著者は、Matlab コードを実行している彼のためのダニエルの Korus 学部と学部アレックス ベッチャー行動実験を実行している彼の援助に感謝したいと思います。このプロジェクトは、R.L.M. に NSF IOS 1256799 によって薬物乱用賞番号 T32DA007234 の下で健康の国民の協会の国立研究所でサポートされています。

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著者が明らかに何もありません。

比較的簡単ですが、この手法を採用する場合にいくつかの問題が発生します。まず、プローブの固定配置が正確でなければならない: マイクロダイアリシス プローブを取り巻く細胞外の環境のより広い半径でサンプルするとは異なりこの手法のみの直接接触に入って来る物質の計測が可能プローブ。第二に、繊維の幅が狭いため、炭素繊維の記録の場合破損が発生することができますと意図?...

目を覚まし行動中の動物の伝達物質の放出を測定する機能により、神経伝達の両方を生み出す機構と回路を調査するための強力なツールの時空間パターンの特定の動作をリンクする研究者自然リアルタイムでオペラント行動。歴史的に、脳1の細胞外の環境の両方の電気的反応性、非反応性の物質を測定するマイクロダイアリシスを採用されています。この技法は、先端が中空の半透膜2の小さいシャフトから成るマイクロダイアリシス プローブを細胞外液に類似のイオン組成の水溶液の連続的な流れを使用します。高速液体クロマトグラフィー (HPLC)、によってその後の分析のための間隔で収集される前に受動の拡散によって半透膜が出来る神経伝達物質または興味の他の検体プローブの挿入後、分析化学技術を区切るには、一般に利用を識別して異種混合物3のコンポーネントを定量化します。
マイクロダイアリシス興味の事実上すべての検体を測定する使用することができます敏感な手法ですが、時間の分解能は低く、およそ万分1,2分の最大サンプリング レート。高速スキャン サイクリックボルタンメトリー (FSCV)、電気活性種の酸化還元電位に依存する技術の発明は、細胞外液に興味の analyte の瞬時濃度近く解明できます。簡単に言うと (ロビンソンらを参照してください。4広範なレビューのため)、速い時間スケール4三角波ファッションに電圧を上下させる電極を適用します。電圧は、適切な範囲で、目的の化合物が繰り返し酸化して縮小しました。この酸化し削減微小交流電流を作成する電子の動きになります。スキャン レート酸化マイクロ秒単位で発生している化合物の還元とサブ秒スケールの場所を取る。現在の結果からのプローブによって作成された現在の背景を引く、現在プロットの各化合物に固有対の電圧を生成できます 1 つ。電圧振動のタイム スケールが知られているので、これらのデータは、現在のプロットを時間の関数として計算する使用できます。したがって、各酸化で転送された電子の数と還元反応が4を知られている限りは、化合物の相対濃度が決定されるかもしれない。
この化学的特異性と高い時間分解能 FSCV体内の化学成分の濃度変化を検出するための強力な技術を確認します。ただし、これらのマニホールドの利点にもかかわらず技術的なノウハウと高価な機器、セットアップにこのテクニックが必要。さらに、この手法を使用して、nonelectroactive 神経伝達物質 (例えばグルタミン酸) を測定できません。幸いなことに、これらの発明の商品化と同様、電気化学5の分野で技術の進歩は目を覚まし行動中の動物の非ゲルロボットの神経伝達物質を測定する比較的単純なアプローチを導入しています時間精度、テクニックを損なうことがなく酵素バイオ センサー技術として知られています。この手法は、あるゲルロボット過酸化水素応用可能性5 によって生成されたアンペロ メトリック酸化電流として検出される 2 枚の基板に関心の nonelectroactive 神経伝達物質の酵素的変換を使用してください。.市販バイオ センサー プローブ選択的に競争力のある内因性接しないの貢献を減らすことによって興味の検体を測定 (図 1参照)。グルタミン酸、場合共通 interferent アスコルビン酸 (AA) の貢献は競争力のある減測定電流に共同非ゲルロボット AA に変換するセンサーの活性酵素表面に AA オキシダーゼのローカライズdihydroascorbate と水。さらに、酵素層の下に存在負荷電ナフィオン膜は内因性アニオン性化合物を除外します。
この同じバイオ実験のセットアップは、FSCV のようにゲルロボットの神経伝達物質を測定できますが、代わりにそれは固定電位記録6を採用しています。FSCV で、振動電圧とは対照的で固定電位記録電圧は抑えている酸化還元で興味の analyte の潜在的です。このアプローチのターンキーの性質が化学物質の欠如を上回る圧倒的に 1 神経伝達物質に向かって傾斜する脳領域の同じ酸化還元電位、あるかもしれない複数の神経伝達物質として FSCV より少ない化学選択的ですが、特異性。
ほぼリアルタイムでゲルロボットと nonelectroactive の両方の神経伝達物質解放を測定し、特定の行動イベントにリンクする機能では、収束の伝達物質の放出を検討する機会を提供します。この原稿は、目を覚まし行動ハムスターにおける自然な報酬への応答でドーパミンやグルタミン酸の神経伝達を尋問するこのシステムの使用を詳しく説明します。本稿の目的は、性的行動その他の行動および実験パラダイムを調べるため実現の可能性を示すことを目標に、雌ハムスターの中にこの伝達物質の放出を測定するプロセスを詳しく説明することです。
ハムスターが電気化学的録音で使用するための理想的なモデル 歴史的に、ラットとマウスのモデルは、性行動の研究で採用されています。これらの齧歯動物種は耳がぴくぴくを追跡し、最終的にマウント女性7男性を誘惑するホッピング、ダーツなど多数の女性の勧誘行動を含む動的交尾シーケンスに従事します。(膣の浸透の有無にかかわらず) 男性による取付けは続きます、ほんの数秒、アクティブな勧誘行動を再開する前に、数秒間だけ中に女性を彼女の性的行動の姿勢で (前彎と呼ばれる) も行っています。この動作、不動の短い期間と散在している活動の高レベルの構成のパターンは動物の行動の神経伝達を測定する問題です。まず、神経活動とは無関係なアンペロ メトリックの録音で運動の成果物もあります。第二に、歩行が脳の特定領域の特定の神経伝達物質のリリースに関連付けられます。たとえば、ドーパミン放出は、背側と腹側線条体8、の9、マイクロダイアリシス ドーパミン精神刺激を次の測定のための基礎を形作った発見自発運動に結合されて管理10。Mos の女性-典型的な勧誘行動神経伝達の変化を総称して最後だけ性行動の明示的なコンポーネントに帰することは困難、t 齧歯動物の歩行活動の高レベルを含む、10 分性行動テストの大部分によって表されます分です。
