The overall goal of this procedure is to quantitatively assess the benefits of supported photocatalysts in environmental applications and to understand the implications of chemical bonding between catalysts and their supports on DeNOx aspects of quality management. The greater accessible surface area offered by supported photocatalysts suggests a more efficient ability to reduce NOx concentrations in the atmosphere. However, little is known about the influence of the support on the catalyst performance and properties.
NOx mainly consists of NO and NO2. The more toxic NO2 has the largest negative impact on air quality, so photocatalysts must exhibit really high selectively for oxidizing NOx to nitrates. The technical descriptor here provide insights which can used in the engineering and factor solutions for urban air quality management such as photocatalysts support on the surface of a concrete infrastructure.
To prepare the QT1 composite, first ball mill commercial quartz for 15 minutes. Sieve the milled quartz powder to obtain quartz particles with sizes ranging from 20 to 100 microns. Next, mix 2.6 milliliters of 97%titanium butoxide with 29.6 milliliters of absolute ethanol to produce a titanium precursor solution.
Suspend three grams of the milled sieved quartz powder in 30 grams of the titanium precursor solution. Add to the suspension 0.3 milliliters of 32%hydrochloric acid and stir for five minutes. Then, add 30 milliliters of deionized water and stir the suspension overnight.
Next, transfer the viscous suspension to a Petri dish. Allow the remaining solvent to evaporate overnight under ambient conditions. Then, wash the titanium-treated quartz by repeatedly suspending the treated quartz in deionized water, centrifuging the suspension and decanting the supernatant.
Dry the powder at 90 degrees Celsius overnight and then heat treat the dry powder at 400 degrees Celsius for 20 hours. Cool the heat-treated composite powder in air and sieve the powder to remove particles smaller than 20 microns in size. Store the powder in a sealed container.
To prepare the QT2 composite, first combine 23.3 milliliters of TEOS with 29.2 milliliters of absolute ethanol. Add to this solution 7.2 milliliters of deionized water and 0.4 milliliters of 3.6 weight percent hydrochloric acid and stir for 10 days at room temperature. Next, suspend 0.2 grams of photocatalytic anatase titania in 100 milliliters of absolute ethanol.
Add to this 1.46 milliliters of the TEOS solution to attain a titania-to-TEOS molar ratio of one-to-one. Gently stir the suspension at room temperature overnight. Then, place two grams of milled sieved commercial quartz in a round-bottom flask.
Equip the flask with a condenser, a stir bar and a water aspirator. Begin adding the TEOS titania mixture drop-wise to the quartz at 80 degrees Celsius under reduced pressure. When a sufficient volume has been added to suspend the quartz, begin stirring the suspension.
Continue stirring until addition is complete. Dry the resulting powder at 90 degrees Celsius overnight followed by four hours of heat treatment at 200 degrees Celsius. Cool the powder in air and remove small particles by sieving.
To prepare the ST1 composite, first add five milliliters of TEOS to 40 milliliters of absolute ethanol and stir the solution for 30 minutes. In another container, combine eight milliliters of 25 weight percent ammonia with 30 milliliters of deionized water and 18 milliliters of absolute ethanol and stir for 30 minutes as well. Add the TEOS solution to the ammonia solution and stir for three hours at room temperature to yield silica microspheres.
Centrifuge the silica suspension at 1, 252 times G for 30 minutes and decant the supernatant. Wash the silica by centrifugation with 40-milliliter portions of absolute ethanol three times and then dry the silica at 105 degrees Celsius for 48 hours. Next, suspend one gram of the dry silica microspheres in 30 milliliters of absolute ethanol.
Sonicate the suspension in an ultrasonic bath for 10 minutes and then stir the suspension for 30 minutes. Carefully add one milliliter of 97%titanium butoxide to the silica suspension and stir the mixture at room temperature for 24 hours. Then, add to the mixture two milliliters of deionized water and eight milliliters of absolute ethanol and continue stirring for two more hours.
Centrifuge the mixture, decant the supernatant and wash the powder three times with 40-milliliter portions of absolute ethanol. Dry the powder at 105 degrees Celsius for 48 hours and then heat treat the powder at 500 degrees Celsius for three hours. Cool and sieve the powder.
To prepare the ST2 composite, first combine 58.4 milliliters of absolute ethanol, 14.4 milliliters of deionized water and 0.8 milliliters of 3.6 weight percent hydrochloric acid. Add drop-wise to this solution 0.89 milliliters of TEOS and stir the mixture at room temperature for one hour. Then, add 4.74 milliliters of titanium tetraisopropoxide and stir at room temperature overnight.
Next, heat the mixture to 80 degrees Celsius and stir for one hour to effect the sol-gel conversion. Dry the gel at 90 degrees Celsius overnight. Heat treat the gel for five hours each at 450 and 500 degrees Celsius to obtain the composite powder.
Cool the composite powder in air and sieve the powder to remove small particles. To perform photocatalytic activity tests, pack the composite powder of interest into a sample holder of a photocatalytic testing apparatus. Irradiate the sample with 320 nanometer UV light overnight.
Each sample must be exposed to emanating radiation prior to insertion in the Heraeus reactor. This eliminates the influence of pre-absorbed contaminants on the photocatalytic performance. The positioning of the sample is also critical in order to obtain the needed flow conditions.
Cover the irradiated sample with borosilicate glass. Position the sample under a solar simulator and connect the photoreactor to the gas inlet and outlet lines of the testing apparatus. Then, flow NO and N2 in compressed air over the sample at 40%humidity.
Monitor and record the concentrations of NO, NO2 and NOx in the outlet gas flow. X-ray diffraction of the composites pure titania and uncoated quartz showed that titania is present as anatase in almost all composites to varying extents. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of agglomerated titania nanospheres in all composite samples.
FTIR spectra of the composite materials showed peaks assigned to the silicon-oxygen-titanium stretching vibrational mode. The degree of chemical binding between silica and titania was estimated for each composite material from the ratio of the areas under the silicon-oxygen-titanium peaks and the corresponding silica peaks. Photonic efficiencies were calculated for the composite materials, the supporting quartz and the titania powders from measurements of NO and NOx conversion and of NO2 formation.
The efficiency relative to percent titania loading was greater for all composite materials. Notably, the QT2 material achieved 73%of the NO oxidation performance of the corresponding photocatalyst with only 6.5%of the photocatalyst mass. The nitrate selectivity of each composite material was compared to that of the corresponding precursor titania powder.
The largest decrease in selectivity was observed between T2 and ST2. The ST2 composite had a relatively high ratio of titanium-oxygen-silicon bonds suggesting that the level of bonding affects nitrate selectivity. This procedure offers an efficient means to engineer and validate highly-efficient photocatalytic composite structures.
These photocatalysts can be supported on concrete structures in urban centers where NOx pollution from vehicle emissions is really extremely high.
