著者はAndréeNienkerk氏、Dennis Peyron氏、SebastianSkjöld氏にトレーニングセッションやいくつかのテストを監督してくれたことに感謝しています。参加している被験者に。 Tim Crosfieldに言語リビジョンのために;スウェーデンのスポーツ・ヘルス・サイエンス・スクールから経済的支援を受けています。

<ol>
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Sports. 7 (3), 155-164 (1975).</li><li>Menshikova, E. V., Ritov, V. B., Fairfull, L., Ferrell, R. E., Kelley, D. E., Goodpaster, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+exercise+on+mitochondrial+content+and+function+in+aging+human+skeletal+muscle.">Effects of exercise on mitochondrial content and function in aging human skeletal muscle.</a> J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 61 (6), 534-540 (2006).</li><li>Balakrishnan, V. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resistance+training+increases+muscle+mitochondrial+biogenesis+in+patients+with+chronic+kidney+disease.">Resistance training increases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis in patients with chronic kidney disease.</a> Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 5 (6), 996-1002 (2010).</li><li>Ferrara, C. M., Goldberg, A. 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著者らは競合する金銭的利益がないと宣言している。

この研究では、高齢被験者の筋肉機能/形態、好気性能力、耐糖能に対する短期進行性抵抗トレーニングの効果を調べるために、多くの技術が用いられてきた。主な所見は、対照群と比較して、筋好気性能力、耐糖能、筋力、筋肉質（ すなわち、細胞シグナル伝達および筋繊維組成に関与するタンパク質）において多くの改善が生じたことであった。たとえば、静的、偏心および同心?...

