本研究は、中国の国家自然科学基金 (81572111)、臨床科学技術プロジェクト財団の江蘇省 (BL2012002)、南京の科学研究プロジェクト (201402007)、自然科学に支えられました。江蘇省 (BK20161385) の基礎と中国医師協会 (2015COS0810) の特別な基礎。

ここで説明したすべてのメソッドは、機関動物ケアおよび使用委員会 (IACUC) 南京大学によって承認されています。
1. CoCrMo 粒子の作製
<ol><li>作製した高真空 3 電極直流4CoCrMo 粒子を取得します。現在 10-3 Pa の真空、0.04 MPa アルゴン、水素 3:2 (v/v)、下で楽器の CoCrMo 合金と 650 A 陰極を配置します。</li>
	<li>CoCrMo 粒子の直径を測定します。<ol>
<li>1.5 mL の無水エタノールに CoCrMo 粒子の 1 mg を追加します。</li>
		<li>28 kHz、600 W 5 分の超音波振動による CoCrMo 粒子を無水エタノールで再懸濁します。</li>
		<li>透過電子顕微鏡 (TEM) の目的のテーブルに生成される懸濁液の一滴 (約 20 μ L) を適用します。一連の 200 kV 加速電圧と 0.24 nm 分解能の TEM 写真をキャプチャします。</li>
		<li>付属のソフトウェアを使用して、TEM 顕微鏡写真の平均直径と粒度分布を計算します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>エンドトキシンを消毒します。<ol>
<li>オートクレーブで 121 ° C、15 psi 15 分の粒子の 50 g。</li>
		<li>カブトガニ含まライセート (ラル) 定量によるエンドトキシンの検出 (< EU/mL はエンドトキシンの不在を示すと考えられた 0.25%)5。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) 原液6として 50 mg/mL の濃度で粒子を再懸濁します。</li>
</ol>2. 頭蓋骨融解モデルの構築
<ol><li>6 週古い C57BL/J6 マウス (グループごと 6 マウス) withpentobarbital (50 mg/kg) を麻酔します。ピンチのテストを使用すると、麻酔のレベルを評価します。通常生理食塩水で目の乾燥を防ぐ。</li>
	<li>傾向がある位置にマウスを配置します。髭剃りと頭蓋に毛皮を削除し、75% のエタノールを含む医療脱脂綿を使用して皮膚を消毒します。</li>
	<li>ポイントのローカリゼーションの 2 つの目と耳の間の中点をそれぞれ含む 2 つの点を識別します。上記の点を 2 つのラインを決定し、ハサミ (図 1 a) 上記のラインに沿って皮膚を切開します。</li>
	<li>メス (図 1 b)6と頭蓋骨から頭蓋骨膜を削除します。</li>
	<li>簡単な縫合と両端に皮膚を縫合します。</li>
	<li>切開部を縫合線を作る結びなし。縫合線の両端を保持します。</li>
	<li>Calvarias (図 1)2の途中で CoCrMo 粒子懸濁液 (PBS で 50 mg/mL) の 50 μ L を埋め込みます。</li>
	<li>簡単な縫合 (図 1) 内で最後のステッチを結び目。</li>
	<li>別の 2 週間のマウスを維持します。</li>
</ol>3. マイクロ Ct で頭蓋骨融解モデルの評価
<ol><li>二酸化炭素とマウスを犠牲に。水平面内マウスの首をはねます。内部では、脳組織と皮膚を削除し、毛皮の外。さらに実験の calvarias を収穫します。</li>
	<li>軽くピンセットで、頭蓋骨にすべての軟部組織をオフにします。マイクロ CT スキャンの前に PBS の 24 h で calvarias 24 時間浸 4 ° C で 4% パラホルムアルデヒドでクリアの calvarias を修正します。</li>
	<li>18 μ m の等尺性解像度と 45 の x 線エネルギー設定で高分解能マイクロ CT を用いたマウス calvarias を分析 kV と 550 mA。</li>
	<li>ソフトウェアとマイクロ CT データの三次元再構成を行います。</li>
	<li>定性・定量分析。<ol>
<li>まず、関心領域として正中縫合糸の周りの正方形の領域を選択します。</li>
		<li>第二に、骨のミネラル密度 (BMD) の測定、骨量/総ボリューム (BV/TV)、骨梁数 (Tb.N)、骨梁の厚さ (Tb.Th)、海綿分離/間隔 (Tb.Sp)、マイクロ CT の提供されたソフトウェアと総気孔率の割合</li>
		<li>第三に、一方向の分散分析による様々 な測定の 3 つのグループを比較します。事後分析の分散、ボンフェローニの方法2が適用されます。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
</ol>4. H & E 染色による頭蓋骨融解モデルの評価
<ol><li>15% エチレンジアミン四酢酸 (EDTA) の頭蓋冠由来サンプルをめし-4 ° C で PBS脱灰液に 3 週間毎日を変更します。</li>
	<li>2 cm × 1 cm × 1 cm キューブのパラフィンで脱灰試料を埋め込み、粒子沈着の領域で 2 μ m のセクションにそれらをスライスします。</li>
	<li>ヘマトキシリンでセクションを汚し、エオシン前述した7。</li>
	<li>光学顕微鏡検査によって全体的な pathomorphism の顕微鏡写真をキャプチャします。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Dong, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antisense+oligonucleotide+targeting+TNF-alpha+can+suppress+Co-Cr-Mo+particle-induced+osteolysis.">Antisense oligonucleotide targeting TNF-alpha can suppress Co-Cr-Mo particle-induced osteolysis.</a> J Orthop Res. 26 (8), 1114-1120 (2008).</li><li>Deng, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SIRT1+protects+osteoblasts+against+particle-induced+inflammatory+responses+and+apoptosis+in+aseptic+prosthesis+loosening.">SIRT1 protects osteoblasts against particle-induced inflammatory responses and apoptosis in aseptic prosthesis loosening.</a> Acta Biomater. 49, 541-554 (2017).</li><li>Langlois, J., Hamadouche, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=New+animal+models+of+wear-particle+osteolysis.">New animal models of wear-particle osteolysis.</a> Int Orthop. 35 (2), 245-251 (2011).</li><li>Wang, P., Zhao, F. X., Zhang, Z. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+ultrafine+zinc+powders+by+DC+arc+plasma+evaporation+method.">Preparation of ultrafine zinc powders by DC arc plasma evaporation method.