Name: capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events
Uploaded: 2017-11-07T14:00:00.000+00:00
Duration: 6 min 26 s
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events at JoVE.com

我们希望感谢巴勃罗至关重要的和强尼莫斯利的帮助, 实地取样, 薇和 Ognevich 的实验室分析帮助纳达尔和伊琳娜。

1. 记录安装和工作原理 <ol> <li> 标识一个研究场, 并安装一个记录, 用于触发样以流量比例为基础收集复合流样本, 这需要监测运河的水平,泵头转速和泵标定方程. </li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1.jpg"/> 图 1: 分类用于程序自动的采样器复合排水和颗粒水取样的程序. <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig1large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="3"> <li> 使用安装在泵站旁边的流入和流出运河中的压力传感器监视农场运河的水位. </li>
	<li> 使用安装在泵头上的接近开关来监视泵的转速; 速度由记录记录每分钟转速 (rpm). 
	注意: 接近开关是金属片, 当相互传递时, rpm 数。它们被焊接到泵头上. </li>
	<li> 使用与记录连接的翻斗式雨量计测量降雨量. 
	注: 记录通过无线电遥测通信到位于顾问沼泽地研究和教育中心的一个基地电台。遥测不是控制样本收集的必要条件, 仅用于数据收集和存储. </li>
</ol> 2。排水流量加权水取样 <ol> <li> 使用记录和每个泵的泵标定公式计算排水流量。排水流量加权抽样是实现了一个样, 由记录驱动后, 触发排水量达到. 
	注: 泵速和流速变化超过24小时。分类取样是由排出的水量引起的, 而不是速率。样的程序, 以收集一个样本后, 固定量的排水。根据泵 rpm 的数量, 对流量进行标定. </li>
	<li> 使用 原位 自动取样器在泵站中收集复合水样 (最少500毫升), 并计划在排水事件期间捕获每日复合水样. 
	注: 分类取样器是羽毛的收集坦克使用油管改道通过一个记录, 采取2升样本每2分钟400升. </li>
	<li> 程序示例触发器卷允许每 24 h 放电期间最多30样本. 
	<ol> <li> 程序记录通过以下步骤收集复合流示例: 输入程序和 #8594; 程序和 #8594; 基于流程的取样和 #8594; 采样每1脉冲和 #8594; 30 复合样品和 #8594; 130 毫升和 #8594 的样品体积; 校准样本量 [否] 和 #8594; 输入开始时间 [否] 和 #8594; 程序序列完成. </li>
	</ol> </li> <li> 将流加权复合样本存储在4和 #176 的现场冰箱中, 直到收集和运输到实验室进行分析。
	<li> 从样品采集时起24小时内分析可溶性活性磷的水样。用于总磷 (TP) 分析的样品可以酸化并存储在4和 #176; C 最多28天 15 . </li>
</ol> 3。捕获悬浮粒子 <ol> <li> 放置一系列两个200升 PVC 沉淀池, 在排水期间收集农用运河的排泄水, 以捕获和表征悬浮粒子. 
	<ol> <li> 程序记录通过以下步骤收集悬浮颗粒样品: 程序和 #8594; 基于时间的取样和 #8594; 样品每2分钟和 #8594; 复合样品 [200] 和 #8594; 校准样本量 [否] 和 #8594; 输入开始时间 [否]#8594; 序列完成和 #8594; 按采样按钮. </li>
	</ol> </li> 根据24小时收集期间的水量, <li> 收集设置水箱 (每2分钟2升) 的流量加权排水量. </li> </ol>
 <img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2.jpg"/> 图 2: 用于收集排水水的两个200升水箱。悬浮微粒沉淀在罐底, 并在五加仑的水桶中转移。<a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig2large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a> 
<ol start="3"> <li> 用软管虹吸多余的水, 因为微粒开始在水箱中沉淀. </li>
	<li> 将微粒转移到五加仑的桶中, 将其运回实验室, 并将其放在4和 #176 的冰箱中; C. </li>
	<li> 在沉淀24小时后虹吸多余的水, 并将微粒转移到沉淀沉淀的锥中. </li>
	<li> 在沉淀了至少1小时后, 最后一次虹吸掉多余的水, 在沉降微粒被转移到称量500毫升的螺丝顶罐中, 用于存储在4和 #176;
	<li> 用微粒样品称量罐子. </li>
	<li> 继续进行磷分馏分析, 如海德利·拉玛和斯图尔特所描述的那样 14 . </li>
</ol> <img alt="Figure 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3.jpg"/> 图 3: 沉淀沉淀锥用于收集沉淀池中捕获的悬浮微粒。 <a href="//ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/56088/56088fig3large.jpg" target="_blank"> 请单击此处查看此图的较大版本. </a>

