我々 はパブロ バイタルとフィールド サンプリングするジョニー ・ モズレーとヴィヴィアナ ナダル イリーナ Ognevich 実験室分析のヘルプを感謝したいと思います。

1 データロガー インストールと働き <ol><li>の研究農場を識別および運河のレベルを監視する必要がある流れの比例的に複合フロー サンプルを収集するために、オートサンプラーをトリガーするデータロガーをインストール。ポンプ ヘッド回転およびポンプ校正式</li>。
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1.jpg"/> 図 1: イスコ サンプラー プログラム自動サンプリングするために使用複合排水と微粒子の手順水サンプリング。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="3"> <li>ポンプ ステーションに隣接して流入・流出管に取り付けられている圧力トランスデューサーを使用してファームの運河のレベルを監視します</li>。
	<li>モニター ポンプは、ポンプの頭の上にインストールされている近接スイッチを使用して高速化; 回転/分 (rpm) の速度がデータロガーによって記録されます 。
	注: 近接スイッチ部分は、金属のときに渡された互いの上数 rpm の数。彼らはポンプ頭部に溶接されます</li>。
	<li>転換を用いた測定降雨バケツの雨量計データロガーに接続されている 。
	注: データロガーは、UF/IFAS エバーグレーズの研究および教育センターである基本ラジオ局ラジオ テレメトリで通信します。テレメトリはサンプルのコレクションを制御するため、データの収集とストレージに対してのみ必要ではありません</li>。
</ol> 2。排水水サンプリングの流れ加重 <ol><li>各ポンプ用データロガーとポンプ校正式を使用して計算する冷気流。トリガー流出量が達成された後、データロガーによって作動されるオートサンプラーで排水フロー加重サンプリングを実現します 。
	注: ポンプ速度と流れ料金は、24 時間以上異なります。イスコ サンプリングは、排水量、速度を変えない量によってトリガーされます。オートサンプラーは水の一定量の放電後サブのサンプルを収集するためにプログラムされます。湧水量はポンプの rpm の数に基づいて校正されています</li>。
	<li>サンプラーを用いた、その場で 自動ポンプ ステーションである複合水サンプル (最低 500 mL) を収集し、排水のイベント中に毎日複合水サンプルをキャプチャするプログラムします 。
	注: イスコ サンプラーは 400 まで 2 分ごと 2 L サンプルは、データロガー経由で迂回管を使用して貯水タンクに羽毛のある l.</li>
	<li>プログラム サンプル トリガー ボリューム 24 時間あたり 30 サンプルの最大を許可する放電期間。
	<ol><li>次の手順で複合フロー サンプルを収集するデータロガー プログラム: 入力プログラム &#8594; プログラム &#8594; フロー ベース ・ サンプリング &#8594; サンプルごとの 1 パルス &#8594; 30 複合サンプル &#8594; 130 mL 試料体積 &#8594; 調整サンプル ボリューム [いいえ] &#8594; [いいえ] の開始時刻を入力 &#8594; 完全なシーケンスをプログラムします</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>収集・運搬は氷入りのクーラーの分析の実験室に戻るまで 4 ° C でオンサイト冷蔵庫で流れ加重合成サンプルを格納します</li>。
	<li>は、水溶性の反応 P サンプル コレクションの時から 24 時間以内の水試料を分析します。合計 P (TP) 分析のための試料を酸性化し、最大 28 日間 15 の 4 ° C で保存することができます</li>。
</ol> 3。浮遊粉じんをキャプチャ <ol><li>キャプチャし浮遊微粒子を特徴付ける排水期間の期間にわたってファーム運河放電水を収集するために 2 つの 200 L PVC 沈降タンクの系列を配置します。