女性の性行動の神経化学的プロファイルを分析するには、この演習は、性行動に伴う最小限の自発運動がある種を求めた。ハムスター (ん) の交尾のシーケンスは通常のラット及びマウス11見て勧誘行動の不足のため神経の録音に最適です。結果として、雌ハムスターが入力し、セッション12をテスト 10 分から 9 分の上向きの前弯姿勢を維持します。生体内で女性余分な歩行運動の欠如と男性と性的な相互作用のコンポーネントと関連付けることができる電気化学的録音が得られます。
ハムスター交尾発作 試験室に男性の刺激の動物の紹介の後、男性は最初彼女 (図 2A) をマウントする前に女性の性器調査 (AI) で従事します。マウントする男性に、女性は前弯で彼女は背中のアーチし、取付の男性は彼女の膣への陰茎のアクセスを得ることができますので、彼女の尾を偏向として知られている受容性姿勢を仮定しなければなりません。男性は両方の足 (図 2B) と彼女の後半部を握りしめる女性をマウントし、陰茎あたって (図 2C) を得るために試みに突っ込み始めます。男性は射精を最終的に達成する前に回数を intromit し同様 (挿入) することがなく女性がマウントされます。マウントと射精につながる intromissions のこのシーケンスは、「交尾試合」と呼ばれます。男性は、単一セッション内で複数交尾一続きがあります。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Nembutal</td><td>Oak Pharmaceuticals Inc.</td><td>76478-501-50</td><td>Pentobarbital sodium injection, USP. This lab uses 8.5 mg/100 g body weight, injected intraperotineally.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Loxicom analgesic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Norbrook Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>6451603670</td><td>NSAID antinflammatory and analgesic used for post-operative pain control. Generic: meloxicam.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Enroflox antibiotic&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Norbrook Laboratories&amp;nbsp;</td><td>5552915411</td><td>Fluoroquinolone antibiotic for post-operative infection prevention. Generic: Enrofloxacin.</td></tr><tr><td>Beuthanasia-D&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Merck Animal Health</td><td>00061047305</td><td>Pentobarbital Sodium, Phenytoin Sodium euthanasia agent.</td></tr><tr><td>Bone screws</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>8111-16</td><td>1/8&quot; bone screw (Pkg. of 16) used to affix skull cap to skull.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Dental acrylic (Bosworth Duz-All)</td><td>Bosworth&amp;nbsp;</td><td>166261C&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Self curing dental acrylic is used in construction of a skull cap to affix cannula and head mount to skull.</td></tr><tr><td>Hardware biosensor setup&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>8400-K2</td><td>Pinnacle offers complete hardware kits for new users of our tethered biosensor system for rats. Kits include a commutator, preamplifier, and data conditioning and acquisition system</td></tr><tr><td>Base video computer package</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>9000-K1</td><td>The base computer package includes a preconfigured computer with ample hard disk storage, a high-definition monitor, a keyboard and mouse, an uninterruptible power supply, and all necessary cables.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Video EQ700 EverFocus camera&amp;nbsp; package</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>&amp;nbsp;9000-K10&amp;nbsp;</td><td>EQ700 night vision capable box camera with independent IR source was obtained as part of Pinnacle video computer package. Dome camera (9000-K9) and HD camera (9000-K11) options are also available.