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这项研究没有相关的披露。

排水微粒收集的 autosamplers 被放置在数据采集的水泵站附近。电源由太阳能电池板充电的 12 V 电池提供。autosamplers 是由 on-site 数据采集控制的, 它在出口泵运行时打开了 autosamplers, 当水泵停止时将其关闭。取样器进水口的开口位于运河底部0.5 米以上, 从泵站上流。进气线通过安装一个金属钢筋进入运河底部和拉链捆绑进线到钢筋的地方举行。2 l 的样品收集到 200 l 沉淀罐每3分钟收集样品每天。在?...

悬浮微粒的命运和运输是许多研究的主题由于它的作用在富营养化, 特别是在农业系统1,2。对水生系统内微粒物质所含营养素的综合评价是调查许多环境问题的必要条件, 例如, 养分的内部循环和释放到上覆水柱3,基板稳定性、水柱内的光可用性, 以及最终对下游生态系统的水质关注4。以颗粒形式 (有机物或沉积物) 储存的磷 (P) 的数量通常大于水柱5。肯尼et al进行的一项研究。6表明, 在佛罗里达州 Lochloosa 湖沉积的最近沉积物介于1900年和2006的年龄范围之间。这些较年轻的沉积物所含的 P 比水柱中的更近55倍。一种方法来描述微粒可能对某一特定系统产生的潜在影响, 是对在排水过程中排放的沉积物中的磷进行定量清查。收集和分析这些排放的微粒可以帮助估计下游养分富集对敏感生态系统的影响。
风暴事件典型地代表一小部分时间, 但可能贡献多数 P 负荷放电在农田排水。这是因为为了防止农田泛滥, 大量的水会在短时间内排出。降雨强度和流速是控制陆地径流中悬浮沉积物浓度的重要驱动因子7。设计监测方法, 捕捉流加权复合水样本将有助于避免与复杂的, 高强度的降雨事件相关的错误。在像暴风雨这样的高放电事件中, 浓度的快速和剧烈变化可能不代表增量体积的平均污染物浓度。因此, 流加权水样更准确地表示放电事件的浓度, 因为它是一段时间内的负载总和8。最常见的流加权样本是自动收集的离散或复合样本。通过在排放过程中捕获出口的悬浮微粒, 我们可以量化 P 负荷事件的严重性。本研究中所描述的方法有助于捕获以后可以被定性为各种物理和化学性质的微粒。采用连续复合流法与抓斗取样相结合的取样排水流量的新颖性是在整个排水事件期间, 它是更好地表示场条件。然而, 抓取采样是一个 "快照" 的时间, 可能并不完全代表整个事件的效果。
在佛罗里达州南部的大沼泽地农业区 (监管局) 是一个大片的原始沼泽地, 是化和排水的农业, 商业, 和住宅发展。几乎 11亿 m3的水每年从和通过监管局排放到南部和东南9。在监管局的土壤千克, 通常含有超过85% 的有机物重量和少于35% 矿物含量10。运河沉积物通常有低的大块密度 (在 0.14 g cm-3之间到 0.35 g cm-3), 高有机物质内容 (在 31-35%) 和总 P (TP) 价值范围之间 726-1,089 毫克公斤-1 11。
为本示范目的, 在监管局内选择了一个农场。监管局内部水流的 hydroscape, 取决于水泵和重力。监管局辖下的每个农场均包括至少一条主渠道, 以及多个外地沟渠。田间沟渠与主运河垂直。泵通常为双重用途;他们将灌溉用水送到农场, 并在异地排放排水。当田地需要排水时, 主渠中的水就会降低, 从田间流出的水会流入沟渠, 由水力坡度驱动。由于表面上只有轻微的坡度, 在农田上发生的大部分降雨都流经农田沟渠的土壤剖面。 在灌溉期间, 系统被逆转。监管局并无任何排水系统。由于石灰岩基岩的封闭层为土壤的一部分, 地下水位保持在一个特定的高度上。 水通过主要运河被带来;农田沟渠被填满, 水可以渗入土壤剖面, 提高田间水位。通常情况下, 监管局在3月、四月和五月 (旱季) 都会对灌溉用水提出要求, 排放量极少。相比之下, 六月至10月的水排放量 (雨季) 则显著升高。运河银行堤和沟渠的存在允许最小的地表径流作为一个潜在的 P 负荷的来源到农田运河12。
在这个视觉实验中, 我们提出了一种新的方法来捕获流量加权悬浮颗粒在排水事件, 可以以后用于物理化学表征, 如体积密度, 有机物含量, 和 P 分馏13 ,14。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Datalogger</td><td>Campbell Scientific</td><td></td><td>model CR1000</td></tr><tr><td>Auto-sampler</td><td>ISCO</td><td></td><td>model 3700</td></tr><tr><td>Pressure transducer</td><td>KPSI</td><td></td><td>model 700</td></tr><tr><td>Tipping bucket rain guage</td><td>Texas Electronics</td><td></td><td>model TR-525</td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Chloride</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7447-40-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sodium Hydroxide</td><td>Fisher</td><td>1310-73-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Hydrochloric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7647-01-0</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sulfuric Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7664-93-9</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Potassium