高齢化は、筋肉量（筋肉減少症）、筋力、および力の喪失と関連している。強度の低下、おそらくさらに重要なのは、動力の不動、怪我の危険性の増大、生活の質の低下です。耐性訓練は、筋肉減少症および筋肉機能の低下に対抗するよく知られた戦略である。筋力の大まかな見積もりは、達成された反復の負荷または数から得ることができる。しかし、本研究では、等速、同心、偏心収縮時のトルク情報と力発達の動態を把握するために、等速ダイナモメータを用いて筋肉機能に関するより詳細で正確な情報を得た。 高齢者では、全身レベル（VO 2max ）および骨格筋での好気性能力が低下する。加齢に伴う心拍数の低下は、VO 2max 1の減少の大きな部分を説明するが、主に減少した身体活動2に関連した酸化能力が寄与する。ミトコンドリア機能の障害は、筋肉減少症およびインスリン抵抗性の発症にも関与する可能性がある3 。筋肉好気性能力は、マトリックス（ すなわち、クエン酸シンターゼ）およびミトコンドリア内膜の両方に位置するミトコンドリア酵素およびタンパク質複合体の内容物の生化学的分析を通じて筋生検で評価された。さらに、筋組織形態（ すなわち、繊維の種類組成、繊維断面積および毛細血管密度）に対する耐性訓練の効果を測定するために、組織化学技術を用いた。筋好気性能力を評価する別の方法は、運動誘発枯渇後のクレアチンリン酸塩再合成の速度を磁気共鳴分光法を用いて測定することである4 。この方法は、 インビボ筋好気性容量の推定値を提供するミトコンドリア機能障害と循環障害を区別することはできません。さらに、設備のコストが高いため、この技術をほとんどの研究所で使用することが制限されています。有酸素能力（VO 2maxとミトコンドリア密度）は、若年者と高齢者の両方の持久運動によって改善することができる5,6 。しかし、これらのパラメータに対する耐性訓練の効果は、特に高齢者では調査されておらず、結果は7,8,9,10と相反する。 2型糖尿病は、高齢者集団における広範な疾患である。身体活動と肥満は、2型糖尿病の増加した発生率を説明する主要な生活習慣関連因子である。低強度の有酸素運動は、耐糖能が低下した被験者にしばしば推奨されます。しかし、それはuncです高齢者の筋力トレーニングが耐糖能/インスリン感受性にどのように影響するかを学ぶ11,12。インスリン感度を測定する最も正確な方法は、グルコースクランプ技術を使用することです。ここでは、上昇したインスリンの状態の間、グルコース注入によって血糖が一定に維持されます。この技術の欠点は、時間がかかり侵襲的（動脈カテーテル法）であり、特別な実験施設が必要であることである。この研究では、医療機関で一般的である経口糖負荷試験を用いた。この方法は、いくつかの被験者が限られた期間にわたって調査される場合に適している。 実験手順の試験およびタイムラインは、以下のように要約することができる。 8週間前後の試験には3つの別々の日を使用し、同じ配置とおおよその時間スケジュール（毎日24時間以上、<html>強い&gt;図1）。最初の試験日に、身長、体重、無脂肪体重（FFM）、上肢周長（仰臥位の膝蓋骨の15cm上）などの人体計測データを測定する。準最大サイクリング能力;ステップ4と5で説明したように、膝の筋力を測定します。2回目の試験日に大腿部から筋生検を行います。詳細については、手順6.1を参照してください。最後の試験日に経口耐糖能（OGTT）を試験する。詳細については、手順7.1を参照してください。すべての参加者に、24時間にわたり精力的な身体活動を避け、各試験日前に一晩中一晩中絶食させるように要請する。しかし、OGTT試験日の48時間前に激しい身体活動を避けるように頼んでください。毎日の身体活動や食事習慣に従うように頼んでください。介入前と介入後、グループで自己報告された食物摂取量と食物の種類は変わらなかったことに注意してください。 figimg &quot;src =&quot; / files / ftp_upload / 55518 / 55518fig1.jpg &quot;/&gt; 図1：実験プロトコル。回路図。 3回の前試験と後試験の間のタイミングは、各被験者について同様であり、少なくとも24時間であった。詳細は本文中に記載されている。この図はFrank らから修正されました。 Scand。 J.Med。 Sci。スポーツ 。 2016：26,764-73。 28 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55518/55518fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を見るには、ここをクリックしてください。</a> 本研究では、高齢者の短期耐性訓練が筋肉酸化能および耐糖能に及ぼす影響を調査した。第2の目的は、筋力、筋肉の質的改善（ すなわち、細胞シグナル伝達および筋繊維型組成に関与するタンパク質）に対する効果を調べることであった。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1264">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Western blot</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pierce 660nm Protein Assay Kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific, Rockford, IL, USA</td>
			<td align="right">22662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SuperSignal West Femto Maximum Sensitivity Substrate&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">34096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Halt Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (100X)&#160;</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">78429</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Restore PLUS Western Blot Stripping Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">46430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pierce Reversible Protein Stain Kit for PVDF Membranes</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td align="right">24585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10 st - 4&#8211;20% Criterion TGX Gel, 18 well, 30 &#181;l&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories, Richmond, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">567-1094</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Immun-Blot PVDF Membrane&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>162-0177</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Precision Plus Protein Dual Color Standards&#160;</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0374</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2x Laemmli Sample Buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0737</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">10x Tris/Glycine</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0771</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween 20</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>P1379-250ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Band analysis with Quantity One version 4.6.3.software</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1% phosphatase inhibitor coctail</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Antibodies</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">mTOR (1:1000)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling, Danvers, Massachusetts, USA</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:148px;">2983</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Akt (1:1000)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling, Danvers</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:148px;">9272</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Secondary anti-rabbit and anti-mouse HRP-linked (1:10000)</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling, Danvers</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Citrate synthase (CS) (1:1000)</td>
			<td>Gene tex, San Antonio, California, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">OXPHOS (1:1000)</td>
			<td>Abcam, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Equipment - Analysis of muscle samples</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bullet Blender 1.5 for homogenizing</td>
			<td>Next Advance, New York, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plate reader</td>
			<td>Tecan infinite F200 pro, M&#228;nnedorf, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="38">