	<ol><li>浮遊微粒子を収集するデータロガーは、次の手順でサンプル プログラム: プログラム &#8594; タイム ・ ベース ・ サンプリング &#8594; 2 分ごとのサンプル &#8594; 複合サンプル [200] &#8594; 校正サンプル ボリューム [いいえ] &#8594; 開始時刻を入力して [いいえ]&#8594; のシーケンスが完了 &#8594; サンプリング ボタンをプッシュします</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>24 h コレクション期間にわたって水の量に基づいて設定タンク (2 L 2 分ごと) に流れ加重排水を収集します</li></ol>。
 <img alt="Figure 2"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2.jpg"/> 図 2: 2 200 L タンク排水を収集するために使用します。浮遊微粒子がタンクの底に沈降して 5 ガロンのバケツで転送されます。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="3"> <li>微粒子、タンクに定住し始めると、ホースを使用して余分な水を吸い上げるです</li>。
	<li>5 ガロンのバケツに微粒子を移転、研究室に戻ってそれらを輸送、4、冷蔵庫にそれらを置く ° C</li>
	<li>サイフォン 24 h のためにセトリングした後余分な水分をオフし、コーンをセトリング Imhoff に微粒子を転送します</li>。
	<li>粒子が 4 でストレージの 500 mL をあらかじめ重量を量られたねじ上の瓶に転送される前に 1 つの最後の時間の余分な水を吸い上げる後少なくとも 1 時間のためにセトリング、° C</li>
	<li>粒子サンプル瓶の重量を量ます</li>。
	<li>ヘドリー、スチュワートの 14 のとおりリン分画解析を続行します</li>。
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3.jpg"/> 図 3: Imhoff 収集するために使用される円錐形を定着、浮遊微粒子の沈殿槽でキャプチャします。 <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+mass+balance+and+internal+load+in+an+impacted+subtropical+isolated+wetland.">Phosphorus mass balance and internal load in an impacted subtropical isolated wetland.</a> Water Air Soil Pollut. 218, 619-632 (2011).</li><li>Eyre, B. D., McConchie, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+implications+of+sedimentological+studies+for+environmental+pollution+assessment+and+management:+Examples+from+fluvial+system+in+north+Queensland+and+western+Australia.">The implications of sedimentological studies for environmental pollution assessment and management: Examples from fluvial system in north Queensland and western Australia.</a> Sediment. Geol. 85, 235-252 (1993).</li><li>Bhadha, J. 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本研究に関連する情報開示はありません。

