Name: capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events
Uploaded: 2017-11-07T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 26 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

我々 はパブロ バイタルとフィールド サンプリングするジョニー ・ モズレーとヴィヴィアナ ナダル イリーナ Ognevich 実験室分析のヘルプを感謝したいと思います。

1 データロガー インストールと働き <ol><li>の研究農場を識別および運河のレベルを監視する必要がある流れの比例的に複合フロー サンプルを収集するために、オートサンプラーをトリガーするデータロガーをインストール。ポンプ ヘッド回転およびポンプ校正式</li>。
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1.jpg"/> 図 1: イスコ サンプラー プログラム自動サンプリングするために使用複合排水と微粒子の手順水サンプリング。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="3"> <li>ポンプ ステーションに隣接して流入・流出管に取り付けられている圧力トランスデューサーを使用してファームの運河のレベルを監視します</li>。
	<li>モニター ポンプは、ポンプの頭の上にインストールされている近接スイッチを使用して高速化; 回転/分 (rpm) の速度がデータロガーによって記録されます 。
	注: 近接スイッチ部分は、金属のときに渡された互いの上数 rpm の数。彼らはポンプ頭部に溶接されます</li>。
	<li>転換を用いた測定降雨バケツの雨量計データロガーに接続されている 。
	注: データロガーは、UF/IFAS エバーグレーズの研究および教育センターである基本ラジオ局ラジオ テレメトリで通信します。テレメトリはサンプルのコレクションを制御するため、データの収集とストレージに対してのみ必要ではありません</li>。
</ol> 2。排水水サンプリングの流れ加重 <ol><li>各ポンプ用データロガーとポンプ校正式を使用して計算する冷気流。トリガー流出量が達成された後、データロガーによって作動されるオートサンプラーで排水フロー加重サンプリングを実現します 。
	注: ポンプ速度と流れ料金は、24 時間以上異なります。イスコ サンプリングは、排水量、速度を変えない量によってトリガーされます。オートサンプラーは水の一定量の放電後サブのサンプルを収集するためにプログラムされます。湧水量はポンプの rpm の数に基づいて校正されています</li>。
	<li>サンプラーを用いた、その場で 自動ポンプ ステーションである複合水サンプル (最低 500 mL) を収集し、排水のイベント中に毎日複合水サンプルをキャプチャするプログラムします 。
	注: イスコ サンプラーは 400 まで 2 分ごと 2 L サンプルは、データロガー経由で迂回管を使用して貯水タンクに羽毛のある l.</li>
	<li>プログラム サンプル トリガー ボリューム 24 時間あたり 30 サンプルの最大を許可する放電期間。
	<ol><li>次の手順で複合フロー サンプルを収集するデータロガー プログラム: 入力プログラム &#8594; プログラム &#8594; フロー ベース ・ サンプリング &#8594; サンプルごとの 1 パルス &#8594; 30 複合サンプル &#8594; 130 mL 試料体積 &#8594; 調整サンプル ボリューム [いいえ] &#8594; [いいえ] の開始時刻を入力 &#8594; 完全なシーケンスをプログラムします</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>収集・運搬は氷入りのクーラーの分析の実験室に戻るまで 4 ° C でオンサイト冷蔵庫で流れ加重合成サンプルを格納します</li>。
	<li>は、水溶性の反応 P サンプル コレクションの時から 24 時間以内の水試料を分析します。合計 P (TP) 分析のための試料を酸性化し、最大 28 日間 15 の 4 ° C で保存することができます</li>。
</ol> 3。浮遊粉じんをキャプチャ <ol><li>キャプチャし浮遊微粒子を特徴付ける排水期間の期間にわたってファーム運河放電水を収集するために 2 つの 200 L PVC 沈降タンクの系列を配置します。
	<ol><li>浮遊微粒子を収集するデータロガーは、次の手順でサンプル プログラム: プログラム &#8594; タイム ・ ベース ・ サンプリング &#8594; 2 分ごとのサンプル &#8594; 複合サンプル [200] &#8594; 校正サンプル ボリューム [いいえ] &#8594; 開始時刻を入力して [いいえ]&#8594; のシーケンスが完了 &#8594; サンプリング ボタンをプッシュします</li>。
	</ol></li> <li>24 h コレクション期間にわたって水の量に基づいて設定タンク (2 L 2 分ごと) に流れ加重排水を収集します</li></ol>。
 <img alt="Figure 2"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2.jpg"/> 図 2: 2 200 L タンク排水を収集するために使用します。浮遊微粒子がタンクの底に沈降して 5 ガロンのバケツで転送されます。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。
<ol start="3"> <li>微粒子、タンクに定住し始めると、ホースを使用して余分な水を吸い上げるです</li>。
	<li>5 ガロンのバケツに微粒子を移転、研究室に戻ってそれらを輸送、4、冷蔵庫にそれらを置く ° C</li>
	<li>サイフォン 24 h のためにセトリングした後余分な水分をオフし、コーンをセトリング Imhoff に微粒子を転送します</li>。
	<li>粒子が 4 でストレージの 500 mL をあらかじめ重量を量られたねじ上の瓶に転送される前に 1 つの最後の時間の余分な水を吸い上げる後少なくとも 1 時間のためにセトリング、° C</li>
	<li>粒子サンプル瓶の重量を量ます</li>。
	<li>ヘドリー、スチュワートの 14 のとおりリン分画解析を続行します</li>。
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3"class="xfigimg"src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3.jpg"/> 図 3: Imhoff 収集するために使用される円錐形を定着、浮遊微粒子の沈殿槽でキャプチャします。 <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3large.jpg"target="_blank"> この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