			<td height="38" style="height:38px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Histochemistry</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Mayer hematoxylin</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">HistoLab, V&#228;stra Fr&#246;lunda, Sweden&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:148px;">1820</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Oil Red o</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">00625-25y</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">793566-2.5 kg</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Cobalt Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">60818-50G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Amylase</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">A6255-25MG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">ATP</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">A2383-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">Glycine</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">VWR-chemicals / VWR-international, Sp&#229;nga, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">101196X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">VWR-chemicals / VWR-international</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">22328.262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">Iso-pentane</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">VWR-chemicals / VWR-international</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">24872.298</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:471px;">Etanol 96%</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">VWR-chemicals / VWR-international</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">20905.296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK, Stockholm, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.06498.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Na acetate</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.06268.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.04936.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Ammonium Sulphide</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">U1507042828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Acetic acid 100%</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.00063.2511</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Schiffs&#180; Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.09033.0500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Periodic acid</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.00524.0025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Chloroform</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">MERCK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">1.02445.1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">pH-meter LANGE</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">HACH LANGE GMBH, Dusseldorf, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Light microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus BH-2, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Cryostat&#160; Leica CM1950</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Leica software Leica Qwin V3</td>
			<td>Leica Microsystems</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Gel Doc 2000 - Bio-Rad, camera setup</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Solna, Sweden&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Software program Quantift One - 4.6 (version 4.6.3; Bio Rad)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad Laboratories AB, Solna, Sweden&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Oral glucos tolerance test, OGTT</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Glukos APL 75 g</td>
			<td>APL, Stockholm, Sweden</td>
			<td align="right">323,188</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Automated analyser Biosen 5140</td>
			<td>EKF Diagnostics, Barleben, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:471px;">Insulin and C-peptide in plasma kit ELISA</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Mercodia AB, Uppsala Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">10-1132-01, 10-1134-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Plate reader</td>
			<td>Tecan infinite F200 pro, M&#228;nnedorf, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Further equipment</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Measures of fat-free-mass</td>
			<td>FFM-Tanita T5896, Tanita, Tokyo, Japan</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Strength training equipment for all training exercises</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Cybex International Inc., Medway, Massachusetts, USA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Cycle ergometer&#160;</td>
			<td>Monark Ergometer 893E, Monark Exercises, Varberg, Sweden&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Heart rate monitor RS800, Polar</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Polar Electro OY, Kampele, Finland</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Oxycin-Pro - automatic ergo-spirometric device</td>
			<td>Erich Jaeger GmbH, Hoechberg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isokinetic dynamometer, Isomed 2000, knee muscle strength</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">D&#38;R Ferstl GmbH, Henau, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CED 1401 data acquisition system and Signal software</td>
			<td>Cambridge Electronic Design, Cambridge, UK</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Software for muscle strength analysis, Spike 2, version 7</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Signal Hound, LA Center, WA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Statistica software for statistical analyses</td>
			<td>Statistica, Stat soft. inc, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="23">
			<td height="23" style="height:23px;width:471px;">Name</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Muscle biopsy equipment</td>
			<td style="width:479px;"></td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weil Blakesley conchotome</td>
			<td>Wisex, M&#246;lndal, Sweden</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Local anesthesia&#160;</td>
			<td>Carbocain, 20 mL, 20 mg/mL; Astra Zeneca, S&#246;dert&#228;lje, Sweden</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:148px;">169,367</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:471px;">Surgical Blade</td>
			<td style="width:479px;">Feather Safety Razor CO, LTD, Osaka, Japan&#160;</td>
			<td align="right" style="width:148px;">11048030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