</a> Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals. 21 (9), 2236-2241 (2011).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+fibroblast+expression+of+RANKL+in+CoCrMo-particle-induced+osteolysis+is+mediated+by+ER+stress+and+XBP1s.">The fibroblast expression of RANKL in CoCrMo-particle-induced osteolysis is mediated by ER stress and XBP1s.</a> Acta Biomater. 24, 352-360 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+CoCrMo+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+osteoblast+apoptosis.">Autophagy mediated CoCrMo particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting osteoblast apoptosis.</a> Autophagy. 11 (12), 2358-2369 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Particle-induced+osteolysis+mediated+by+endoplasmic+reticulum+stress+in+prosthesis+loosening.">Particle-induced osteolysis mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress in prosthesis loosening.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (11), 2611-2623 (2013).</li><li>Yang, S. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adeno-associated+virus-mediated+osteoprotegerin+gene+transfer+protects+against+particulate+polyethylene-induced+osteolysis+in+a+murine+model.">Adeno-associated virus-mediated osteoprotegerin gene transfer protects against particulate polyethylene-induced osteolysis in a murine model.</a> Arthritis Rheum. 46 (9), 2514-2523 (2002).</li><li>Liu, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Autophagy+mediated+TiAl(6)V(4)+particle-induced+peri-implant+osteolysis+by+promoting+expression+of+TNF-alpha.">Autophagy mediated TiAl(6)V(4) particle-induced peri-implant osteolysis by promoting expression of TNF-alpha.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 473 (1), 133-139 (2016).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ER+Stress+Mediates+TiAl6V4+Particle-Induced+Peri-Implant+Osteolysis+by+Promoting+RANKL+Expression+in+Fibroblasts.">ER Stress Mediates TiAl6V4 Particle-Induced Peri-Implant Osteolysis by Promoting RANKL Expression in Fibroblasts.</a> PLoS One. 10 (9), e0137774 (2015).</li><li>Wang, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TiAl6V4+particles+promote+osteoclast+formation+via+autophagy-mediated+downregulation+of+interferon-beta+in+osteocytes.">TiAl6V4 particles promote osteoclast formation via autophagy-mediated downregulation of interferon-beta in osteocytes.</a> Acta Biomater. 48, 489-498 (2017).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lycorine+suppresses+RANKL-induced+osteoclastogenesis+in+vitro+and+prevents+ovariectomy-induced+osteoporosis+and+titanium+particle-induced+osteolysis+in+vivo.">Lycorine suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis in vitro and prevents ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis and titanium particle-induced osteolysis in vivo.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 12853 (2015).</li><li>Neuerburg, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+calcitonin+receptor+signalling+in+polyethylene+particle-induced+osteolysis.">The role of calcitonin receptor signalling in polyethylene particle-induced osteolysis.</a> Acta Biomater. 14, 125-132 (2015).</li><li>Catelas, I., Jacobs, J. 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著者が明らかに何もありません。

摩耗粒子誘起融解マウスの 2 つの主な方法がある: 空気袋モデルと頭蓋骨融解モデル。空気袋モデルで生成された皮下の空気袋は最初設立、骨組織8に摩耗粒子導入と注入が続いてポーチ壁は、無菌を緩める骨膜を模倣します。ただし、骨移植は粒子と骨組織との直接の相互作用を評価するために難しくありませんの生物学的活性を持つ非血管性。頭蓋骨融解モデルには、空?...