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集塵、終了近くに置かれた排水用オートサンプラーはポンプ駅データロガーです。電源は、ソーラー パネルで充電 12 V 電池によって提供されました。オートサンプラーは、出口ポンプが走ったとポンプ停止してオフにそれらをオン、オートサンプラー敷地内のデータロガーによって制御されました。サンプラー吸気ラインの開口部は、ポンプ ステーションから運河の底と上向上 0.5 m を配置?...

運命と浮遊粒子状物質の輸送、農業システム1,2の特に富栄養化におけるその役割のための多くの研究の対象とされています。内部の栄養素のサイクリングなど、多くの環境問題を調査し、覆う水列3にリリースする必要がある水生システム内で粒子状物質に含まれる栄養素の総合的な評価基板の安定性、水の列、および最終的に下流生態系4水品質問題内で光の可用性。(有機物・堆積物) の微粒子の形態で保存されているリン (P) の量は、水の列5の通常よりも大きいです。ケニーらによって行われた調査。6は、湖 Lochloosa、フロリダ州で堆積した堆積が 1900 年の年齢範囲と 2006 年の間あったことを示した。これらの若い堆積物には、水の列に存在していたよりも約 55 倍の P が含まれています。特定のシステム上の微粒子があります潜在的な影響を評価する方法の 1 つは排水イベント時に排出される土砂に格納されているリンの定量のインベントリを実施します。これら排出微粒子の収集と分析によって、下流の肥沃化に敏感な生態系への影響を見積もることができます。
嵐のイベントは通常、時間のごく一部を表してまだ P 負荷放電農業用排水路の大部分を貢献するかもしれない。これフィールドの洪水を防ぐために大量の水は時間の短い期間にわたって排出されるためです。降雨強度と流れが重要な陸路流出7浮遊堆積物の濃度を制御することができます要因を駆動します。設計メソッドを監視フロー加重複合水サンプルをキャプチャする複雑な高強度の雨のイベントに関連付けられたエラーを避けるために役立つでしょう。嵐のようなイベントで高吐出中、濃度の迅速かつ抜本的な変化は増加量の平均の汚染物質濃度の代表できない場合があります。したがって、流れ加重水試料はこれまでより正確に8時間の期間にわたって荷重の総和である放電イベントの濃度を表します。最も一般的なフロー加重サンプルは、自動的に収集される離散またはコンポジット サンプルです。ファームからエクスポートされた浮遊微粒子をキャプチャすることにより放電時排水 P ロード中にイベントの重大度を定量化することをことができます。メソッドは、この研究によりキャプチャで様々 な物理・化学的性質の後で特徴付けられる微粒子を説明します。グラブ サンプリング対連続複合フロー法を用いた排水放電をサンプリングの目新しさは、排水イベントの期間全体にわたってフィールドの条件のより良い表現であることです。グラブ サンプリング時間の「スナップショット」は、完全にことができないのに対し、全体イベント効果を表します。
米国南フロリダのエバーグレーズ農業エリア (EAA) はチャネル化され、農業、商業および住宅の開発のため排水元のエバーグレーズの広大です。ほぼから、南と東南9EAA、11 億 m3の水を毎年排出されます。EAA の土壌は、通常が含まれます Histosols 35% 鉱物コンテンツ10より小さいオーバー 85% 有機重量問題、あります。運河の堆積物は通常 (0.14 g cm-3 0.35 g cm-3)、間低嵩密度を持っている (31-35%) の高い有機物含有量と 726-1,089 mg kg-1 11間に及ぶ合計 P (TP) 値。
このデモでは、EAA 内ファームが選ばれました。EAA 内の水の流れの hydroscape は、ポンプと重力によって異なります。少なくとも 1 つの主要な運河の EAA の各ファーム構成と複数フィールド溝。フィールドは、主要な運河に垂直に実行を溝します。ポンプは通常二つの目的を提供します。彼らは、ファームを灌漑水を提供、また排水オフサイトを放電します。フィールドは、排水する必要がある、主要な運河の水位が下がるし、動水勾配によって駆動される、溝に排水をフィールドから。フィールドにトランジットの土壌断面を通過するフィールドで発生する降雨の表面のほとんどでのみわずかな傾斜のための溝します。 灌漑、中にシステムが逆になります。EAA のタイル排水のネットワークはありません。地下水は、土壌石灰岩岩盤下っ端の拘束層による特定の高さで維持されます。 水は主要な運河; を通じて持ち込まれました。フィールド溝を満たした状態で、フィールドの水テーブルのレベルを高めるために地盤に浸透することを許されます。通常、3 月、4 月、5 月 (乾燥する季節)、中には、非常に小さな排水放電で EAA で農業用水の需要が発生します。対照的に、6 月と 10 月 (雨季) 退院水量が有意に高かったです。運河銀行小段および溝の存在は、ファームに P ロードの潜在的なソース運河12表面流出を最小限にできます。