improving strength, power, muscle aerobic capacity, and glucose tolerance through short-term progressive strength training among elderly people

このプロトコルは、短期抵抗トレーニング（RET）を実施する高齢者の筋好気性能力、耐糖能、強さ、および力を検査するための広範な方法の同時使用を記載する。 RET参加者は、1週間に3回、8週間にわたって1時間、進行性抵抗性訓練を監督した（71±1歳、範囲65〜80）。訓練を受けていない対照群と比較して、RETは、強度、力、耐糖能、および筋有酸素能力のいくつかのパラメータを示すために使用された尺度の改善を示した。筋力トレーニングは、頑丈なフィットネス器具のみを備えたジムで行われた。膝伸筋強度の等速動力計は、RET群で増加した同心、偏心、および静的強度の測定を可能にした（8〜12％対前試験）。最初の0〜30msにおける力（力発達速度、RFD）もRET群（52％）の増加を示した。フリークによる耐糖能試験2時間後の血糖値（14％）および曲線下面積（21％）の点でRET群の改善のみを示した。血中脂質プロファイルも改善した（8％）。組織化学を用いて調製された筋肉生検試料から、IIa型線維の量が増加し、RET群におけるIIxの減少傾向は、繊維組成の点でより酸化的な変化への変化を反映した。ウェスタンブロット（筋肉タンパク質合成のシグナル伝達に関連するタンパク質含量を決定する）は、RET群のAktおよびmTORの両方で69％の上昇を示した;これはまた、RET群のみにおいて、OXPHOS複合体IIおよびクエン酸シンターゼ（〜30％）および複合体IV（​​90％）のミトコンドリアタンパク質の増加を示した。我々は、このタイプの漸進的抵抗トレーニングが、様々な改善（ 例えば、強さ、力、有酸素能力、耐糖能および血漿脂質プロフィール）を提供することを実証する。

材料この研究では、65〜80歳のBMI値が20〜30kg・m -2の比較的健康な女性および男性21人が参加し、2つのグループに無作為に割り付けられました。両方のグループの個人は、比較的低い身体活動レベル（ すなわち、中等度の毎日の身体活動レベルおよび規則的な運動トレーニングなし）を有していた。 1グループ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People at JoVE.com

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

高齢者に対する短期抵抗トレーニングの効果は、いくつかの方法の同時使用によって調査された。対照群と比較して、筋好気性能力、耐糖能、筋力、筋肉の質（ すなわち、細胞シグナル伝達および筋繊維型組成に関与するタンパク質）を含む多くの改善が見られた。

高齢者の短期漸進的筋力トレーニングによる筋力・筋力・筋弛緩力の改善

This protocol describes the simultaneous use of a broad span of methods to examine muscle aerobic capacity, glucose tolerance, strength, and power in ...

improving-strength-power-muscle-aerobic-capacity-glucose-tolerance

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Medicine

Unit 1

Muscle Tissue

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

12.5K ビュー.  The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, GIH. 高齢者に対する短期抵抗トレーニングの効果は、いくつかの方法の同時使用によって調査された。対照群と比較して、筋好気性能力、耐糖能、筋力、筋肉の質（ すなわち、細胞シグナル伝達および筋繊維型組成に関与するタンパク質）を含む多くの改善が見られた。 

ビデオ: Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Measuring the Strength of Mice

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score maximum on this task; it is a quick but insensitive gross screen, and the weights test described in this article will provide a finer measure of muscular strength.
There are also several strain gauge-based pieces of apparatus available commercially that will provide more graded data than the inverted screen test, but their cost may put them beyond the reach of many laboratories which do not specialize in strength testing. Hence in 2000 a cheap and simple apparatus was devised by the author. It consists of a series of chain links of increasing length, attached to a "fur collector" a ball of fine wire mesh sold for preventing limescale build up in hard water areas. An accidental observation revealed that mice could grip these very tightly, so they proved ideal as a grip point for a weight-lifting apparatus. A common fault with commercial strength meters is that the bar or other grip feature is not thin enough for mice to exert a maximum grip. As a general rule, the thinner the wire or bar, the better a mouse can grip with its small claws.
This is a pure test of strength, although as for any test motivational factors could potentially play a role. The use of scale collectors, however, seems to minimize motivational problems as the motivation appears to be very high for most normal young adult mice.

Deficits in muscular strength occur in many clinical conditions such as motor neuron disease. The inverted screen and weight lifting tests described here measure strength in mice almost exclusively, with minimal influence of factors such as coordination.

マウスの強度を測定

Kondziela7 devised the inverted screen test and published it in 1964. It is a test of muscle strength using all four limbs. Most normal mice easily score ...

