>Bittner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+TWIK-related+potassium+channel-1+(TREK1)+regulates+immune-cell+trafficking+into+the+CNS.">Endothelial TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK1) regulates immune-cell trafficking into the CNS.</a> Nat Med. 19 (9), 1161-1165 (2013).</li><li>Theien, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+treatment+with+a+small-molecule+VLA-4+antagonist+before+and+after+onset+of+relapsing+EAE.">Differential effects of treatment with a small-molecule VLA-4 antagonist before and after onset of relapsing EAE.</a> Blood. 102 (13), 4464-4471 (2003).</li><li>Hawkins, B. T., Davis, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier/neurovascular+unit+in+health+and+disease.">The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 57 (2), 173-185 (2005).</li><li>Coisne, C., Mao, W., Engelhardt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+Natalizumab+blocks+adhesion+but+not+initial+contact+of+human+T+cells+to+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+vivo+in+an+animal+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Cutting edge: Natalizumab blocks adhesion but not initial contact of human T cells to the blood-brain barrier in vivo in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.</a> J Immunol. 182 (10), 5909-5913 (2009).</li><li>Andresen, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+intravital+microscopy.">High-resolution intravital microscopy.</a> PLoS One. 7 (12), e50915 (2012).</li><li>Bukilica, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-induced+suppression+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+in+the+rat.">Stress-induced suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat.</a> Int J Neurosci. 59 (1-3), 167-175 (1991).</li></ol>

Yazarlar hiçbir rakip mali çıkarları olduğunu beyan ederim.

Mevcut Video SJL / J farelerinde EAE in vivo görüntüleme biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi floresan teknikleri göstermektedir. Biz bir enflamasyon duyarlı prob kullanılarak biyolüminesans görüntüleme esas optik nörit gösterir ve miktar EAE şiddetinin klinik değerlendirme ve ilaç etkileri ile uyumlu olduğunu göstermektedir. Sinyal omurga tarafından emilir Ancak, biyolüminesans görüntüleme yöntemi olasılıkla, EAE tezahürü 17 birincil site lomber spinal kord...

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice. 
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 "R" principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points. 
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals. 
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5. 
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1287">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">AngioSpark-680</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEV10149</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MMP-sense 680</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>NEV10126</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>760535</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLP139-151/CFA emulsion&#160;</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IVIS Lumina Spectrum</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LivingImage 4.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice

SJL / J farelerde deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) tekrarlayan-düzelen multipl skleroz (RRMS) için bir modeldir. fonksiyon kayıpları tarif Klinik EAE puanları omurilik bağışıklık aracılıklı iltihaplanma temel okumalar vardır. Ancak, puanları ve vücut ağırlığı, beyin iltihabı ve optik nörit in vivo değerlendirilmesi için izin vermez. İkincisi yaklaşık 2/3 MS hastalarının erken ve sık bulgusudur. Burada, bir in vivo görüntüleme sistemi kullanılarak canlı farelerde biyolüminesans ve EAE optik nörit uyarılmış değerlendirmek için yakın kızıl ötesi canlı görüntüleme, beyin iltihabı ve kan-beyin bariyeri (KBB) bozulması için yöntemler göstermektedir. oksidazlar ile aktive olan bir biyolüminesens alt tabaka öncelikle optik nörit gösterdi. Sinyal özgü ve klinik skorları paralel ilaç etkileri ve hastalık süresi derslerin görselleştirme, izin verdi. vasculatur içinde kalmıştır pegile floresan nanopartiküllerUzun bir süre için, e KBB devamlılığını değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Yakın-kızılötesi görüntüleme hastalığının zirvesinde BBB sızıntısı tespit edildi. Sinyal göz çevresindeki en güçlü oldu. Matris metaloproteinazların için yakın kızılötesi alt-tabaka EAE uyarılmış iltihabı değerlendirmek için kullanıldı. Otomatik floresans ölçümü için spektral Karışmama gerektiren sinyaline müdahale. Genel olarak, biyoparlaklık görüntüleme EAE ilişkili optik nevrit ve ilaç etkilerini değerlendirmek için güvenilir bir yöntem olduğunu ve sinyal özgüllük, sağlamlık, ölçme kolaylığı ve maliyet açısından yakın kızılötesi tekniklerden üstündü.