Persulfate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>7727-21-1</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium Molybdate Tetrahydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>12054-85-2</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>L-Ascorbic Acid</td><td>Fisher</td><td>50-81-7</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 mg/L Anhydrous Phosphate Standard</td><td>ERA</td><td>061</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Antimony Potassium Tartrate Trihydrate</td><td>Fisher</td><td>28300-74-5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Durapore Membrane Filters</td><td>Millipore</td><td>HVLP04700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman #41 Filter Paper</td><td>Whatman</td><td>1441-150</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fixed Speed Reciprocal Shaker E6010</td><td>Eberbach Corporation</td><td>E6010.00</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Disposable Culture Tubes</td><td>Fisher</td><td>14-961-29</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Allegra 25R Centrifuge</td><td>Becker Coulter</td><td>U.S. 605168-AC</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Parafilm</td><td>Bemis Company Inc PM 999</td><td>13-374-12</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Oak Ridge Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>Nalgene</td><td>3119-0050</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand 20mL HDPE Scintillation Vials with Urea Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-337-23C</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand&amp;nbsp;Natural Polypropylene Jars with White Polypropylene Unlined Cap</td><td>Fisher</td><td>02-912-024A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>0.45 membrane filters</td><td>Cole-Parmer</td><td>Item # UX-15945-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>100 ml digestion tubes</td><td>Fisher&amp;nbsp;</td><td>TC1000-0735</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Glass funnels</td><td>Fisher</td><td>03-865</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Spectronic 20 Genesys</td><td>Thermo-Fisher</td><td>4001-000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>QuikChem</td><td>Latchat</td><td>8500</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

capturing flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from agricultural canals during drainage events