医学

Manual Muscle Testing:  A Method of Measuring Extremity Muscle Strength Applied to Critically Ill Patients

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, and persistent nerve and muscle impairments after hospital discharge.1-6 Using an explicit protocol with a structured approach to training and quality assurance of research staff, manual muscle testing (MMT) is a highly reliable method for assessing strength, using a standardized clinical examination, for patients following ARDS, and can be completed with mechanically ventilated patients who can tolerate sitting upright in bed and are able to follow two-step commands. 7, 8 
This video demonstrates a protocol for MMT, which has been taught to &ge;43 research staff who have performed &gt;800 assessments on &gt;280 ARDS survivors. Modifications for the bedridden patient are included. Each muscle is tested with specific techniques for positioning, stabilization, resistance, and palpation for each score of the 6-point ordinal Medical Research Council scale.7,9-11 Three upper and three lower extremity muscles are graded in this protocol: shoulder abduction, elbow flexion, wrist extension, hip flexion, knee extension, and ankle dorsiflexion. These muscles were chosen based on the standard approach for evaluating patients for ICU-acquired weakness used in prior publications. 1,2.

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and critical illness frequently develop long-lasting muscle weakness. Manual muscle testing (MMT) is a standardized clinical examination commonly used to measure strength of peripheral skeletal muscle groups. This video demonstrates MMT using the 6-point Medical Research Council scale.

徒手筋力テスト：四肢筋力の測定方法は、危篤状態の患者に適用

Survivors of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and other causes of critical illness often have generalized weakness, reduced exercise tolerance, ...

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

神経筋電気刺激による筋力トレーニングのマウスモデル

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

Characterization of Metabolic Status in Nonhuman Primates with the Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) plays a key role in the characterization of glucose homeostasis. When taken together with serum biochemical profiles, inclusive of blood glucose levels in both the fed and fasted state, HbA1c, insulin levels, clinical history of diet, body composition, and body weight status, an assessment of normal and abnormal glycemic control can be made. Interpretation of an IVGTT is done through measurement of changes in glucose and insulin levels over time in relation to the dextrose challenge. Critical components to be considered are: peak glucose and insulin levels reached in relation to T0 (end of glucose infusion), the glucose clearance rate K derived from the slope of rapid glucose clearance in the first 20 min (T1 to T20), the time to return to glucose baseline, and the area under the curve (AUC). These IVGTT measures will show characteristic changes as glucose homeostasis moves from a healthy to a diseased metabolic state5. Herein we will describe the characterization of nonhuman primates (Rhesus and Cynomolgus macaques), which are the most relevant animal model of Type II diabetes (T2D) in humans and the IVGTT and clinical profiles of these animals from a lean healthy, to obese dysmetabolic, and T2D state 8, 10, 11.

The goal of this protocol is to present a standard method to perform intravenous glucose tolerance tests (IVGTTs) to assess glycemic control in nonhuman primates and assess their metabolic status from healthy to dysmetabolic.

静脈内グルコース負荷試験とヒト以外の霊長類における代謝状態のキャラクタリゼーション

The intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) plays a key role in the characterization of glucose homeostasis. When taken together with serum biochemical ...

Adapted Resistance Training Improves Strength in Eight Weeks in Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can improve strength in individuals with MS, however; it remains unclear the duration of RST that is needed to make strength gains and how to adapt hip strengthening exercises for individuals of varying strength using only resistance bands. This paper describes the methodology to set up and implement an adapted resistance strength training program, using resistance bands, for individuals with MS. Directions for pre- and post-strength tests to evaluate efficacy of the strength-training program are included. Safety features and detailed instructions outline the weekly program content and progression. Current evidence is presented showing that significant strength gains can be made within 8 weeks of starting a RST program. Evidence is also presented showing that resistance strength training can be successfully adapted for individuals with MS of varying strength with little equipment.

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis. Isolated muscle strengthening is a useful method to target specific weaknesses. This protocol describes a progressive resistance-training program using exercise bands to increase hip muscle strength.

適応レジスタンストレーニングは、多発性硬化症を有する個体において8週間で強度を向上させます

Hip weakness is a common symptom affecting walking ability in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). It is known that resistance strength training (RST) can ...