Optik nörit Bioluminescence Zaman Kursu inflamasyon prob biyoparlaklık sinyal göz çevresindeki en güçlü ve optik nevrit EAE farelerde sadece oluştu. Bir sinyal olmayan EAE fareler ne de inflamasyon probu ile enjekte olmayan farelerde ne oluştu. fareler kurtarıldı zaman sinyal kayboldu. Bu nedenle, bir sinyal, optik nevrit özgüdür, ve sinyal tepe Klinik EAE puanları tepe paraleldir. Şeki...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Biz, in vivo canlı biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi SJL / J farelerinde multipl skleroz için deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) modelinde optik nevrit ve ensefalit görüntüleme tekniğini göstermektedir.

Farelerde Multipl Skleroz EAE Modeli Optik Nörit ve Beyin Enflamasyon Biyoparlaklık ve Yakın-Kızılötesi Görüntüleme

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

bioluminescence-near-infrared-imaging-optic-neuritis-brain

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.1K Görüntüleme.  University Hospital Frankfurt.  Biz, in vivo canlı biyolüminesans ve yakın kızılötesi SJL / J farelerinde multipl skleroz için deneysel otoimmün ensefalomyelit (EAE) modelinde optik nevrit ve ensefalit görüntüleme tekniğini göstermektedir. 

Video: Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading to an accumulation of lipid-laden intra-luminal plaque, smooth muscle cell proliferation and progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen. The formation of such vulnerable plaques prone to rupture underlies the majority of cases of acute myocardial infarction. The complex molecular and cellular inflammatory cascade is orchestrated by the recruitment of T lymphocytes and macrophages and their paracrine effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells.1
Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis has evolved into an important clinical and research tool that allows in vivo visualization of inflammation and other biological processes. Several recent examples demonstrate the ability to detect high-risk plaques in patients, and assess the effects of pharmacotherapeutics in atherosclerosis.4 While a number of molecular imaging approaches (in particular MRI and PET) can image biological aspects of large vessels such as the carotid arteries, scant options exist for imaging of coronary arteries.2 The advent of high-resolution optical imaging strategies, in particular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), coupled with activatable fluorescent probes, have enhanced sensitivity and led to the development of new intravascular strategies to improve biological imaging of human coronary atherosclerosis.
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging utilizes excitation light with a defined band width (650-900 nm) as a source of photons that, when delivered to an optical contrast agent or fluorescent probe, emits fluorescence in the NIR window that can be detected using an appropriate emission filter and a high sensitivity charge-coupled camera. As opposed to visible light, NIR light penetrates deeply into tissue, is markedly less attenuated by endogenous photon absorbers such as hemoglobin, lipid and water, and enables high target-to-background ratios due to reduced autofluorescence in the NIR window. Imaging within the NIR 'window' can substantially improve the potential for in vivo imaging.2,5
Inflammatory cysteine proteases have been well studied using activatable NIRF probes10, and play important roles in atherogenesis. Via degradation of the extracellular matrix, cysteine proteases contribute importantly to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis8. In particular, the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is highly expressed and colocalizes with macrophages in experimental murine, rabbit, and human atheromata.3,6,7 In addition, cathepsin B activity in plaques can be sensed in vivo utilizing a previously described 1-D intravascular near-infrared fluorescence technology6, in conjunction with an injectable nanosensor agent that consists of a poly-lysine polymer backbone derivatized with multiple NIR fluorochromes (VM110/Prosense750, ex/em 750/780nm, VisEn Medical, Woburn, MA) that results in strong intramolecular quenching at baseline.10 Following targeted enzymatic cleavage by cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B (known to colocalize with plaque macrophages), the fluorochromes separate, resulting in substantial amplification of the NIRF signal. Intravascular detection of NIR fluorescence signal by the utilized novel 2D intravascular NIRF catheter now enables high-resolution, geometrically accurate in vivo detection of cathepsin B activity in inflamed plaque.
In vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using catheter-based 2D NIRF imaging, as opposed to a prior 1-D spectroscopic approach,6 is a novel and promising tool that utilizes augmented protease activity in macrophage-rich plaque to detect vascular inflammation.11,12 The following research protocol describes the use of an intravascular 2-dimensional NIRF catheter to image and characterize plaque structure utilizing key aspects of plaque biology. It is a translatable platform that when integrated with existing clinical imaging technologies including angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), offers a unique and novel integrated multimodal molecular imaging technique that distinguishes inflammatory atheromata, and allows detection of intravascular NIRF signals in human-sized coronary arteries.