本研究的目的是描述在排水事件过程中用来捕获农田沟渠中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒物的方法。农田运河可以由易受运输的磷 (P) 等营养素丰富。悬浮颗粒物中的磷能显著促进排水中的 P 总负荷。在离散排水事件中, 进行了沉淀池试验, 捕捉悬浮颗粒物。在排水事件的整个过程中, 在两个 200 L 沉淀池中收集了大量的农田渠排放水, 以此来代表被排放的水的复合子。沉淀沉淀锥最终用于解决悬浮粒子。这是通过从沉淀池虹吸水通过锥。然后收集颗粒物进行物理化学分析。

本研究中所描述的方法, 使我们能够捕捉水和颗粒物质, 正在排出在农场运河抽水事件。收集的水和微粒是流加权的, 这意味着它们代表了整个泵浦事件的持续时间, 而不仅仅是一次性的快照;使其高度代表性的类型的材料被释放。水和悬浮颗粒物可以储存, 以分析各种物理和化学参数。在这篇文章中, 我们总结了监管局辖下三农场运河内悬浮粒子的一些性质。一些物理化学分...

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Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

以微粒形式存在的养分对农业排水系统的整体负荷有显著的贡献。本研究介绍了一种新的方法, 以捕捉流量加权水和悬浮颗粒从农田渠排水在整个期间的排水事件。

在排水过程中捕获农用运河中的流动加权水和悬浮颗粒

The purpose of this study is to describe the methods used to capture flow-weighted water and suspended particulates from farm canals during drainage ...

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Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

15.8K 次观看.  University of Florida. 以微粒形式存在的养分对农业排水系统的整体负荷有显著的贡献。本研究介绍了一种新的方法, 以捕捉流量加权水和悬浮颗粒从农田渠排水在整个期间的排水事件。

视频: Capturing Flow-weighted Water and Suspended Particulates from Agricultural Canals During Drainage Events

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of agricultural waters. Here, water is filtered through sterile Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), which consist&#160;of a simple gauze filter enclosed in a plastic cartridge, to concentrate bacteria. Following filtration, non-selective or selective enrichments for the target bacteria are performed in the MMS. For colorimetric detection of the target bacteria, the enrichments are then assayed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PADs) embedded with bacteria-indicative substrates. Each substrate reacts with target-indicative bacterial enzymes, generating colored products that can be detected visually (qualitative detection) on the &#181;PAD. Alternatively, digital images of the reacted &#181;PADs can be generated with common scanning or photographic devices and analyzed using ImageJ software, allowing for more objective and standardized interpretation of results. Although the biochemical screening procedures are designed to identify the aforementioned bacterial pathogens, in some cases enzymes produced by background microbiota or the degradation of the colorimetric substrates may produce a false positive. Therefore, confirmation using a more discriminatory diagnostic is needed. Nonetheless, this bacterial concentration and detection platform is inexpensive, sensitive (0.1 CFU/ml detection limit), easy to perform, and rapid (concentration, enrichment, and detection are performed within approximately 24&#160;hr), justifying its use as an initial screening method for the microbiological quality of agricultural water.

Colorimetric Paper-based Detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from Large Volumes of Agricultural Water

A protocol involving integrated concentration, enrichment, and end-point colorimetric detection of foodborne pathogens in large volumes of agricultural water is presented here. Water is filtered through Modified Moore Swabs (MMS), enriched with selective or non-selective media, and detection is performed using paper-based analytical devices (&#181;PAD) imbedded with bacterial-indicative colorimetric substrates.

比色纸为基础的检测<em&gt;大肠杆菌</em&gt;<em&gt;沙门氏菌</em&gt;属，和<em&gt;单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌</em&gt;从农业用水大容量

This protocol describes rapid colorimetric detection of Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes from large volumes (10 L) of ...