集塵、終了近くに置かれた排水用オートサンプラーはポンプ駅データロガーです。電源は、ソーラー パネルで充電 12 V 電池によって提供されました。オートサンプラーは、出口ポンプが走ったとポンプ停止してオフにそれらをオン、オートサンプラー敷地内のデータロガーによって制御されました。サンプラー吸気ラインの開口部は、ポンプ ステーションから運河の底と上向上 0.5 m を配置?...

運命と浮遊粒子状物質の輸送、農業システム1,2の特に富栄養化におけるその役割のための多くの研究の対象とされています。内部の栄養素のサイクリングなど、多くの環境問題を調査し、覆う水列3にリリースする必要がある水生システム内で粒子状物質に含まれる栄養素の総合的な評価基板の安定性、水の列、および最終的に下流生態系4水品質問題内で光の可用性。(有機物・堆積物) の微粒子の形態で保存されているリン (P) の量は、水の列5の通常よりも大きいです。ケニーらによって行われた調査。6は、湖 Lochloosa、フロリダ州で堆積した堆積が 1900 年の年齢範囲と 2006 年の間あったことを示した。これらの若い堆積物には、水の列に存在していたよりも約 55 倍の P が含まれています。特定のシステム上の微粒子があります潜在的な影響を評価する方法の 1 つは排水イベント時に排出される土砂に格納されているリンの定量のインベントリを実施します。これら排出微粒子の収集と分析によって、下流の肥沃化に敏感な生態系への影響を見積もることができます。
嵐のイベントは通常、時間のごく一部を表してまだ P 負荷放電農業用排水路の大部分を貢献するかもしれない。これフィールドの洪水を防ぐために大量の水は時間の短い期間にわたって排出されるためです。降雨強度と流れが重要な陸路流出7浮遊堆積物の濃度を制御することができます要因を駆動します。設計メソッドを監視フロー加重複合水サンプルをキャプチャする複雑な高強度の雨のイベントに関連付けられたエラーを避けるために役立つでしょう。嵐のようなイベントで高吐出中、濃度の迅速かつ抜本的な変化は増加量の平均の汚染物質濃度の代表できない場合があります。したがって、流れ加重水試料はこれまでより正確に8時間の期間にわたって荷重の総和である放電イベントの濃度を表します。最も一般的なフロー加重サンプルは、自動的に収集される離散またはコンポジット サンプルです。ファームからエクスポートされた浮遊微粒子をキャプチャすることにより放電時排水 P ロード中にイベントの重大度を定量化することをことができます。メソッドは、この研究によりキャプチャで様々 な物理・化学的性質の後で特徴付けられる微粒子を説明します。グラブ サンプリング対連続複合フロー法を用いた排水放電をサンプリングの目新しさは、排水イベントの期間全体にわたってフィールドの条件のより良い表現であることです。グラブ サンプリング時間の「スナップショット」は、完全にことができないのに対し、全体イベント効果を表します。
米国南フロリダのエバーグレーズ農業エリア (EAA) はチャネル化され、農業、商業および住宅の開発のため排水元のエバーグレーズの広大です。ほぼから、南と東南9EAA、11 億 m3の水を毎年排出されます。EAA の土壌は、通常が含まれます Histosols 35% 鉱物コンテンツ10より小さいオーバー 85% 有機重量問題、あります。運河の堆積物は通常 (0.14 g cm-3 0.35 g cm-3)、間低嵩密度を持っている (31-35%) の高い有機物含有量と 726-1,089 mg kg-1 11間に及ぶ合計 P (TP) 値。
このデモでは、EAA 内ファームが選ばれました。EAA 内の水の流れの hydroscape は、ポンプと重力によって異なります。少なくとも 1 つの主要な運河の EAA の各ファーム構成と複数フィールド溝。フィールドは、主要な運河に垂直に実行を溝します。ポンプは通常二つの目的を提供します。彼らは、ファームを灌漑水を提供、また排水オフサイトを放電します。フィールドは、排水する必要がある、主要な運河の水位が下がるし、動水勾配によって駆動される、溝に排水をフィールドから。フィールドにトランジットの土壌断面を通過するフィールドで発生する降雨の表面のほとんどでのみわずかな傾斜のための溝します。 灌漑、中にシステムが逆になります。EAA のタイル排水のネットワークはありません。地下水は、土壌石灰岩岩盤下っ端の拘束層による特定の高さで維持されます。 水は主要な運河; を通じて持ち込まれました。フィールド溝を満たした状態で、フィールドの水テーブルのレベルを高めるために地盤に浸透することを許されます。通常、3 月、4 月、5 月 (乾燥する季節)、中には、非常に小さな排水放電で EAA で農業用水の需要が発生します。対照的に、6 月と 10 月 (雨季) 退院水量が有意に高かったです。運河銀行小段および溝の存在は、ファームに P ロードの潜在的なソース運河12表面流出を最小限にできます。
この視覚の実験で P 分別13、有機物含有量、密度などの物理化学的特性の後で使用することができます排水イベント中に浮遊微粒子の流れ加重をキャプチャの新手法を提案します。 ,14。