この視覚の実験で P 分別13、有機物含有量、密度などの物理化学的特性の後で使用することができます排水イベント中に浮遊微粒子の流れ加重をキャプチャの新手法を提案します。 ,14。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Datalogger</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td></td><td>model CR1000</td></tr><tr><td>Auto-sampler</td><td>ISCO</td><td></td><td>model 3700</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure transducer</td><td>KPSI</td><td></td><td>model 700</td></tr><tr><td>Tipping bucket rain guage</td><td>Texas Electronics</td><td></td><td>model TR-525</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7447-40-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>1310-73-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7647-01-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7664-93-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Persulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7727-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12054-85-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Ascorbic Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-81-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mg/L Anhydrous Phosphate Standard</td><td>ERA</td><td>061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>28300-74-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Durapore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HVLP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman #41 Filter Paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>1441-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixed Speed Reciprocal Shaker E6010</td><td>Eberbach Corporation</td><td>E6010.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Culture Tubes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-961-29</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Allegra 25R Centrifuge</td><td>Becker Coulter</td><td>U.S. 605168-AC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Bemis Company Inc PM 999</td><td>13-374-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>3119-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand 20mL HDPE Scintillation Vials with Urea Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-337-23C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand&amp;nbsp;Natural Polypropylene Jars with White Polypropylene Unlined Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>02-912-024A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 membrane filters</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>Item # UX-15945-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml digestion tubes</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TC1000-0735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass funnels</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectronic 20 Genesys</td><td>Thermo-Fisher</td><td>4001-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuikChem</td><td>Latchat</td><td>8500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events