科研

环境科学

Design and Construction of an Urban Runoff Research Facility

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use due to increased demand for landscape irrigation. Improper irrigation practices and large rainfall events can result in runoff from urban landscapes which has potential to carry nutrients and sediments into local streams and lakes where they may contribute to eutrophication. A 1,000 m2 facility was constructed which consists of 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots, each equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated urban landscapes. Runoff volumes from the first and second trials had coefficient of variability (CV) values of 38.2 and 28.7%, respectively. CV values for runoff pH, EC, and Na concentration for both trials were all under 10%. Concentrations of DOC, TDN, DON, PO4-P, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ had CV values less than 50% in both trials. Overall, the results of testing performed after sod installation at the facility indicated good uniformity between plots for runoff volumes and chemical constituents. The large plot size is sufficient to include much of the natural variability and therefore provides better simulation of urban landscape ecosystems.

This paper describes the design, construction, and function of a 1,000 m2 facility containing 24 individual 33.6 m2 field plots equipped for measuring total runoff volumes with time and collection of runoff subsamples at selected intervals for quantification of chemical constituents in the runoff water from simulated home lawns.

设计一个城市径流研究设施的建设

As the urban population increases, so does the area of irrigated urban landscape. Summer water use in urban areas can be 2-3x winter base line water use ...

A Protocol for Conducting Rainfall Simulation to Study Soil Runoff

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The objective of this study was to characterize the effects of antecedent soil moisture content on the fate and transport of surface applied commercial urea, a common form of nitrogen (N) fertilizer, following a rainfall event that occurs within 24&#160;hr&#160;after fertilizer application. Although urea is assumed to be readily hydrolyzed to ammonium and therefore not often available for transport, recent studies suggest that urea can be transported from agricultural soils to coastal waters where it is implicated in harmful algal blooms. A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall across packed soil boxes that had been prewetted to different soil moisture contents. By controlling rainfall and soil physical characteristics, the effects of antecedent soil moisture on urea loss were isolated. Wetter soils exhibited shorter time from rainfall initiation to runoff initiation, greater total volume of runoff, higher urea concentrations in runoff, and greater mass loadings of urea in runoff. These results also demonstrate the importance of controlling for antecedent soil moisture content in studies designed to isolate other variables, such as soil physical or chemical characteristics, slope, soil cover, management, or rainfall characteristics. Because rainfall simulators are designed to deliver raindrops of similar size and velocity as natural rainfall, studies conducted under a standardized protocol can yield valuable data that, in turn, can be used to develop models for predicting the fate and transport of pollutants in runoff.

A rainfall simulator was used to apply a consistent rate of uniform rainfall to packed soil boxes in a study of the fate and transport of urea, a nonpoint source environmental contaminant. Under uniform soil and rainfall conditions, antecedent soil moisture content exerted strong control over urea loss in surface runoff.

一个协议，用于开展降雨模拟研究土壤径流

Rainfall is a driving force for the transport of environmental contaminants from agricultural soils to surficial water bodies via surface runoff. The ...

Watershed Planning within a Quantitative Scenario Analysis Framework

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall short as a result of an inability to quantify and predict complex cumulative effects of current and future land use scenarios at relevant spatial scales. The goal of this manuscript is to provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework. Sites are first selected for inclusion within the watershed assessment by identifying sites that fall along independent gradients and combinations of known stressors. Field and laboratory techniques are then used to obtain data on the physical, chemical, and biological effects of multiple land use activities. Multiple linear regression analysis is then used to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for predicting aquatic conditions. Lastly, methods for incorporating cumulative effects models within a scenario analysis framework for guiding management and regulatory decisions (e.g., permitting and mitigation) within actively developing watersheds are discussed and demonstrated for 2 sub-watersheds within the mountaintop mining region of central Appalachia. The watershed assessment and management approach provided herein enables resource managers to facilitate economic and development activity while protecting aquatic resources and producing opportunity for net ecological benefits through targeted remediation.

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems in the face of uncertain future conditions. We provide methods for conducting a targeted watershed assessment that enables resource managers to produce landscape-based cumulative effects models for use within a scenario analysis management framework.