Proximal Cadaveric Femur Preparation for Fracture Strength Testing and Quantitative CT-based Finite Element Analysis

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength. Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to lose their mechanical properties over time, specimen preparation for experimental testing must be performed carefully to obtain reliable results that represent in vivo conditions. For that reason, we designed a protocol and a set of fixtures to prepare the femoral specimens such that their mechanical properties experienced minimal changes. The femora were kept in a frozen state except during preparation steps and mechanical testing. The relevant clinical measures of total hip and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were obtained with a clinical dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone densitometer, and the 3D geometry and distribution of bone mineral were obtained using CT with a calibration phantom for quantitative estimations based on the greyscale values. Any possible bone disease, fracture, or the presence of implants or artifacts affecting the bone structure, was ruled out with X-ray scans. For preparation, all bones were carefully cleaned of excess soft tissue, and were cut and potted at the internal rotation angle of interest. A cutting fixture allowed the distal end of the bone to be cut off leaving the proximal femur at a desired length. To allow positioning of the femoral neck at prescribed angles during later CT scanning and mechanical testing, the proximal femoral shafts were potted in polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) using a fixture designed specifically for desired orientations. The data collected from our experiments were then used for validation of quantitative computed tomography (QCT)-based finite element analysis (FEA), as described in a different protocol. In this manuscript, we present the protocol for the precise bone preparation for mechanical testing and subsequent QCT/FEA modeling. The current protocol was successfully applied to prepare about 200 cadaveric femora over a 6-year time period.

We present a robust protocol on how to carefully preserve and prepare cadaveric femora for fracture testing and quantitative computed tomography imaging. The method provides precise control over input conditions for the purpose of determining relationships between bone mineral density, fracture strength, and defining finite element model geometry and properties.

破壊強度試験および定量的CTベースの有限要素解析のための近位の死体大腿骨の準備

Cadaveric fracture testing is routinely used to understand factors that affect proximal femur strength.  Because ex vivo biological tissues are prone to ...

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo and noninvasively in humans via phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS). However, the approach has not been widely adopted in translational and clinical research, with variations in methodology and limited guidance from the literature. Increased optimization, standardization, and dissemination of methods for in vivo 31PMRS would facilitate the development of targeted therapies to improve OXPHOS capacity and could ultimately favorably impact cardiovascular health. 31PMRS produces a noninvasive, in vivo measure of OXPHOS capacity in human skeletal muscle, as opposed to alternative measures obtained from explanted and potentially altered mitochondria via muscle biopsy. It relies upon only modest additional instrumentation beyond what is already in place on magnetic resonance scanners available for clinical and translational research at most institutions. In this work, we outline a method to measure in vivo skeletal muscle OXPHOS. The technique is demonstrated using a 1.5 Tesla whole-body MR scanner equipped with the suitable hardware and software for 31PMRS, and we explain a simple and robust protocol for in-magnet resistive exercise to rapidly fatigue the quadriceps muscle. Reproducibility and feasibility are demonstrated in volunteers as well as subjects over a wide range of functional capacities.

Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: A Tool for Measuring In Vivo Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Capacity in Human Skeletal Muscle

This work demonstrates the feasibility of an in vivo phosphorus-31 magnetic resonance spectroscopy (31PMRS) technique to quantify mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity in human skeletal muscle.

リン-31磁気共鳴分光法：測定するためのツール<em&gt;インビボ</emヒト骨格筋における&gt;ミトコンドリア酸化的リン酸化能力

Skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) capacity, which is critically important in health and disease, can be measured in vivo ...