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

We detail a new near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) catheter for 2-dimensional intravascular molecular imaging of plaque biology in vivo. The NIRF catheter can visualize key biological processes such as inflammation by reporting on the presence of plaque-avid activatable and targeted NIR fluorochromes. The catheter utilizes clinical engineering and power requirements and is targeted for application in human coronary arteries. The following research study describes a multimodal imaging strategy that utilizes a novel in vivo intravascular NIRF catheter to image and quantify inflammatory plaque in proteolytically active inflamed rabbit atheromata.

İnflamatuar Plak Kızılötesi Floresans (NIRF) İntravasküler Moleküler Görüntüleme, Multimodal Yaklaşım civarında in vivo Ateroskleroz Görüntüleme

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading ...

Tıp

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

Meme Kanseri Beyin metastaz tümör Hipoksi Dynamics in vivo Biyoparlaklık Görüntüleme Fare Modeli

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 years for the sporadic disease and around 50 years for the familial disease. Due to its progressive course, 50% of the patients die within 30 months of symptom onset. In order to evaluate novel treatment options for this disease, genetic mouse models of ALS have been generated based on human familial mutations in the SOD gene, such as the SOD1 (G93A) mutation. Most important aspects that have to be evaluated in the model are overall survival, clinical course and motor function. Here, we demonstrate the clinical evaluation, show the conduction of two behavioural motor tests and provide quantitative scoring systems for all parameters. Because an in depth analysis of the ALS mouse model usually requires an immunohistochemical examination of the spinal cord, we demonstrate its preparation in detail applying the dorsal laminectomy method. Exemplary histological findings are demonstrated. The comprehensive application of the depicted examination methods in studies on the mouse model of ALS will enable the researcher to reliably test future therapeutic options which can provide a basis for later human clinical trials.

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

A mouse model for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is examined clinically and behaviorally. As a prerequisite for an accompanying immunohistological analysis the preparation of the spinal cord is depicted in detail.

Amyotrofik Lateral Skleroz için Fare Modeli (ALS) Klinik Test ve Omurilik Kaldırma

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to assess changes in myelination at the central nervous system (CNS). However, standard measurements, including routine visual tests and MRI scans, are not sensitive enough for this purpose. We present two visual tests addressing dynamic monocular and binocular functions which may closely associate with the extent of myelination along visual pathways. These include Object From Motion (OFM) extraction and Time-constrained stereo protocols. In the OFM test, an array of dots compose an object, by moving the dots within the image rightward while moving the dots outside the image leftward or vice versa. The dot pattern generates a camouflaged object that cannot be detected when the dots are stationary or moving as a whole. Importantly, object recognition is critically dependent on motion perception. In the Time-constrained Stereo protocol, spatially disparate images are presented for a limited length of time, challenging binocular 3-dimensional integration in time. Both tests are appropriate for clinical usage and provide a simple, yet powerful, way to identify and quantify processes of demyelination and remyelination along visual pathways. These protocols may be efficient to diagnose and follow optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis patients.
In the diagnostic process, these protocols may reveal visual deficits that cannot be identified via current standard visual measurements. Moreover, these protocols sensitively identify the basis of the currently unexplained continued visual complaints of patients following recovery of visual acuity. In the longitudinal follow up course, the protocols can be used as a sensitive marker of demyelinating and remyelinating processes along time. These protocols may therefore be used to evaluate the efficacy of current and evolving therapeutic strategies, targeting myelination of the CNS.