定量的情景分析框架内流域规划

There is a critical need for tools and methodologies capable of managing aquatic systems within heavily impacted watersheds. Current efforts often fall ...

A Flow-through Exposure System for Evaluating Suspended Sediments Effects on Aquatic Life

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory by using pumps and automating delivery of sediment and water to simulate suspension of sediment. FLEES data are used to develop exposure-response curves between the effects on aquatic organisms and suspended sediment concentrations at the desired exposure duration. The effects data are used to evaluate management practices used to reduce the interactions between aquatic organisms and anthropogenic causes of suspended sediments. The FLEES is capable of generating total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations as low as 30 to as high as 800 mg/L, making this system an ideal choice for evaluating the effects of TSS resulting from many activities including simulating low ambient levels of TSS to evaluating sources of suspended sediments from dredging operations, vessel traffic, freshets, and storms.

A robust and flexible flow-through exposure system designed to maintain sediment in suspension is presented. The system is used to investigate the effects of suspended sediment on various aquatic species and life stages in the laboratory.

对水生生命值评价悬浮泥沙影响的流通系统曝光

This paper describes the Fish Larvae and Egg Exposure System (FLEES). The flow-through exposure system is used to investigate the effects of suspended ...

Vegetated Treatment Systems for Removing Contaminants Associated with Surface Water Toxicity in Agriculture and Urban Runoff

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may be treated with simple systems designed to promote sorption of contaminants to vegetation and soils and promote infiltration. Two example systems are described: a bioswale treatment system for urban stormwater treatment, and a vegetated drainage ditch for treating agriculture irrigation runoff. Both have similar attributes that reduce contaminant loading in runoff: vegetation that results in sorption of the contaminants to the soil and plant surfaces, and water infiltration. These systems may also include the integration of granulated activated carbon as a polishing step to remove residual contaminants. Implementation of these systems in agriculture and urban watersheds requires system monitoring to verify treatment efficacy. This includes chemical monitoring for specific contaminants responsible for toxicity. The current paper emphasizes monitoring of current use pesticides since these are responsible for surface water toxicity to aquatic invertebrates.

This article summarizes the design attributes and the effectiveness of treatment systems that treat urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff to remove pesticides and other contaminants associated with aquatic toxicity.

用于去除与农业和城市径流中地表水毒性有关的污染物的植被处理系统

Urban stormwater and agriculture irrigation runoff contain a complex mixture of contaminants that are often toxic to adjacent receiving waters. Runoff may ...

Continuous Instream Monitoring of Nutrients and Sediment in Agricultural Watersheds

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in water resources is a prerequisite for understanding the drivers of the pollutant loads and for making informed water resource management decisions. The commonly used &#34;grab sampling&#34; method provides the concentrations of pollutants at the time of sampling (i.e., a snapshot concentration) and may under- or overpredict the pollutant concentrations and loads. Continuous monitoring of nutrients and sediment has recently received more attention due to advances in computing, sensing technology, and storage devices. This protocol demonstrates the use of sensors, sondes, and instrumentation to continuously monitor in situ nitrate, ammonium, turbidity, pH, conductivity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen (DO) and to calculate the loads from two streams (ditches) in two agricultural watersheds. With the proper calibration, maintenance, and operation of sensors and sondes, good water quality data can be obtained by overcoming challenging conditions such as fouling and debris buildup. The method can also be used in watersheds of various sizes and characterized by agricultural, forested, and/or urban land.

With the advancement of technology and the rise in end-user expectations, the need and use of higher temporal resolution data for pollutant load estimation has increased. This protocol describes a method for continuous in situ water quality monitoring to obtain higher temporal resolution data for informed water resource management decisions.

农业流域营养盐和泥沙的连续河道监测

Pollutant concentrations and loads in watersheds vary considerably with time and space. Accurate and timely information on the magnitude of pollutants in ...