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and a gross decompensation of systemic glucose metabolism. Despite considerable progress in the understanding of glucose metabolism, the molecular mechanisms of its regulation in health and disease remain under-investigated, while novel approaches to prevent and treat diabetes are urgently needed. Diet derived glucose stimulates the pancreatic secretion of insulin, which serves as the principal regulator of cellular anabolic processes during the fed-state and thus balances blood glucose levels to maintain systemic energy status. Chronic overfeeding triggers meta-inflammation, which leads to alterations in peripheral insulin receptor-associated signaling and thus reduces the sensitivity to insulin-mediated glucose disposal. These events ultimately result in elevated fasting glucose and insulin levels as well as a reduction in glucose tolerance, which in turn serve as important indicators of insulin resistance. Here, we present a protocol for the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice as a frequently used model of diet-induced insulin resistance. We illustrate in detail the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), which monitors the peripheral disposal of an orally administered glucose load and insulin secretion over time. Additionally, we present a protocol for the insulin tolerance test (ITT) to monitor whole-body insulin action. Together, these methods and their downstream applications represent powerful tools to characterize the general metabolic phenotype of mice as well as to specifically assess alterations in glucose metabolism. They may be especially useful in the broad research field of insulin resistance, diabetes and obesity to provide a better understanding of pathogenesis as well as to test the effects of therapeutic interventions.

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

The current article describes the generation and metabolic characterization of high-fat diet-fed mice as a model of diet-induced insulin resistance and obesity. It further features detailed protocols to perform the oral glucose tolerance test and the insulin tolerance test, monitoring whole-body alterations of glucose metabolism in vivo.

経口ブドウ糖負荷試験 (OGTT) とインスリン負荷試験 (ITT) を使用して高脂肪食飼育マウスの生体内糖代謝の研究

Obesity represents the most important single risk factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes, a disease which is characterized by a resistance to ...

Skeletal Muscle Neurovascular Coupling, Oxidative Capacity, and Microvascular Function with 'One Stop Shop' Near-infrared Spectroscopy

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic demand. Reactive hyperemia (in response to a brief period of tissue ischemia) is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events and provides important insight into vascular health and vasodilatory capacity. Skeletal muscle oxidative capacity is equally important in health and disease, as it determines the energy supply for myocellular processes. Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess each of these major clinical endpoints (reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling, and muscle oxidative capacity) during a single clinic or laboratory visit. Unlike Doppler ultrasound, magnetic resonance images/spectroscopy, or invasive catheter-based flow measurements or muscle biopsies, our approach is less operator-dependent, low-cost, and completely non-invasive. Representative data from our lab taken together with summary data from previously published literature illustrate the utility of each of these end-points. Once this technique is mastered, application to clinical populations will provide important mechanistic insight into exercise intolerance and cardiovascular dysfunction.

Here, we describe a simple, non-invasive approach using near-infrared spectroscopy to assess reactive hyperemia, neurovascular coupling and skeletal muscle oxidative capacity in a single clinic or laboratory visit.

骨格筋血管カップリング、酸化容量、および 'ワンストップ ショップ「近赤外分光法を用いた微小血管機能

Exercise represents a major hemodynamic stress that demands a highly coordinated neurovascular response in order to match oxygen delivery to metabolic ...

Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite of these eccentric hamstring actions are concentric quadriceps actions, where the larger and likely stronger quadriceps straighten the knee. Therefore, to stabilize the lower limbs during movement, the hamstrings must eccentrically combat against the strong knee-straightening torque of the quadriceps. As such, eccentric hamstring strength expressed relative to concentric quadricep strength is commonly referred to as the &#34;functional ratio&#34; as most movements in sports require simultaneous concentric knee extension and eccentric knee flexion. To increase the strength, resiliency, and functional performance of the hamstrings, it is necessary to test and train the hamstrings at different eccentric speeds. The main purpose of this work is to provide instructions for measuring and interpreting eccentric hamstring strength. Techniques for measuring the functional ratio using isokinetic dynamometry are provided and sample data will be compared. Additionally, we briefly describe how to address hamstring strength deficiencies or unilateral strength differences using exercises that specifically focus on increasing eccentric hamstring strength.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles that are sometimes problematic for athletes, resulting in soft tissue injury in the lower limbs. To prevent such injuries, functional training of the hamstrings requires intensive eccentric contractions. Additionally, hamstring function should be tested in relation to quadricep function at different contraction speeds.

筋肉の不均衡: テストと競技人口の機能的な偏心ハムスト リングの筋力トレーニング

Many hamstring injuries that occur during physical activity occur while the muscles are lengthening, during eccentric hamstring muscle actions. Opposite ...