Object From Motion (OFM) and Time-constrained stereo protocols are sensitive tools to identify monocular and binocular dynamic visual function deficits, which are uniquely affected in optic neuritis patients. Furthermore, these tests may be used as quantitative noninvasive tools to assess the extent of myelination along visual pathways.

Optik nörit Hastalarda demiyelinizasyona ardından Görsel Hasar ve Onarım belirlemek ve ölçmek için dinamik Görsel Testler

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient&#8217;s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report methodologic details on a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT). This new approach to the objective of quantification of MS related disability provides a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity.

Multipl Skleroz Performans Testi (MSPT): Bir iPad Tabanlı Engellilik Değerlendirme Aracı

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of infection-induced immunopathology. Although Th17 cells are implicated in antifungal defense, their role in immunopathology is unclear. This study presents a method for establishing oral Th17 immunopathology associated with oral candidal infection in immunodeficient mice. The method is based on reconstituting lymphopenic mice with in vitro cultured Th17 cells, followed by oral infection with Candida albicans (C. albicans). Results show that unrestrained Th17 cells result in inflammation and pathology, and is associated with several measurable read-outs including weight loss, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, tongue histopathology and mortality, showing that this model may be valuable in studying OPC immunopathology. Adoptive transfer of regulatory cells (Tregs) controls and reduces the inflammatory response, showing that this model can be used to test new strategies to counteract oral inflammation. This model may also be applicable in studying oral Th17 immunopathology in general in the context of other oral diseases.

Although Candida infection models are available to study host immune resistance, a model to study T cell mediated immunopathology in the context of Candida infection is absent. Here we describe a method to establish Th17 immunopathology associated with oral Candida infection in immunodeficient mice.

Immünyetmezligi Farelerde Orofaringeal kandidiyazis ve Th17 İltihabı Modeli

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to 55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 clinical centers across 20 countries located in both hemispheres. Central to the success of this method was the strategic use of plot analysis to guide and corroborate the statistical regression modelling. Initial plot analysis was necessary for establishing realistic hypotheses regarding the presence and structural form of seasonal and latitudinal influences on relapse probability and then testing the performance of the resultant models. Trigonometric regression was then necessary to quantify these relationships, adjust for important confounders and provide a measure of certainty as to how plausible these associations were. Synchronization of graphing techniques with regression modelling permitted a systematic refinement of models until best-fit convergence was achieved, enabling novel inferences to be made regarding the independent influence of both season and latitude in predicting relapse onset timing in MS. These methods have the potential for application across other complex disease and epidemiological phenomena suspected or known to vary systematically with season and/or geographic location.

Combining plot analysis with trigonometric regression is a robust method for exploring complex, cyclical phenomena such as relapse onset timing in multiple sclerosis (MS). This method enabled unbiased characterisation of seasonal trends in relapse onset permitting novel inferences around the influence of seasonal variation, ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and latitude.

Multipl Skleroz Relaps Verilerle kanıtlanmış Mevsimsel Değişim Trigonometrik Modelleme Bir Yöntem

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to  55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 ...