本研究の目的は水の流れ加重をキャプチャに使用するメソッドを記述して、排液中にファーム運河から浮遊微粒子放電イベント。ファーム運河は、トランスポートに影響されやすい、リン (P) などの栄養が濃縮することができます。浮遊微粒子の形でリンは、排水中の全体的な P 負荷に大きく貢献できます。離散排水イベント中に浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする整定時間の水槽実験を行った。ファーム運河放電水が排出されて水の複合サブサンプルを表すために、排水イベントの期間全体にわたって 2 つの 200 L 沈降タンクのシリーズで収集されました。Imhoff セトリング コーン、最終的に中断された微粒子を沈降する使用されます。これはコーンによる沈降タンクからサイフォン水によって達成されます。微粒子は、物理化学的解析、収集されます。

本研究で示した方法では、水とが農場の運河でイベントをポンピング中に放出されている粒子状物質を捕獲出来ます。水と収集された微粒子は流れ加重ポンプ イベントとかつてのスナップショットだけでなく全期間の代表ですが、つまり排出されている材料の種類の非常に代表的となっています。様々 な物理・化学的パラメーターを分析するのには、水や浮遊微粒?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

粒子形態の栄養素は、農業集落排水処理水の全体的な負荷に大きく貢献できます。本研究では、排水のイベントの期間全体にわたって水の流れ加重とファーム運河排水から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする手法について説明します。

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

capturing-flow-weighted-water-suspended-particulates-from

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JoVE Journal

Environment

15.8K ビュー.  University of Florida. 粒子形態の栄養素は、農業集落排水処理水の全体的な負荷に大きく貢献できます。本研究では、排水のイベントの期間全体にわたって水の流れ加重とファーム運河排水から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャする手法について説明します。

ビデオ: Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of agricultural waters. Here, water is filtered through sterile Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), which consist&#160;of a simple gauze filter enclosed in a plastic cartridge, to concentrate bacteria. Following filtration, non-selective or selective enrichments for the target bacteria are performed in the MMS. For colorimetric detection of the target bacteria, the enrichments are then assayed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) embedded with bacteria-indicative substrates. Each substrate reacts with target-indicative bacterial enzymes, generating colored products that can be detected visually (qualitative detection) on the &#181;PAD. Alternatively, digital images of the reacted &#181;PADs can be generated with common scanning or photographic devices and analyzed using ImageJ software, allowing for more objective and standardized interpretation of results. Although the biochemical screening procedures are designed to identify the aforementioned bacterial pathogens, in some cases enzymes produced by background microbiota or the degradation of the colorimetric substrates may produce a false positive. Therefore, confirmation using a more discriminatory diagnostic is needed. Nonetheless, this bacterial concentration and detection platform is inexpensive, sensitive (0.1 CFU/ml detection limit), easy to perform, and rapid (concentration, enrichment, and detection are performed within approximately 24&#160;hr), justifying its use as an initial screening method for the microbiological quality of agricultural water.

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

A protocol involving integrated concentration, enrichment, and end-point colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens in large volumes of agricultural water is presented here. Water is filtered through Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), enriched with selective or non-selective media, and detection is performed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PAD) imbedded with bacterial-indicative colorimetric substrates.

比色検出の紙ベース<em&gt;エシェリヒア·コリ</em&gt;<em&gt;サルモネラ</em&gt;属、および<em&gt;リステリア菌</em&gt;農業大量の水から

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of ...

環境学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

水生生物に浮遊堆積物の影響を評価するためのフロースルー露光装置

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールド サンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

比色検出の紙ベース

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

水生生物に浮遊堆積物の影響を評価するためのフロースルー露光装置

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールドサンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

排水のイベント中に水の流れ加重と農業用水路から浮遊微粒子をキャプチャ

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

比色検出の紙ベース

アーバン流出研究施設の設計と建設

土壌流出を研究する降雨シミュレーションを行うためのプロトコル

定量的シナリオ分析フレームワーク内の流域計画

水生生物に浮遊堆積物の影響を評価するためのフロースルー露光装置

農業および都市流出における地表水毒性に伴う汚染物質除去のための植物処理システム

連続インストリームの栄養素と農業生態系流域における堆積物の監視

連続的な水文水質ヴァーナル池のモニタリングと

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールド サンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

土壌透水排水灌漑への影響: 結合フィールドサンプリングと飽和透水係数の実験室測定