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Sirenia Acquisition software</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>Free--available to download from pinnaclet.com</td><td>Sirenia&amp;nbsp;Acquisition provides a single platform for recording data from any Pinnacle hardware system. The software features synchronization of all data streams, user-configurable settings, data consolidation, and multiple export options. In addition, the software includes basic review and analysis modules for biosensor recordings. Sirenia&amp;nbsp;delivers free ll-in-one software that is ideal for data acquisition and review.</td></tr><tr><td>Tethered rat&amp;nbsp;in vitro&amp;nbsp;calibration kit</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>7000-K2-T-BAS&amp;nbsp;</td><td>In order to relate the current changes measured by a biosensor to actual changes in analyte concentration, it is necessary to calibrate the biosensor prior to implantation into the animal. The process also confirms the integrity and selectivity of the sensors.&amp;nbsp;Calibration kit includes 20 mL jacketed beaker (#7058), 1/2&quot; by 1/8&quot; magnetic stir bar (#7059), right angle clamp (#7056), 2 prong single-adjustment clamp (#7055), 4-channel calibration preamplifer (#7053), and calibration holder (#7051).&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Stir plate&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Corning</td><td>6795-410D</td><td>Corning digital Stirrer, 5&quot; x 7&quot;, 120 VAC used to spin magnetic stirrer in jacketed beaker during &lt;em&gt;in vitro&lt;/em&gt; calibration of glutamate biosensors.</td></tr><tr><td>Water bath capable of closed loop circulation</td><td>PolyScience</td><td>8006A11B</td><td>PolyScience 8006A11B 6L Standard Digital Heated Circulating Bath, 120VAC water bath was used with plastic tubing to heat jacketed beaker to physiological temperature.&amp;nbsp;</td></tr><tr><td>Carbon fiber sensor with BASi rat cannulae</td><td>Pinnacle Technology, Inc.</td><td>7002-CFS</td><td>Carbon fiber electrode used for recording dopamine neurotransmission.</td></tr><tr><td>Ag/AgCl reference electrode</td><td>Pinnacle Technology, Inc.</td><td>7065</td><td>Necessary for carbon fiber recordings.</td></tr><tr><td>Glutamate biosensors&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pinnacle Technology, Inc.</td><td>7001&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Enzymatic biosensor probe used for recording glutamatergic neurotransmission.</td></tr><tr><td>BASi guide cannulae</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>7030&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Guide cannulae implanted into brain region of interest to guide probe.</td></tr><tr><td>BASi cannula plastic headpiece for rats&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Pinnacle Technologies, Inc.</td><td>7011&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Headmount stabilizes probe and attaches to potentiostat.</td></tr></tbody></table>

measuring in vivo changes in extracellular neurotransmitters during naturally rewarding behaviors in female syrian hamsters

急速な時間スケールでの伝達物質の放出を測定する機能により、特定の動作または操作にリンクする神経伝達のパターン基になる機構と回路の解明で強力なツールです。マイクロダイアリシス法は、脳に興味のほぼすべての検体を測定する何十年も使用されています、この手法時間的解像度に限界があります。また、高速循環ボルタンメトリーは一時的に正確な非常に敏感です。ただし、技術的に困難な本法は興味の analyte の electroactivity に依存しているので、nonelectroactive 物質 (例えば、神経伝達物質グルタミン酸) を検出する可能性がなくなります。固定ポテンシャルをアンペロメトリーと時空間精度ゲルロボットと nonelectroactive の両方の神経伝達物質を測定する酵素バイオ センサーを組み合わせたターンキー システムの使用の詳細を説明します。これらの 2 つの強力な技術の組み合わせ、比較的簡単に強壮剤や一過性の神経伝達の測定により、複数の神経伝達物質の同時録音が可能します。本稿の目的は、ドーパミンやグルタミン酸神経伝達体内表示の究極の目標をハムスターの (すなわち、性行動) 当然のことながらやりがいのある動作を使用して測定のプロセスを示すため、その他の行動および実験パラダイムを調べるためこのアッセイの技術的可能性は。

電気化学および行動コーディング上記手法を使用して、この演習は、性行動の生体内で録音中にドーパミンやグルタミン酸の一過性変動・ トニックを特徴付けるし始めています。この方法論の一時的正確な方法によるより正確に性的行動中の神経伝達を特徴付けることができる我々同様、個々 の交尾行動 (例えばあたって、射精) の女性の受信中に対応?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters at JoVE.com

Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

自然やりがいのある行動の中にドーパミンやグルタミン酸高時間分解能のリリースを測定する炭素繊維電極と酵素バイオ センサー技術を使用して固定電位電流記録の使用の詳細を説明しますメスのハムスター。

当然やりがい雌ハムスターの行動中に細胞外の神経伝達物質の生体内変化を測定

The ability to measure neurotransmitter release on a rapid time scale allows patterns of neurotransmission to be linked to specific behaviors or ...

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Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

Biopsychology

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10.1K ビュー.  University of Minnesota. 自然やりがいのある行動の中にドーパミンやグルタミン酸高時間分解能のリリースを測定する炭素繊維電極と酵素バイオ センサー技術を使用して固定電位電流記録の使用の詳細を説明しますメスのハムスター。

ビデオ: Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

Operant Sensation Seeking in the Mouse

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior. These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug addiction research due to their high construct validity. Operant studies provide researchers a tool for preclinical investigation of several aspects of the addiction process. For example, mechanisms of acute reinforcement (both drug and non-drug) can be tested using pharmacological or genetic tools to determine the ability of a molecular target to influence self-administration behavior1-6. Additionally, drug or food seeking behaviors can be studied in the absence of the primary reinforcer, and the ability of pharmacological compounds to disrupt this process is a preclinical model for discovery of molecular targets and compounds that may be useful for the treatment of addiction3,7-9. One problem with performing intravenous drug self-administration studies in the mouse is the technical difficulty of maintaining catheter patency. Attrition rates in these experiments are high and can reach 40% or higher10-15. Another general problem with drug self-administration is discerning which pharmacologically-induced effects of the reinforcer produce specific behaviors. For example, measurement of the reinforcing and neurological effects of psychostimulants can be confounded by their psychomotor effects. Operant methods using food reinforcement can avoid these pitfalls, although their utility in studying drug addiction is limited by the fact that some manipulations that alter drug self-administration have a minimal impact on food self-administration. For example, mesolimbic dopamine lesion or knockout of the D1 dopamine receptor reduce cocaine self-administration without having a significant impact on food self-administration 12,16. 
Sensory stimuli have been described for their ability to support operant responding as primary reinforcers (i.e. not conditioned reinforcers)17-22. Auditory and visual stimuli are self-administered by several species18,21,23, although surprisingly little is known about the neural mechanisms underlying this reinforcement. The operant sensation seeking (OSS) model is a robust model for obtaining sensory self-administration in the mouse, allowing the study of neural mechanisms important in sensory reinforcement24. An additional advantage of OSS is the ability to screen mutant mice for differences in operant behavior that may be relevant to addiction. We have reported that dopamine D1 receptor knockout mice, previously shown to be deficient in psychostimulant self-administration, also fail to acquire OSS24. This is a unique finding in that these mice are capable of learning an operant task when food is used as a reinforcer. While operant studies using food reinforcement can be useful in the study of general motivated behavior and the mechanisms underlying food reinforcement, as mentioned above, these studies are limited in their application to studying molecular mechanisms of drug addiction. Thus, there may be similar neural substrates mediating sensory and psychostimulant reinforcement that are distinct from food reinforcement, which would make OSS a particularly attractive model for the study of drug addiction processes. The degree of overlap between other molecular targets of OSS and drug reinforcers is unclear, but is a topic that we are currently pursuing. While some aspects of addiction such as resistance to extinction may be observed with OSS, we have found that escalation 25 is not observed in this model24. Interestingly, escalation of intake and some other aspects of addiction are observed with self-administration of sucrose26. Thus, when non-drug operant procedures are desired to study addiction-related processes, food or sensory reinforcers can be chosen to best fit the particular question being asked. 
In conclusion, both food self-administration and OSS in the mouse have the advantage of not requiring an intravenous catheter, which allows a higher throughput means to study the effects of pharmacological or genetic manipulation of neural targets involved in motivation. While operant testing using food as a reinforcer is particularly useful in the study of the regulation of food intake, OSS is particularly apt for studying reinforcement mechanisms of sensory stimuli and may have broad applicability to novelty seeking and addiction.

In this protocol we describe a method of operant learning using sensory stimuli as a reinforcer in the mouse. It requires no prior training or food restriction, and it allows the study of motivated behavior without the use of a pharmacological or natural reinforcer such as food.

マウスに求めてオペラントセンセーション

Operant methods are powerful behavioral tools for the study of motivated behavior.  These 'self-administration' methods have been used extensively in drug ...

神経科学

Presynaptic Dopamine Dynamics in Striatal Brain Slices with Fast-scan Cyclic Voltammetry

Extensive research has focused on the neurotransmitter dopamine because of its importance in the mechanism of action of drugs of abuse (e.g. cocaine and amphetamine), the role it plays in psychiatric illnesses (e.g. schizophrenia and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), and its involvement in degenerative disorders like Parkinson's and Huntington's disease. Under normal physiological conditions, dopamine is known to regulate locomotor activity, cognition, learning, emotional affect, and neuroendocrine hormone secretion. One of the largest densities of dopamine neurons is within the striatum, which can be divided in two distinct neuroanatomical regions known as the nucleus accumbens and the caudate-putamen. The objective is to illustrate a general protocol for slice fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (FSCV) within the mouse striatum. FSCV is a well-defined electrochemical technique providing the opportunity to measure dopamine release and uptake in real time in discrete brain regions. Carbon fiber microelectrodes (diameter of ~ 7 &mu;m) are used in FSCV to detect dopamine oxidation. The analytical advantage of using FSCV to detect dopamine is its enhanced temporal resolution of 100 milliseconds and spatial resolution of less than ten microns, providing complementary information to in vivo microdialysis.

Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry to measure electrically evoked presynaptic dopamine dynamics in striatal brain slices.

高速スキャンサイクリックボルタンメトリーによる線条体の脳スライスにおけるシナプス前ドーパミンのダイナミクス

Extensive research has focused on the neurotransmitter dopamine because of its importance in the mechanism of action of drugs of abuse (e.g. cocaine and ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be investigated in a single task sequence. The unique feature of this system is a custom-made, acoustically transparent chamber that eliminates many of the issues associated with auditory cue control in most commercially available chambers. The ease with which operant devices can be added or replaced makes this system quite versatile, allowing for the implementation of a variety of auditory, visual, and olfactory behavioral tasks. Automation of the system allows fine temporal (10 ms) control and precise time-stamping of each event in a predesigned behavioral sequence. When combined with a multi-channel electrophysiology recording system, multiple cognitive brain functions, such as motivation, attention, decision-making, patience, and rewards, can be examined sequentially or independently.

In this report, we present a fully automated and highly versatile system capable of simultaneously testing multi-cognitive behaviors and recording neuronal activities for rodents.

マルチ認知機能のテストとげっ歯類の神経活動を記録するための完全に自動化された汎用性の高いシステム

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

A Conditioned Place Preference Protocol for Measuring Incubation of Craving in Rats

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed incubation of drug craving. Here, we describe a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol for measuring the incubation of craving in rats. In this protocol, a CPP paradigm mainly employing somatosensory cues is used to establish a long-term reward memory of morphine. A three-chamber CPP box that differs in the texture of the chamber floor is constructed. First, the animals are tested for their baseline preference to the two side chambers for three consecutive days. Then, they are injected intraperitoneally with morphine/saline and put into their non-preferred/preferred chamber for 45 min. After 6 days of conditioning, their preference to the side chambers is tested for 15 min at different time points after the last conditioning session. With this paradigm, the reward memory of morphine could last for at least 18 days. To test whether the above-mentioned protocol can model increased craving, the number of entrances into the two side chambers are counted during the abstinence period. The results show that the entrances increased, suggesting that the CPP paradigm could mimic the incubation of craving. Future studies can employ this model to study neural mechanisms underlying long-term memory and incubation of craving.

Here, a morphine conditioned place preference (CPP) protocol is described to measure incubation of craving in rats.

ラットにおける渇望のインキュベーションを測定するためエアコンの場所設定プロトコル

A major cause of repeated relapses is a craving for the drug. Drug craving increases progressively during the abstinence period, a phenomenon termed ...

行動学

A Conflict Model of Reward-seeking Behavior in Male Rats

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual stimulus) that represents a high-value reward, and the aversive stimuli (pins), are concurrently presented. The male rats have to climb or jump over the obstacle full of pins to approach and investigate the sexual partner. If the animal persists in their approaching behavior regardless of the aversive stimuli, it is considered as a maladaptive or risky reward-seeking behavior. The conflict task permits the evaluation of deficit in inhibitory control resulting from exposure to abused drug, such as morphine, or a stressful event. 
The main advantage of this model is that it provides a simple and quick way to discover the deficit in inhibitory control after exposure to opiate drugs or other stressful events. In addition to opiates, this behavioral model would also be useful for quickly discovering the inhibitory control deficits induced by other addictive drugs. However, the limitation is that the male rats' performance may be subject to exercising effects with repeated testing under this conflict task. In the future, one can hope that the individuals with the compulsive phenotype of reward-seeking behavior after exposure to opiates will be identified based on modifying this conflict model.

This conflict model is used to measure the impairment of inhibitory control after exposure to addictive drugs, or other factors that may influence inhibitory control. A sexual stimulus and an aversive obstacle are concurrently presented, thus male rats have to conquer the obstacle to approach the sexual reward.

雄ラットの報酬探索行動の競合モデル

The present protocol describes a novel conflict task as a model of inhibitory control in rats. In this model, a natural rewarding stimulus (sexual ...

Chronic Stress Shifts Effort-Related Choice Behavior in a Y-Maze Barrier Task in Mice

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that measures motivation to expend effort and obtain reward. In mice, chronic stress exposure significantly impacts motivation to work for a higher value reward when a lesser value reward is freely available compared to unstressed mice. Here we describe the chronic corticosterone administration paradigm, which produces a shift in effortful responding in the Y-maze barrier task. In the Y-maze task, one arm contains 4 food pellets, while the other arm contains only 2 pellets. After mice learn to select the high reward arm, barriers with progressively increasing height are then introduced into the high reward arm over multiple test sessions. Unfortunately, most chronic stress paradigms (including corticosterone and social defeat) were developed in male mice and are less effective in female mice. Therefore, we also discuss chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), a stress paradigm we developed that is effective in both male and female mice. Repeating results with multiple distinct chronic stressors in male and female mice combined with increased usage of translationally relevant behavior tasks will help to advance the understanding of how chronic stress can precipitate mood disorders.

The Y-maze barrier task is a behavior test that examines motivation to expend effort for reward. Here, we discuss testing multiple well-validated chronic stressors including chronic corticosterone and social defeat stress with this behavior, as well as the novel chronic non-discriminatory social defeat stress (CNSDS), which is effective in females.

慢性ストレスは、マウスのY迷路バリアタスクにおける努力関連選択行動をシフトさせる

Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder, can be precipitated by chronic stress. The Y-maze barrier task is an effort-related choice test that ...

Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in &#8216;enriched environments&#8217; (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of &#8216;DA&#8217; genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g. Parkinson&#8217;s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).

This protocol describes two different environmental manipulations and a concurrent brain infusion protocol to study environmentally-induced brain changes underlying adaptive behavior and brain repair in adult mice.

成体マウスにおける中脳ドーパミンニューロンの数の環境モジュレーション

Long-lasting changes in the brain or &#8216;brain plasticity&#8217; underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, ...

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>嗜好性食品アクセスマウスモデルによる過食症の調査

Intermittent Binge-Intake Model in Mice

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder (BED) is a complex condition caused by a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors. It involves excessive consumption of high-calorie foods in a short period and is often linked to anxiety and cravings.
Here, we present a protocol employing continuous and intermittent access to a new highly palatable food (HPF) -- M&amp;M&#39;s -- to develop a mouse model for investigating binge eating disorder (BED). The HPF, chosen for its high fat and sugar content, represents an optimal food source to study due to its strong palatability, which makes it particularly suited for examining compulsive eating behaviors. Using C57BL/6 mice, we provided continuous or intermittent access to M&amp;M&#39;s while allowing unrestricted access to standard chow and water. By the 8th day, the mice in the intermittent access group exhibited pronounced binge-eating behaviors, which persisted through the 26th day. These mice also consumed significantly more calories -- predominantly from the confectionary -- than those in the continuous access and control groups. The contrast between continuous and intermittent access underscores the critical role of feeding schedules in promoting the overconsumption of palatable foods.
Furthermore, behavioral assessments revealed intermittent access to the HPF-induced anxiety-like behaviors, highlighting the psychological impact of access patterns on both eating behavior and emotional states. By incorporating these two distinct feeding paradigms, this study offers valuable insights into how the availability of highly palatable foods can exacerbate binge-eating tendencies. This model provides a more realistic approach to studying binge-eating behaviors and their metabolic consequences. It highlights the importance of standardized models in biomedical research. Our findings offer insights into the physiological and neural mechanisms underlying BED, which could pave the way for developing effective therapeutic interventions for BED and obesity.

<meta charset="utf8"></head><body>著者スポットライト:過食症を調査するためのアクセス可能なM&Mベースのマウスモデル - 摂食行動、不安、神経メカニズムへの洞察

A binge-eating model was established in mice using intermittent access to M&amp;M's (a highly palatable food made of fat and sugar). Mice with intermittent access to this high-fat, high-sugar food showed stress-like behaviors, increased caloric intake, and a preference for that food over standard chow compared to mice with continuous or no access to the food.

マウスにおける間欠的ビンジインテークモデル

Obesity affects one in eight individuals globally. Overeating, especially high-calorie foods, plays a significant role in obesity. Binge eating disorder ...

当然やりがい雌ハムスターの行動中に細胞外の神経伝達物質の生体内変化を測定

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マウスに求めてオペラントセンセーション

高速スキャンサイクリックボルタンメトリーによる線条体の脳スライスにおけるシナプス前ドーパミンのダイナミクス

マルチ認知機能のテストとげっ歯類の神経活動を記録するための完全に自動化された汎用性の高いシステム

ラットにおける渇望のインキュベーションを測定するためエアコンの場所設定プロトコル

雄ラットの報酬探索行動の競合モデル

慢性ストレスは、マウスのY迷路バリアタスクにおける努力関連選択行動をシフトさせる

成体マウスにおける中脳ドーパミンニューロンの数の環境モジュレーション

マウスにおける間欠的ビンジインテークモデル

マウスにおける間欠的ビンジインテークモデル

マウスにおける間欠的ビンジインテークモデル