Continuous Hydrologic and Water Quality Monitoring of Vernal Ponds

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. However, they are vulnerable parts of the landscapes that are often poorly understood and understudied. Land use and management practices, as well as climate change are thought to be a contribution to the global amphibian decline. However, more research is needed to understand the extent of these impacts. Here, we present methodology for characterizing a vernal pond's morphology and detail a monitoring station that can be used to collect water quantity and quality data over the duration of a vernal pond's hydroperiod. We provide methodology for how to conduct field surveys to characterize the morphology and develop stage-storage curves for a vernal pond. Additionally, we provide methodology for monitoring the water level, temperature, pH, oxidation-reduction potential, dissolved oxygen, and electrical conductivity of water in a vernal pond, as well as monitoring rainfall data. This information can be used to better quantify the ecosystem services that vernal ponds provide and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services.

Understanding the ecosystem services and processes provided by vernal ponds and the impacts of anthropogenic activities on their ability to provide these services requires intensive hydrologic monitoring. This sampling protocol using in-situ monitoring equipment was developed to understand the impact of anthropogenic activities on water levels and quality.

春季池塘连续水文水质监测

Vernal ponds, also referred to as vernal pools, provide critical ecosystem services and habitat for a variety of threatened and endangered species. ...

Wastewater Irrigation Impacts on Soil Hydraulic Conductivity: Coupled Field Sampling and Laboratory Determination of Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. Rather than discharging treated wastewater to a stream, and thereby directly impacting the stream quality, the effluent is applied to forested and cropped land managed by the University. Concerns related to reductions in soil hydraulic conductivity occur when considering wastewater reuse. The methodology described in this manuscript, matching soil sample size with the size of the laboratory-based hydraulic conductivity measurement apparatus, provides the benefits of a relatively rapid collection of samples with the benefits of controlled laboratory boundary conditions. The results suggest that there may have been some impact of wastewater reuse on the soil&#39;s ability to transmit water at deeper depths in the depressional areas of the site. Most of the reductions in the soil hydraulic conductivity in the depressions appear to be related to the depth from which the sample was collected, and by inference, associated with the soil structural and textural differences.

Here we present a methodology which matches a soil sample size and a hydraulic conductivity measurement device to prevent the so-called wall flow along the inside of the soil container from being erroneously included in water flow measurements. Its use is demonstrated with samples collected from a wastewater irrigation site.

污水灌溉对土壤水力电导率的影响: 耦合场取样与饱和水力电导率的实验室测定

Since the early 1960s, an alternative wastewater discharge practice at The Pennsylvania State University has been researched and its impacts monitored. ...

Parameterizing V-notch Weir Equations for Flow Monitoring in a Drainage Control Structure

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water and assessing the performance of edge-of-field conservation practices. Determining drainage flow rates requires monitoring the head in a drainage control structure and applying an appropriate equation for the weir installed in the structure. Previous studies that developed calibrated equations for weirs in control structures have produced different equations (i.e., different weir flow equation coefficients) for the same type of weir and control structure size. This study describes procedures for setting up experimental water flow rate and head measurements within a drainage control structure and developing a weir equation for flows contained within a V-notch weir. Additionally, the procedure for obtaining a weir equation for overtopping flows -- when the water level exceeds the top of the V-notch weir -- is outlined. This process involves using the weir equation developed in the laboratory for a V-notch weir and an online tool, the &#34;Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator&#34;, developed by the authors. The online tool can also generate weir flow equation coefficients for both V-notch-contained and overtopping flows across various sizes of Agri Drain water control structures, even when users lack site-specific flow rate vs. head relationship.

This protocol describes methods for obtaining weir flow equation coefficients for a V-notch weir within a drainage control structure using (1) a laboratory calibration procedure and (2) an online tool, the "Weir Flow Equation Coefficients Calculator", developed by the authors. These methods apply to flows contained within the V-notch and overtopping flows.

Accurate estimation of drainage discharge (flow rate or water volume per unit time) is essential for calculating nutrient loads delivered to surface water ...