<table width="602">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Datalogger</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Campbell Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">model CR1000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Auto-sampler</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">ISCO</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model 3700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Pressure transducer</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">KPSI</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model 700</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Tipping bucket rain guage</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Texas Electronics</td>
			<td style="width:137px;"></td>
			<td>model TR-525</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7447-40-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1310-73-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Hydrochloric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7647-01-0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Sulfuric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7664-93-9</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Potassium Persulfate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">7727-21-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">12054-85-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">L-Ascorbic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">50-81-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">100 mg/L Anhydrous Phosphate Standard</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">ERA</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">061</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">28300-74-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Durapore Membrane Filters</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">HVLP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Whatman #41 Filter Paper</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">1441-150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fixed Speed Reciprocal Shaker E6010</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Eberbach Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">E6010.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Disposable Culture Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">14-961-29</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">Allegra 25R Centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Becker Coulter</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">U.S. 605168-AC</td>
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			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Parafilm</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Bemis Company Inc PM 999</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">13-374-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">3119-0050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand 20mL HDPE Scintillation Vials with Urea Cap</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">03-337-23C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="width:216px;height:63px;">Fisherbrand&#160;Natural Polypropylene Jars with White Polypropylene Unlined Cap</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">02-912-024A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="width:216px;height:42px;">0.45 membrane filters</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td>Item # UX-15945-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">100 ml digestion tubes</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>TC1000-0735</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">Glass funnels</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Fisher</td>
			<td>03-865</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Spectronic 20 Genesys</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Thermo-Fisher</td>
			<td>4001-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:216px;height:21px;">QuikChem</td>
			<td style="width:83px;">Latchat</td>
			<td style="width:137px;">8500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events

本研究の目的は水の流れ加重をキャプチャに使用するメソッドを記述して、排液中にファーム運河から浮遊微粒子放電イベント。ファーム運河は、トランスポートに影響されやすい、リン (P) などの栄養が濃縮することができます。浮遊微粒子の形でリンは、排水中の全体的な P 負荷に大きく貢献できます。離散排水イベント中に浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする整定時間の水槽実験を行った。ファーム運河放電水が排出されて水の複合サブサンプルを表すために、排水イベントの期間全体にわたって 2 つの 200 L 沈降タンクのシリーズで収集されました。Imhoff セトリング コーン、最終的に中断された微粒子を沈降する使用されます。これはコーンによる沈降タンクからサイフォン水によって達成されます。微粒子は、物理化学的解析、収集されます。

本研究で示した方法では、水とが農場の運河でイベントをポンピング中に放出されている粒子状物質を捕獲出来ます。水と収集された微粒子は流れ加重ポンプ イベントとかつてのスナップショットだけでなく全期間の代表ですが、つまり排出されている材料の種類の非常に代表的となっています。様々 な物理・化学的パラメーターを分析するのには、水や浮遊微粒?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

粒子形態の栄養素は、農業集落排水処理水の全体的な負荷に大きく貢献できます。本研究では、排水のイベントの期間全体にわたって水の流れ加重とファーム運河排水から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする手法について説明します。

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

capturing-flow-weighted-water-suspended-particulates-from

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.7K ビュー.  University of Florida. 粒子形態の栄養素は、農業集落排水処理水の全体的な負荷に大きく貢献できます。本研究では、排水のイベントの期間全体にわたって水の流れ加重とファーム運河排水から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする手法について説明します。

ビデオ: Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of agricultural waters. Here, water is filtered through sterile Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), which consist&#160;of a simple gauze filter enclosed in a plastic cartridge, to concentrate bacteria. Following filtration, non-selective or selective enrichments for the target bacteria are performed in the MMS. For colorimetric detection of the target bacteria, the enrichments are then assayed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) embedded with bacteria-indicative substrates. Each substrate reacts with target-indicative bacterial enzymes, generating colored products that can be detected visually (qualitative detection) on the &#181;PAD. Alternatively, digital images of the reacted &#181;PADs can be generated with common scanning or photographic devices and analyzed using ImageJ software, allowing for more objective and standardized interpretation of results. Although the biochemical screening procedures are designed to identify the aforementioned bacterial pathogens, in some cases enzymes produced by background microbiota or the degradation of the colorimetric substrates may produce a false positive. Therefore, confirmation using a more discriminatory diagnostic is needed. Nonetheless, this bacterial concentration and detection platform is inexpensive, sensitive (0.1 CFU/ml detection limit), easy to perform, and rapid (concentration, enrichment, and detection are performed within approximately 24&#160;hr), justifying its use as an initial screening method for the microbiological quality of agricultural water.

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

A protocol involving integrated concentration, enrichment, and end-point colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens in large volumes of agricultural water is presented here. Water is filtered through Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), enriched with selective or non-selective media, and detection is performed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PAD) imbedded with bacterial-indicative colorimetric substrates.