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical excitability. With well-established safety and tolerability, tDCS has been found to have the potential to ameliorate symptoms such as depression and pain in a range of conditions as well as to enhance outcomes of cognitive and physical training. However, effects are cumulative, requiring treatments that can span weeks or months and frequent, repeated visits to the clinic. The cost in terms of time and travel is often prohibitive for many participants, and ultimately limits real-world access. 
Following guidelines for remote tDCS application, we propose a protocol that would allow remote (in-home) participation that uses specially-designed devices for supervised use with materials modified for patient use, and real-time monitoring through a telemedicine video conferencing platform. We have developed structured training procedures and clear, detailed instructional materials to allow for self- or proxy-administration while supervised remotely in real-time. The protocol is designed to have a series of checkpoints, addressing attendance and tolerability of the session, to be met in order to continue to the next step. The feasibility of this protocol was then piloted for clinical use in an open label study of remotely-supervised tDCS in multiple sclerosis (MS). This protocol can be widely used for clinical study of tDCS.

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

The goal of this pilot study is to describe a protocol for the remotely-supervised delivery of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) so that the procedure maintains standards of in-clinic practice, including safety, reproducibility, and tolerability. The feasibility of this protocol was tested in participants with multiple sclerosis (MS).

Multipl Skleroz içinde uzaktan-Denetimli Transkraniyal Doğru Akım Stimülasyon (TEKMER) kullanımı için bir protokol (MS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical ...

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of stroke than relying on indirect measurements, and will be a potent and robust vascular research tool. We use an optical imaging approach that labels thrombi with a molecular imaging thrombus marker&#160;&#8212; a Cy5.5 near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe that is covalently linked to the fibrin strands of the thrombus by the fibrin-crosslinking enzymatic action of activated coagulation factor XIIIa during the process of clot maturation. A micro-computed tomography (microCT)-based approach uses thrombus-seeking gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) functionalized to target the major component of the clot: fibrin. This paper describes a detailed protocol for the combined in vivo microCT and ex vivo NIRF imaging of thromboemboli in a mouse model of embolic stroke. We show that in vivo microCT and fibrin-targeted glycol-chitosan AuNPs (fib-GC-AuNPs) can be used for visualizing both in situ thrombi and cerebral embolic thrombi. We also describe the use of in vivo microCT-based direct thrombus imaging to serially monitor the therapeutic effects of tissue plasminogen activator-mediated thrombolysis. After the last imaging session, we demonstrate by ex vivo NIRF imaging the extent and the distribution of residual thromboemboli in the brain. Finally, we describe quantitative image analyses of microCT and NIRF imaging data. The combined technique of direct thrombus imaging allows two independent methods of thrombus visualization to be compared: the area of thrombus-related fluorescent signal on ex vivo NIRF imaging vs. the volume of hyperdense microCT thrombi in vivo.

This protocol describes the application of combined near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) imaging and micro-computed tomography (microCT) for visualizing cerebral thromboemboli. This technique allows the quantification of thrombus burden and evolution. The NIRF imaging technique visualizes fluorescently labeled thrombus in excised brain, while the microCT technique visualizes thrombus inside living animals using gold-nanoparticles.

Doğrudan Serebral emboli görselleştirme için Kombine Yakın kızılötesi Floresan Görüntüleme ve Mikro bilgisayarlı Tomografi

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of ...

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic demand. Reactive hyperemia (in response to a brief period of tissue ischemia) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and provides important insight into vascular health and vasodilatory capacity. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is equally important in health and disease, as it determines the energy supply for myocellular processes. Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess each of these major clinical endpoints (reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling, and muscle oxidative capacity) during a single clinic or laboratory visit. Unlike Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance images/spectroscopy, or invasive catheter-based flow measurements or muscle biopsies, our approach is less operator-dependent, low-cost, and completely non-invasive. Representative data from our lab taken together with summary data from previously published literature illustrate the utility of each of these end-points. Once this technique is mastered, application to clinical populations will provide important mechanistic insight into exercise intolerance and cardiovascular dysfunction.

Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in a single clinic or laboratory visit.

Kas iskelet nörovasküler kaplin, oksidatif kapasite ve mikrovasküler işlevi 'One Stop Shop' yakın kızılötesi spektroskopi ile

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic ...