資金の機関には、この作業はサポートされていません。

1. サンプル ソリューション
<ol>
	<li>最大許容繰越 (マコ) 治療上の線量基準に基づく薬剤の洗浄の限界 (CL) を計算します。 注: ここでは、薬物 A の洗浄の限界 (CL) が計算された最大許容繰越 (マコ) 治療上の線量基準に基づいて 50 cm2あたり 2.4 μ g にします。50%、100%、150% の制限をクリーニングでクリーニングの検証が実行されます。2 製剤 (2.5%、60%/w 薬物負荷) のクリーニングの確認が評価されました。</li>
</ol>
2. クーポンの洗浄手順
<ol>
	<li>最初のアプローチ<ol>
		<li>きれいに洗浄し、水で二回と二度あらゆる残留の沈殿物を除去するためにメタノール 10-15 s の表面を拭くクーポン。メタノールは有毒で揮発性の高いフードでこのプロセスを実行します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>高度なアプローチ<ol>
		<li>きれい場所ソリューションを使用してください。<ol>
			<li>室温で、超音波発生装置を設定します。超音波発生装置は電源設定の調整、したがって時間の十分な洗浄効果を与えるに設定されます。</li>
			<li>高速液体クロマトグラフィー (HPLC) グレード水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>HPLC グレードの水でアルカリ洗剤溶液を 0.1% のクーポンをつけるし、2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>高速液体クロマトグラフィー水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>HPLC 水の酸洗剤溶液を 0.1% クーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>高速液体クロマトグラフィー水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>酸基過酸化水素を使用してください。 注: これは酸、基盤、およびアルカリ性と酸性洗剤ではなく過酸化水素を使用して含まれている別の方法です。<ol>
			<li>室温で、超音波発生装置を設定します。超音波発生装置は電源設定の調整、したがって時間の十分な洗浄効果を与えるに設定されます。</li>
			<li>水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>0.1 M 水酸化ナトリウムでクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>0.1 M 塩酸でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>0.1 mg/mL NaNo2 のクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
			<li>水でクーポンの 2 分間超音波。</li>
		</ol>
		</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
3. 拭き取り手順
<ol>
	<li>両面テープを使用して 250 mL (500 mL) プラスチック ビーカーの底にステンレス鋼クーポンをマウントします。</li>
	<li>スパイクとプロセスを簡単に拭き取りにビーカーにホールドします。これはまた角を拭き取りときオーバー シュートなどいくつかの望ましくない事故を最小限に抑えます。</li>
	<li>肯定的な変位のピペットを使用してクーポンの表面に whirly パターンで特定濃度と定式化 (例えば2.5%/w 薬物 A の負荷で 12 μ g/mL の 200 μ L) で定義済みのボリュームを吹き込みます。</li>
	<li>クーポンの表面が乾燥するまで待ちます (〜 サンプルの変動に応じて 3 ~ 10 分)。</li>
	<li>希釈の 2 ml バイアルに乾いた綿棒を浸し (メタノール: ギ酸 100:0.2/ボリューム)。</li>
	<li>バイアルの中に綿棒を押すことによって過剰の溶媒を削除します。</li>
	<li>しっかりとウェット綿棒の片側で合計 50 cm2のテスト領域を一掃するまでも、オーバー ラップのサイド ・ ツー ・ サイド ストロークでクーポンの表面を拭いてください。</li>
	<li>(ステップ 3.7) 拭くを繰り返して綿棒の同じ側を使用します。</li>
	<li>クーポンの 4 つの端を 2 回綿棒します。</li>
	<li>反対側に綿棒を反転し、クーポン、時計回りまたは反時計回りに 90 ° 回転したがって、90 ° で拭き取りの方向を回転させます。</li>
	<li>3.7 3.9 の手順に示すとおり拭き取り動作を繰り返します。表面のサンプリング後溶剤のバイアルにはさみを使用して綿棒の頭をカットします。</li>
	<li>クーポンの前に選択した同じ方向へ 90 ° を回転させながら第 2 綿棒で拭き取り処理を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>5 分の 2 つの綿棒の頭、10 の渦のバイアルを超音波 s。</li>
	<li>高速液体クロマトグラフィー バイアルにソリューションを転送し、実用的なソリューションとしてラベルを付けます。</li>
</ol>
4. 回復の計算
<ol>
	<li>サンプル回復<ol>
		<li>200 μ L 各 1,800 μ L の希釈液を使用してソリューションをスパイク クーポンを混ぜて制御ソリューションを準備します。</li>
		<li>表 1に示す条件に従って、クロマトグラフィー システムを実行します。</li>
		<li>作業ソリューションのピークの下で相対的な面積に基づいて綿棒作業ソリューションの回復を計算 (AW) と制御ソリューション (C)。</li>
		<li>3 つのクーポンで手順を繰り返し、相対標準偏差 (Srel) と共に平均回収率を計算します。 注: ここで使用されるすべての分析法は、ICH Q2(R1) ガイドラインに従って検証されました。クロマトグラフィー条件は、材料のセクションに表示されます。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Validation of cleaning processes (7/93). Guide to inspections validation of cleaning processes. , (2004).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Warning Letter: 320-12-08, Gulf Pharmaceuticals. , (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Warning Letter: 320-12-058, Novartis Internationsl AG. , (2012).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Warning Letter: 05-10, Teva Parenterals Medicines, Inc. , (2009).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Warning Letter: 320-14-09, Tianjin Zhongan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , (2014).</li><li>Mantel, M., Wightman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+the+surface+chemistry+on+the+wettability+of+stainless+steel.">Influence of the surface chemistry on the wettability of stainless steel.</a> Surf Interface Anal. 21, 595-605 (1994).</li><li>Odaka, K., Ueda, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dependence+of+outgassing+rate+on+surface+oxide+layer+thickness+in+type+304+stainless+steel+before+and+after+surface+oxidation+in+air.">Dependence of outgassing rate on surface oxide layer thickness in type 304 stainless steel before and after surface oxidation in air.</a> Vacuum. 47, 689-692 (1996).</li><li>Kerber, S. J., Tverberg, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stainless+Steel+Surface+Analysis.">Stainless Steel Surface Analysis.</a> Adv. Mater. Processes. , 33-36 (2000).</li><li>Kusumaningrum, H. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Survival+of+foodborne+pathogens+on+stainless+steel+surfaces+and+cross-contamination+to+foods.">Survival of foodborne pathogens on stainless steel surfaces and cross-contamination to foods.</a> Int J Food Microbiol. 85, 227-236 (2003).</li><li>Liu, L., Pack, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+verification+assays+for+highly+potent+compounds+by+high+performance+liquid+chromatography+mass+spectrometry:+Strategy,+validation,+and+long-term+performance.">Cleaning verification assays for highly potent compounds by high performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry: Strategy, validation, and long-term performance.</a> J Pharmaceut. Biomed. 43, 1206-1212 (2007).</li><li>Lambropoulos, J., Spanos, G. A., Lazaridis, N. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+an+HPLC+assay+for+fentanyl,+alfentanil,+and+sufentanil+in+swab+samples.">Development and validation of an HPLC assay for fentanyl, alfentanil, and sufentanil in swab samples.</a> J Pharmaceut. Biomed. 23, 421-428 (2000).</li><li>Chisti, Y., Moo-Young, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clean-in-place+systems+for+industrial+bioreactors:+Design,+validation+and+operation.">Clean-in-place systems for industrial bioreactors: Design, validation and operation.</a> J. Ind. Microbiol. 13, 201-207 (1994).</li><li>Haidar Ahmad, I. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cleaning+verification:+Exploring+the+effect+of+the+cleanliness+of+stainless+steel+surface+on+sample+recovery.">Cleaning verification: Exploring the effect of the cleanliness of stainless steel surface on sample recovery.</a> J Pharmaceut. Biomed. 134, 108-115 (2017).</li></ol>

金銭的な利益や利害の衝突が存在しません。

ステンレス鋼のクーポンから API 残基の低と変数の回復に大きく貢献は、クーポンの表面のクリーニングのための明確に定義されたプロシージャの欠如に由来しました。一貫性のある、正確なスパイクの回復と再現性のある結果となりましたクーポンの表面をクリーニングします。ステンレス鋼のクーポンから高回復のデモでは、検証メソッドを使用して製造装置から得られる実際のクリー?...

非専用装置の清浄度は、中間体の製造に使用するための後続のリリース前に検証すべき、クロス汚染を防ぐために製品に医薬原体 (Api) を変えます。再現性のある、効果的な方法で機器の種類ごとをきれいにするオペレーターを有効にするのに十分な詳細を含める必要がありますクリーニング手順と、これらの手順は、米国食品医薬品局 (FDA) の要件1によると検証されるべき。不十分なため多数の警告手紙2,3,4、洗浄の検証方法の検証に失敗したおよびクリーニングの手順5は、FDA によって発行されている障害のクリーニング。21 CFR §211.67 は、成功したクリーニングの確認のために必要な要件をについて説明します。
製造装置として同じ表面/仕上げステンレス鋼クーポンに対する検証を洗浄するための分析法の検証は実行こと業界のスタンダードです。ステンレス鋼のクーポン (例えば、50 cm2) を使用して、研究室での検証実験を洗浄するための装置の表面を表します。開発とこれらの分析法の検証は、目的 (すなわち装置の表面から回復させるべき残基) の標本が最大許容繰越 (マコ) 制限によって決まりますステンレス クーポンにターゲット残渣でスパイクです。このレベルは、健康への有害影響 (なし-観察-副作用-効果-レベル NOAEL) を患者が公開を取得制限として定義される許容暴露限界に基づいて決定されます。
アナリストや、拭き取りを行う製造者は、リカバリの誰が、拭き取りを行うに関係なく再現性を確実にする構造化された手順に従う必要があります。プロシージャする必要があります明示的に綿棒タイプの詳細、綿棒の数使用する希釈剤、溶剤の使用量、正確な抜本的なパターン、サンプル、検出 (紫外、蛍光、質量分析装置、全有機炭素、等) の方法、綿棒の頭から素材の抽出技術のかみ/抽出時間の量、サンプリング表面に適用されているストローク数、など。
サンプル回復、クーポンの表面およびこうして、機器の表面に影響を与えるすべての要因以外にも役割を果たします。表面上の材料の薄膜の蒸着又はステンレス鋼 (例えばFe、Cr、Ni) 内の要素の 1 つ以上の酸化状態の変化により、クーポンの表面を変更可能性があります6,7,8。元の状態に戻るステンレス クーポンの表面の再生は、定量的なスワップ ・ プロセスの成功に不可欠です。ステンレス鋼クーポンが正しく処理されなかった場合、研究は、アナリストにもう一つ、別の薬や様々 なスパイク レベル9,10,11を含む回復の変動を示した。1 枚のクーポンで 10 複製の回復で標準偏差はできます最大 14%、5 クーポン926% です。複製の数を増加または増加するクーポン使用時 (すなわち、同じクーポンでスパイクの 5 回ではなく 5 クーポン)11の数に相対標準偏差 (Srel) 値が増加したことに注意することが重要です。このような場合、ランダムなゆらぎとして変動を解釈できません。それにもかかわらず、その結果が私達の見つけることによって説明できるクーポンの表面の清浄度回復に影響すること。このペーパーで説明した結果回復結果の大幅な増加を示すし、正しくステンレス クーポンの表面を洗浄した後の変動の減少します。
きれい場所 (CIP) は、最小を含む装置の表面またはない装置の分解洗浄を自動化する手段です。CIP 洗浄プロセス、中に有機・無機の残基を削除する酸の順で連続洗浄の定義されているプロシージャが実行されます。界面活性剤、キレート化合物、又は錯化剤は通常機器の表面からすべての製品の洗浄の効率を高めるため CIP ソリューションに追加されます。洗浄の効率は、洗浄時間、温度 (通常 60-80 ° C)、汚染型、およびパーツ12をきれいにハードの存在、選択と (すなわち型、ベース、酸と界面活性剤の組成)、CIP 液の濃度を含むいくつかのパラメーターとは異なります。医薬品の種類に基づき、100 や 200 の CIP ソリューションは、製造装置の洗浄に使用される CIP プロセスをシミュレートするので、検証を洗浄に使用されるステンレス鋼クーポンをクリーニングに使用する選択されています。
本研究は、ステンレス鋼クーポンの表面から残留する医薬品の回収に影響を与えるさまざまな要因の影響を報告し、抗体・治療用タンパク質は、小分子分析の洗浄法開発のベスト プラクティスをお勧めします。クーポン表面きれいに一貫して明確に定義されたプロシージャの欠如は、低と変数の回復に大きく貢献として同定されました。クーポンの表面はきれいに正しく13時高で再現可能な回復が得られました。

<table style="border-collapse:collapse;width:964pt" width="1285">
	<colgroup>
		<col style="width:265pt" width="353" />
		<col style="width:401pt" width="535" />
		<col style="width:250pt" width="333" />
		<col style="width:48pt" width="64" />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td height="21" style="width:265pt;height:15.75pt" width="353">stainless steel coupons</td>
			<td class="xl67" style="width:401pt" width="535">&#160;GlobePharma (New Brunswick, NJ ).&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl16" style="width:250pt" width="333">SS316-20RA-50cm2</td>
			<td style="width:48pt" width="64"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Clean in place solutions (CIP100 and CIP200)&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">were obtained from Steris Corporation (Mentor, OH)</td>
			<td>1D10BG</td>
			<td>Alkaline detergent and acid detergent, respectively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Positive displacement pipettes</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">Gilson (Middleton, WI).&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34" style="height:25.5pt">
			<td height="34" style="height:25.5pt">HPLC grade water</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">Millipore Milli-Q Advantage Water Purification System (Darmstadt, Germany)&#160; or from Honeywell Burdick &#38; Jackson (Muskegon, Michigan)</td>
			<td>7732-18-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">HPLC grade Methanol</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">EMD</td>
			<td>MX0475-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17" style="height:12.75pt">
			<td height="17" style="height:12.75pt">glacial acetic acid&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">EMD</td>
			<td>MAX0073P5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">HPLC grade Acetonitrile&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">J.T. Baker (Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA)</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="17" style="height:12.75pt">
			<td height="17" style="height:12.75pt">Trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">J.T. Baker (Avantor Performance Materials, Center Valley, PA)</td>
			<td>75-05-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl17" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Chromatography column Zorbax Eclipse</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">&#160;XDB-C18, 4.6 x 100 mm, 3.5 &#181;m HPLC column</td>
			<td>UNSPSC &#8211; 41115709</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Vanquish UHPLC system&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">Thermo Fisher Scientific, Germering, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21" style="height:15.75pt">
			<td class="xl16" height="21" style="height:15.75pt">Branson B8510 Ultrasonic cleaner&#160;</td>
			<td class="xl68" style="width:401pt" width="535">Branson Ultrasonics (Danbury, CT, USA)</td>
			<td>model (8510-D7H)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

failure of cleaning verification in pharmaceutical industry due to uncleanliness of stainless steel surface

この作業の目的は、残留する医薬品のステンレス鋼クーポンの表面からの回復に影響するパラメーターを識別するためにです。薬物製品スパイク レベル、スパイキング プロシージャ、医薬品賦形剤比、アナリストのアナリストの変動、日中変動およびクーポンのクリーニング手順を含む、一連の要因を評価しました。クーポン表面きれいに一貫して明確に定義されたプロシージャの欠如は、低と変数の回復に大きく貢献として同定されました。ソリューションきれい場所 (CIP) クーポンの表面を洗浄の評価を与えた高回収率 (&#62; 90%)、以前評価した条件に関係なく再現性のある結果 (Srel≤4%)。小分子の検証をクリーニングに応用されたアプローチ (MW &#60; 1,000 Da) (50,000 Da まで MW) の巨大生体分子だけでなく。

代表的な起因薬物に対する検証を洗浄するための初期の試みは表 2にまとめて。実験セクションで詳細な手順に従ってクーポンを洗浄した前に API/賦形剤、別のアナリストの様々 な比率と同じのアナリストは別の日、別のスパイク レベルで一貫性のない結果が得られました。検証の要件を失敗の結果の一部として、回収率で観測された変動は、対処する?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface at JoVE.com

Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

一貫してクーポンの表面を掃除する明確に定義されたプロシージャの欠如は、検証のクリーニングで低と変数の回復に大きく貢献として同定されました。本稿では、ステンレス鋼のクーポンを洗浄の適切なプロトコルについて説明します。

クリーニング ステンレス鋼表面の不潔による医薬品業界における検証の失敗

The aim of this work is to identify the parameters that affect the recovery of pharmaceutical residues from the surface of stainless steel coupons. A ...

failure-cleaning-verification-pharmaceutical-industry-due-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

8.1K ビュー.  Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation. 一貫してクーポンの表面を掃除する明確に定義されたプロシージャの欠如は、検証のクリーニングで低と変数の回復に大きく貢献として同定されました。本稿では、ステンレス鋼のクーポンを洗浄の適切なプロトコルについて説明します。

ビデオ: Failure of Cleaning Verification in Pharmaceutical Industry Due to Uncleanliness of Stainless Steel Surface

A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where interfacial tension is a dominant force. A variety of methods exist for controlling the interfacial tension of aqueous and organic liquids on this scale; however, these techniques have limited utility for liquid metals due to their large interfacial tension.
Liquid metals can form soft, stretchable, and shape-reconfigurable components in electronic and electromagnetic devices. Although it is possible to manipulate these fluids via mechanical methods (e.g., pumping), electrical methods are easier to miniaturize, control, and implement. However, most electrical techniques have their own constraints: electrowetting-on-dielectric requires large (kV) potentials for modest actuation, electrocapillarity can affect relatively small changes in the interfacial tension, and continuous electrowetting is limited to plugs of the liquid metal in capillaries.
Here, we present a method for actuating gallium and gallium-based liquid metal alloys via an electrochemical surface reaction. Controlling the electrochemical potential on the surface of the liquid metal in electrolyte rapidly and reversibly changes the interfacial tension by over two orders of magnitude ( &#820;500 mN/m to near zero). Furthermore, this method requires only a very modest potential (&#60; 1 V) applied relative to a counter electrode. The resulting change in tension is due primarily to the electrochemical deposition of a surface oxide layer, which acts as a surfactant; removal of the oxide increases the interfacial tension, and vice versa. This technique can be applied in a wide variety of electrolytes and is independent of the substrate on which it rests.

We present a method to control the interfacial energy of a liquid metal in an electrolyte via electrochemical deposition (or removal) of a surface oxide layer. This simple method can control the capillary behavior of gallium-based liquid metals by tuning the interfacial energy rapidly, significantly, and reversibly using modest voltages.

表面酸化と還元を経て液体金属の表面張力を操作する方法

Controlling interfacial tension is an effective method for manipulating the shape, position, and flow of fluids at sub-millimeter length scales, where ...

化学

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the average content of fluorinated drugs in their formulated drug product forms: tablets or capsules. This method is specific to fluorinated drugs because it detects only the content of fluorine, avoiding interference from the excipients that lack fluorine. The advantages of measuring the active content of fluorinated drugs using low-field 19F TD-NMR versus high-field 19F solid-state (SS) NMR are the simplicity of the method; the low cost; and the non-destructive nature of the technique, with all samples recoverable in intact forms (e.g., powders, tablets, and capsules), making this technique affordable for any laboratory.
We have tested the method with three fluorinated drug products available on the market - cinacalcet, lansoprazole, and ciprofloxacin - with doses ranging from 15 to 500 mg. The results of the analyses, measured by low-field 19F TD-NMR, supported the reported label claims for the average drug content.
Based on the simplicity and reproducibility of the analysis, we envision this methodology being implemented in any laboratory, including manufacturing plants, as a process analytical technology (PAT) tool in the pharmaceutical industry.

Application and Methodology of the Non-destructive 19F Time-domain NMR Technique to Measure the Content in Fluorine-containing Drug Products

A simple and non-destructive technique that measures the average content of drug substances in formulated drug products containing fluorine using low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is presented here. The technique can be applied to the development and manufacturing of drugs in the pharmaceutical industry.

フッ素含有医薬品の量を測定するアプリケーションと非破壊19F 時間ドメインの NMR 手法論

Here, we describe a protocol developed by our group that uses low-field fluorine-19 (19F) time-domain (TD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to measure the ...

Observation and Analysis of Blinking Surface-enhanced Raman Scattering

From a single molecule at a silver nanoaggregate junction, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. Here, a protocol is presented on how to prepare the SERS-active silver nanoaggregate, record a video of certain blinking spots in the microscopic image, and analyze the blinking statistics. In this analysis, a power law reproduces the probability distributions for bright events relative to their duration. The probability distributions for dark events are fitted by a power law with an exponential function. The parameters of the power law represent molecular behavior in both bright and dark states. The random walk model and the speed of the molecule across the entire silver surface can be estimated. It is difficult to estimate even when using averages, autocorrelation functions, and super-resolution SERS imaging. In the future, power law analyses should be combined with spectral imaging, because the origins of blinking cannot be confirmed by this analysis method alone.

This protocol describes the analysis of blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering due to the random walk of a single molecule on a silver surface using power laws.

点滅表面増強ラマン散乱の観測と解析

From a single molecule at a silver nanoaggregate junction, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is observed. Here, a protocol is presented on ...

Synthesis of a Thiol Building Block for the Crystallization of a Semiconducting Gyroidal Metal-sulfur Framework

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and porous metal-dithiolene network in the highly ordered single crystalline state. Unlike the highly reactive free-standing thiols, which tend to decompose and complicate the crystallization of metal-thiolate open frameworks, the thioester reacts in situ to provide the thiol species, serving to mitigate the reaction between the mercaptan units and the metal centers, and to improve crystallization consequently. Specifically, the thioester was synthesized in a one-pot procedure: an aromatic bromide (hexabromotriphenylene) reacted with excess sodium thiomethoxide under vigorous conditions to first form the thioether intermediate product. The thioether was then demethylated by the excess thiomethoxide to provide the thiolate anion that was acylated to form the thioester product. The thioester was conveniently purified by standard column chromatography, and then used directly in the framework synthesis, wherein NaOH and ethylenediamine serve to revert in situ the thioester to the thiol linker for assembling the single-crystalline Pb(II)-dithiolene network. Compared with other methods for thiol synthesis (e.g., by cleaving alkyl thioether using sodium metal and liquid ammonia), the thioester synthesis here uses simple conditions and economical reagents. Moreover, the thioester product is stable and can be conveniently handled and stored. More importantly, in contrast to the generic difficulty in accessing crystalline metal-thiolate open frameworks, we demonstrate that using the thioester for in situ formation of the thiol linker greatly improves the crystallinity of the solid-state product. We intend to encourage broader research efforts on the technologically important metal-sulfur frameworks by disclosing the synthetic protocol for the thioester as well as the crystalline framework solid.

Here, we present a one-pot, transition-metal-free synthesis of thiols and thioesters from aromatic halides and sodium thiomethoxide, followed by the preparation of single crystals of a metal-dithiolene network using thiol species generated in situ from the more stable and tractable thioester.

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオール ビルディング ブロックの合成

We present a method for preparing thioester molecules as the masked form of the thiol linkers and their utilization for accessing a semiconducting and ...

Chemoselective Preparation of 1-Iodoalkynes, 1,2-Diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-Triiodoalkenes Based on the Oxidative Iodination of Terminal Alkynes

We present the chemoselective synthesis of 1-(iodoethynyl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-(1,2-diiodovinyl)-4-methylbenzene, and 1-methyl-4-(1,2,2-triiodovinyl)benzene as representative examples for the practical chemoselective preparation of 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes from the chemoselective iodination of terminal alkynes mediated by hypervalent-iodine reagents. The chemoselectivity was confirmed by using p-tolylethyne as a model substrate to screen a variety of iodine sources and/or the hypervalent-iodine reagents. A combination of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and (diacetoxyiodo)benzene (PIDA) selectively generates 1-iodoalkynes, while a combination of KI and PIDA generates 1,2-diiodoalkenes. A one-pot synthesis based on both TBAI-PIDA and KI-PIDA yields the corresponding 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes. These protocols were subsequently applied to the synthesis of synthetically important aromatic and aliphatic 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes, which were obtained in good yield with excellent chemoselectivity.

Herein, detailed protocols for the oxidative iodination of terminal alkynes using hypervalent-iodine reagents are presented, which chemoselectively afford 1-iodoalkynes, 1,2-diiodoalkenes, and 1,1,2-triiodoalkenes.

1-Iodoalkynes、1, 2-Diiodoalkenes、末端アルキンの酸化ヨウ素化に基づく 1,1,2 Triiodoalkenes の化学選択的準備

We present the chemoselective synthesis of 1-(iodoethynyl)-4-methylbenzene, 1-(1,2-diiodovinyl)-4-methylbenzene, and ...

Synthesis and Structure Determination of &#181;-Conotoxin PIIIA Isomers with Different Disulfide Connectivities

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus highly important to avoid undesired disulfide bond formation during peptide synthesis, because it may result in a completely different peptide structure, and consequently altered bioactivity. However, the correct formation of multiple disulfide bonds in a peptide is difficult to obtain by using standard self-folding methods such as conventional buffer oxidation protocols, because several disulfide connectivities can be formed. This protocol represents an advanced strategy required for the targeted synthesis of multiple disulfide-bridged peptides which cannot be synthesized via buffer oxidation in high quality and quantity. The study demonstrates the application of a distinct protecting group strategy for the synthesis of all possible 3-disulfide-bonded peptide isomers of &#181;-conotoxin PIIIA in a targeted way. The peptides are prepared by Fmoc-based solid phase peptide synthesis using a protecting group strategy for defined disulfide bond formation. The respective pairs of cysteines are protected with trityl (Trt), acetamidomethyl (Acm), and tert-butyl (tBu) protecting groups to make sure that during every oxidation step only the required cysteines are deprotected and linked. In addition to the targeted synthesis, a combination of several analytical methods is used to clarify the correct folding and generation of the desired peptide structures. The comparison of the different 3-disulfide-bonded isomers indicates the importance of accurate determination and knowledge of the disulfide connectivity for the calculation of the three-dimensional structure and for interpretation of the biological activity of the peptide isomers. The analytical characterization includes the exact disulfide bond elucidation via tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis which is performed with partially reduced and alkylated derivatives of the intact peptide isomer produced by an adapted protocol. Furthermore, the peptide structures are determined using 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) experiments and the knowledge obtained from MS/MS analysis.

Cysteine-rich peptides fold into distinct three-dimensional structures depending on their disulfide connectivity. Targeted synthesis of individual disulfide isomers is required when buffer oxidation does not lead to the desired disulfide connectivity. The protocol deals with the selective synthesis of 3-disulfide-bonded peptides and their structural analysis using NMR and MS/MS studies.

合成と異なる二硫化接続と μ-コノトキシン PIIIA 異性体の構造決定

Peptides with a high number of cysteines are usually influenced regarding the three-dimensional structure by their disulfide connectivity. It is thus ...

Surface Properties of Synthesized Nanoporous Carbon and Silica Matrices

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon material (also called ordered mesoporous carbon material [OMC]) with a 4.6 nm pore size, and ordered silica porous matrix, SBA-15, with a 5.3 nm pore size. This work describes the surface properties of nanoporous molecular sieves, their wettability, and the melting behavior of D2O confined in the differently ordered porous materials with similar pore sizes. For this purpose, OMC and SBA-15 with highly ordered nanoporous structures are synthesized via impregnation of the silica matrix by applying a carbon precursor and by the sol-gel method, respectively. The porous structure of investigated systems is characterized by an N2 adsorption-desorption analysis at 77 K. To determine the electrochemical character of the surface of synthesized materials, potentiometric titration measurements are conducted; the obtained results for OMC shows a significant pHpzc shift toward the higher values of pH, relative to SBA-15. This suggests that investigated OMC has surface properties related to oxygen-based functional groups. To describe the surface properties of the materials, the contact angles of liquids penetrating the studied porous beds are also determined. The capillary rise method has confirmed the increased wettability of the silica walls relative to the carbon walls and an influence of the pore roughness on the fluid/wall interactions, which is much more pronounced for silica than for carbon mesopores. We have also studied the melting behavior of D2O confined in OMC and SBA-15 by applying the dielectric method. The results show that the depression of the melting temperature of D2O in the pores of OMC is about 15 K higher relative to the depression of the melting temperature in SBA-15 pores with a comparable 5 nm size. This is caused by the influence of adsorbate/adsorbent interactions of the studied matrices.

Here we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon (with a 4.6 nm pore size) and SBA-15 (with a 5.3 nm pore size). The work describes the surface and textural properties of nanoporous molecular sieves, their wettability, and the melting behavior of D2O confined in the materials.

合成多孔性カーボンとシリカ マトリックスの表面特性

In this work, we report the synthesis and characterization of ordered nanoporous carbon material (also called ordered mesoporous carbon material [OMC]) ...

Bio-inspired Polydopamine Surface Modification of Nanodiamonds and Its Reduction of Silver Nanoparticles

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a simple protocol for the multifunctional surface modification of NDs by using mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA) coating. In addition, the functional layer of PDA on NDs could serve as a reducing agent to synthesize and stabilize metal nanoparticles. Dopamine (DA) can self-polymerize and spontaneously form PDA layers on ND surfaces if the NDs and dopamine are simply mixed together. The thickness of a PDA layer is controlled by varying the concentration of DA. A typical result shows that a thickness of ~5 to ~15 nm of the PDA layer can be reached by adding 50 to 100 &#181;g/mL of DA to 100 nm ND suspensions. Furthermore, the PDA-NDs are used as a substrate to reduce metal ions, such as Ag[(NH3)2]+, to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The sizes of the AgNPs rely on the initial concentrations of Ag[(NH3)2]+. Along with an increase in the concentration of Ag[(NH3)2]+, the number of NPs increases, as well as the diameters of the NPs. In summary, this study not only presents a facile method for modifying the surfaces of NDs with PDA, but also demonstrates the enhanced functionality of NDs by anchoring various species of interest (such as AgNPs) for advanced applications.

A facile protocol is presented to functionalize the surfaces of nanodiamonds with polydopamine.

ナノダイアモンドおよびその低減銀ナノ粒子の生体 Polydopamine 表面改質

Surface functionalization of nanodiamonds (NDs) is still challenging due to the diversity of functional groups on the ND surfaces. Here, we demonstrate a ...

Efficient Construction of Drug-like Bispirocyclic Scaffolds Via Organocatalytic Cycloadditions of &#945;-Imino &#947;-Lactones and Alkylidene Pyrazolones

Bispirocyclic scaffolds are one of the important structural subunits in many natural products that exhibit diverse and attractive biological activities. Recently, we have developed an efficient organocatalytic strategy, which provides facile access to a variety of enantiomerically enriched bispiro[&#947;-butyrolactone-pyrrolidin-4,4&#39;-pyrazolone] skeletons. In this paper, we demonstrate a detailed protocol for the asymmetric synthesis of drug-like bispirocyclic compounds with two spirocyclic carbon centers via an organocatyltic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction. Spirocyclization synthons &#945;-imino &#947;-lactones and alkylidene pyrazolones are prepared first, which are then subjected to a cycloaddition reaction in the presence of a bifunctional squaramide organocatalyst to afford the desired bispirocycles in high yields and excellent stereoselectivities. Chiral high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is carried out to determine the enantiomeric purity of the products, and the d.r. value is examined by proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR). The absolute configuration of the product is assigned according to an X-ray crystallographic analysis. This synthetic strategy allows scientists to prepare a diversity of bispirocyclic scaffolds in high yields and excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.

Enantiomerically enriched bispiro[&#947;-butyrolactone-pyrrolidin-4,4&#39;-pyrazolone] skeletons are asymmetrically synthesized through a simple organocatalytic 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction.

効率的な薬物のような Bispirocyclic を介して α イミノ γ-ラクトンの有機触媒及び Alkylidene ピラゾロン足場の構築

Bispirocyclic scaffolds are one of the important structural subunits in many natural products that exhibit diverse and attractive biological activities. ...

Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs

The immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide and its analogs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, all FDA approved drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma, induce ubiquitination and degradation of the lymphoid transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) via the cereblon (CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase for proteasomal degradation. IMiDs have recently been utilized for the generation of bifunctional proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to target other proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the CRBN E3 ligase. We designed and synthesized pomalidomide-based homobifunctional PROTACs and analyzed their ability to induce self-directed ubiquitination and degradation of CRBN. Here, CRBN serves as both, the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the target at the same time. The homo-PROTAC compound 8 degrades CRBN with a high potency with only minimal remaining effects on IKZF1 and IKZF3. CRBN inactivation by compound 8 had no effect on cell viability and proliferation of different multiple myeloma cell lines. This homo-PROTAC abrogates the effects of IMiDs in multiple myeloma cells. Therefore, our homodimeric pomalidomide-based compounds may help to identify CRBN&#8216;s endogenous substrates and physiological functions and investigate the molecular mechanism of IMiDs.

This work describes the synthesis and characterization of a pomalidomide-based, bifunctional homo-PROTAC as a novel approach to induce ubiquitination and degradation of the E3 ubiquitin ligase cereblon (CRBN), the target of thalidomide analogs.

ポマリドマイドベースのホモ・プロタクによるE3ユビキチン・リゲス・セレブロンの化学的不活性化

The immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide and its analogs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, all FDA approved drugs for the treatment of multiple ...

クリーニングステンレス鋼表面の不潔による医薬品業界における検証の失敗

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

表面酸化と還元を経て液体金属の表面張力を操作する方法

フッ素含有医薬品の量を測定するアプリケーションと非破壊¹⁹F 時間ドメインの NMR 手法論

点滅表面増強ラマン散乱の観測と解析

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオールビルディングブロックの合成

1-Iodoalkynes、1, 2-Diiodoalkenes、末端アルキンの酸化ヨウ素化に基づく 1,1,2 Triiodoalkenes の化学選択的準備

合成と異なる二硫化接続と μ-コノトキシン PIIIA 異性体の構造決定

合成多孔性カーボンとシリカマトリックスの表面特性

ナノダイアモンドおよびその低減銀ナノ粒子の生体 Polydopamine 表面改質

効率的な薬物のような Bispirocyclic を介して α イミノ γ-ラクトンの有機触媒及び Alkylidene ピラゾロン足場の構築

ポマリドマイドベースのホモ・プロタクによるE3ユビキチン・リゲス・セレブロンの化学的不活性化

クリーニング ステンレス鋼表面の不潔による医薬品業界における検証の失敗

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

表面酸化と還元を経て液体金属の表面張力を操作する方法

フッ素含有医薬品の量を測定するアプリケーションと非破壊19F 時間ドメインの NMR 手法論

点滅表面増強ラマン散乱の観測と解析

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオール ビルディング ブロックの合成

1-Iodoalkynes、1, 2-Diiodoalkenes、末端アルキンの酸化ヨウ素化に基づく 1,1,2 Triiodoalkenes の化学選択的準備

合成と異なる二硫化接続と μ-コノトキシン PIIIA 異性体の構造決定

合成多孔性カーボンとシリカ マトリックスの表面特性

ナノダイアモンドおよびその低減銀ナノ粒子の生体 Polydopamine 表面改質

効率的な薬物のような Bispirocyclic を介して α イミノ γ-ラクトンの有機触媒及び Alkylidene ピラゾロン足場の構築

ポマリドマイドベースのホモ・プロタクによるE3ユビキチン・リゲス・セレブロンの化学的不活性化

クリーニングステンレス鋼表面の不潔による医薬品業界における検証の失敗

フッ素含有医薬品の量を測定するアプリケーションと非破壊¹⁹F 時間ドメインの NMR 手法論

半導体 Gyroidal 金属硫黄フレームワークの結晶化に対するチオールビルディングブロックの合成

合成多孔性カーボンとシリカマトリックスの表面特性