比色検出の紙ベース<em&gt;エシェリヒア·コリ</em&gt;<em&gt;サルモネラ</em&gt;属、および<em&gt;リステリア菌</em&gt;農業大量の水から

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of ...

環境学

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) loading from lake sediments can account for a substantial portion of the total P load in eutrophic, and some mesotrophic, lakes. Laboratory determination of P release rates from sediment cores is one approach for determining the role of internal P loading and guiding management decisions. Two principal alternatives to experimental determination of sediment P release exist for estimating internal load: in situ measurements of changes in hypolimnetic P over time and P mass balance. The experimental approach using laboratory-based sediment incubations to quantify internal P load is a direct method, making it a valuable tool for lake management and restoration.
Laboratory incubations of sediment cores can help determine the relative importance of internal vs. external P loads, as well as be used to answer a variety of lake management and research questions. We illustrate the use of sediment core incubations to assess the effectiveness of an aluminum sulfate (alum) treatment for reducing sediment P release. Other research questions that can be investigated using this approach include the effects of sediment resuspension and bioturbation on P release.
The approach also has limitations. Assumptions must be made with respect to: extrapolating results from sediment cores to the entire lake; deciding over what time periods to measure nutrient release; and addressing possible core tube artifacts. A comprehensive dissolved oxygen monitoring strategy to assess temporal and spatial redox status in the lake provides greater confidence in annual P loads estimated from sediment core incubations.

Lake eutrophication is a water quality issue worldwide, making the need to identify and control nutrient sources critical. Laboratory determination of phosphorus release rates from sediment cores is a valuable approach for determining the role of internal phosphorus loading and guiding management decisions.

内部リン負荷の尺度として湖堆積物の研究室に決定されたリンフラックス

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

Measurement of Greenhouse Gas Flux from Agricultural Soils Using Static Chambers

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the biogeochemical drivers of climate change and to the development and evaluation of GHG mitigation strategies based on modulation of landscape management practices. The static chamber-based method described here is based on trapping gases emitted from the soil surface within a chamber and collecting samples from the chamber headspace at regular intervals for analysis by gas chromatography. Change in gas concentration over time is used to calculate flux. This method can be utilized to measure landscape-based flux of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, and to estimate differences between treatments or explore system dynamics over seasons or years. Infrastructure requirements are modest, but a comprehensive experimental design is essential. This method is easily deployed in the field, conforms to established guidelines, and produces data suitable to large-scale GHG emissions studies.

This article showcases the static chamber-based method for measurement of greenhouse gas flux from soil systems. With relatively modest infrastructure investments, measurements may be obtained from multiple treatments/locations and over timeframes ranging from hours to years.

静的チャンバを用いて農用地の土壌からの温室効果ガスフラックスの測定

Measurement of greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes between the soil and the atmosphere, in both managed and unmanaged ecosystems, is critical to understanding the ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a standardized method for use in multiple analytical laboratories during monitoring period 3 of the Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule. Herein we present the protocol for extraction of viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) from water sample concentrates and for quantitatively measuring enterovirus and norovirus concentrations using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Virus concentrations for the molecular assay are calculated in terms of genomic copies of viral RNA per liter based upon a standard curve. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. The method has been evaluated by examining virus recovery from ground and reagent grade waters seeded with poliovirus type 3 and murine norovirus as a surrogate for human noroviruses. Mean poliovirus recoveries were 20% in groundwaters and 44% in reagent grade water. Mean murine norovirus recoveries with the RT-qPCR assay were 30% in groundwaters and 4% in reagent grade water.

Here we present a procedure to quantify enterovirus and norovirus in environmental and drinking waters using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. Mean virus recovery from groundwater with this standardized procedure from EPA Method 1615 was 20% for poliovirus and 30% for murine norovirus.

エンテロウイルスと文化およびRT-qPCRにより水中のノロウイルス発生のEPAメソッド1615測定。パートIII。 RT-qPCRによりウイルス検出

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) &#62; 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW &#60; 0.70).

A protocol about the characterization and application of five different passive sampling devices is presented.

水中の農薬のモニタリングのための特性とパッシブサンプラーの応用

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment during manufacturing and transport. Because of their environmental persistence, they are widely distributed in the oceans and on beaches all over the world. They can act as a vector of potentially toxic organic compounds (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls) and might consequently negatively affect marine organisms. Their possible impacts along the food chain are not yet well understood. In order to assess the hazards associated with the occurrence of plastic pellets in the marine environment, it is necessary to develop methodologies that allow for rapid determination of associated organic contaminant levels. The present protocol describes the different steps required for sampling resin pellets, analyzing adsorbed organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and identifying the plastic type. The focus is on the extraction of OCPs from plastic pellets by means of a pressurized fluid extractor (PFE) and on the polymer chemical analysis applying Fourier Transform-InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The developed methodology focuses on 11 OCPs and related compounds, including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its two main metabolites, lindane and two production isomers, as well as the two biologically active isomers of technical endosulfan. This protocol constitutes a simple and rapid alternative to existing methodology for evaluating the concentration of organic contaminants adsorbed on plastic pieces.

Microplastics act as vector of potentially toxic organic contaminants with unpredictable effects. This protocol describes an alternative methodology for assessing the levels of organochlorine pesticides adsorbed on plastic pellets and identifying the polymer chemical structure. The focus is on pressurized fluid extraction and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

プラスチックペレットからの有機塩素系農薬の抽出と塑性解析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonate (CaCO3) profiles. The objective is to describe a simple conceptual model and detailed protocol for repeatable field and laboratory measurements of these quantities. Here, accurate elevation is measured using a ground-based differential global positioning system (GPS); other data acquisition methods could be applied to the same basic method. Soil samples are collected from prescribed depth intervals and analyzed in the lab using an efficient and precise modified pressure-calcimeter method for quantitative analysis of inorganic carbon concentration. Standard statistical methods are applied to point data, and representative results show significant correlations between changes in soil surface layer CaCO3 and changes in elevation consistent with the conceptual model; CaCO3 generally decreased in depositional areas and increased in erosional areas. Maps are derived from point measurements of elevation and soil CaCO3 to aid analyses. A map of erosional and depositional patterns at the study site, a rain-fed winter wheat field cropped in alternating wheat-fallow strips, shows the interacting effects of water and wind erosion affected by management and topography. Alternative sampling methods and depth intervals are discussed and recommended for future work relating soil erosion and deposition to soil CaCO3.

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes in elevation are related to changes in near-surface soil carbonates. Repeatable methods for field and laboratory measurements of these quantities and data analysis methods are described here.

測定と土壌侵食と堆積土炭酸濃度農業経営に関連のパターンのマッピング

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Composition and Properties of Aquafaba: Water Recovered from Commercially Canned Chickpeas

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce stable foams and emulsions, and can act as a thickener. Recently interest in this product has been enhanced through the internet where it is proposed that this solution, now called aquafaba by a growing community, can be used a replacement for egg and milk protein. As aquafaba is both new and being developed by an internet based community little is known of its composition or properties. Aquafaba was recovered from 10 commercial canned chickpea products and correlations among aquafaba composition, density, viscosity and foaming properties were investigated. Proton NMR was used to characterize aquafaba composition before and after ultrafiltration through membranes with different molecular weight cut offs (MWCOs of 3, 10, or 50 kDa). A protocol for electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting is also presented. Those methods provided valuable information regarding components responsible for aquafaba functional properties. This information will allow the development of practices to produce standard commercial aquafaba products and may help consumers select products of superior or consistent utility.

Aquafaba is a viscous juice from canned chickpea that, when stirred vigorously, produces a relatively stable white froth or foam. The primary research goal is to identify the components of aquafaba that contribute viscosifying/thickening properties using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), ultrafiltration, electrophoresis, and peptide mass fingerprinting.

Aquafaba の組成と性質: 市販缶詰のヒヨコ豆から水が回復しました。

Chickpea and other pulses are commonly sold as canned products packed in a thick solution or a brine. This solution has recently been shown to produce ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...