最も一般的な原因は、無菌を緩める (THA) 人工股関節、人工膝関節全置換術 (TKA) 障害の修正手術1必要があります。ただし、基になるメカニズムは、不明2残ります。長期フォロー アップが必要検出粒子誘起融解、その発生はまれです。したがって、臨床症例でその病因を探ることは難しい。したがって、細胞およびティッシュの複雑なメカニズムに焦点を当ててさらなる研究が必要で両方生体内で実験摩耗粒子誘起融解モデルおよび生体外の試金骨の恒常性3に関係する細胞です。有効な動物モデルは、さらに細胞試金のための証拠を提供する骨の損失に及ぼす摩耗粒子を明らかに重要です。
CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって作成したマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための効果的かつ有効な方法です。このモデルでは、CoCrMo 粒子は、マクロファージの炎症性サイトカインを誘導し破骨細胞を活性化、骨芽細胞の増殖を阻害する、骨芽細胞のアポトーシスを促進して頭蓋骨の融解を引き起こします。
このモデルを確立する 2 週間たった。融解の可視化し、ヘマトキシリンとエオシン (H & E) 染色による定量化マイクロ計算された断層レントゲン写真撮影 (マイクロ CT)2することができます。さらに、このモデルは、比較的低コスト、トランスジェニック、ノックアウト マウス モデルは様々 な用量3化合物の数が多いを画面に使用できます。
確立し、このモデルを評価する手順は簡単です。まず、CoCrMo 粒子に高真空 3 電極直流電流によって得られ、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) 50 mg/mL の濃度で再停止されます。政教分離によって頭蓋骨膜シャープ郭清後、結果の懸濁液を 50 μ l 添加されたマウス頭蓋骨の中央に適用されます。2 週間後、マウスが犠牲になったし、頭蓋骨のサンプルを採取しました。H & E 染色及び CT による定性・定量分析を行った
CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって作成したマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは CoCrMo 粒子、マクロファージ、線維芽細胞、骨芽細胞、破骨細胞、無菌を緩めるなどの様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的なツールです。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="684">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:26px;width:216px;">CoCrMo alloy from prosthesis</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Waldemar Link GmbH &#38; Co</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">GEMINI MK II</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Raw material to obtain CoCrMo nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:216px;">Fabricated high-vacuum three-electrode direct current</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">College of Materials Science &#38; Engineering , Nanjing University of Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Self designed machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="61">
			<td height="61" style="height:61px;width:216px;">6 week old male C57BL/6J mice</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Model animal research center of Nanjing University</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">N000013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nanjing Reagent</td>
			<td>C0691514023</td>
			<td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles for transmission electron microscope scanning</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">1.5 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td>
			<td>W603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Microanalytical balance</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shenzhen Qun long Instrument Equipment Co,. LTD</td>
			<td>EX125DZH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ultrasonic shaker</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shanghai Yuhao scientific instrument co., LTD</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">YH-200DH</td>
			<td>To suspend CoCrMo nanoparticles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Transmission Electron Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FEI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Tecnai G20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">SimplePCI software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Compix Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">6.6 version</td>
			<td>To calculate the mean diameter and particle size distribution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">High-handed sterilization pan</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">QIULONGYIQI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KYQL-100DS</td>
			<td>To decontaminate endotoxin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) Assay</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Charles River</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R13025</td>
			<td>To detect endotoxin&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">15 ml Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Suyi Medical</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">B122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Phosphate-buffered saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Boster Biological Technology</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AR0030</td>
			<td>Solvent of CoCrMo nanoparticles stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Pentobarbital Sodium</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">P3761</td>
			<td>To anesthetize mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Normal saline</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">SACKLER</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SR8572EP-15</td>
			<td>To prevent drying of mice eyes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">75% Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nanjing Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">C0691560275</td>
			<td>Disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Medical cotton ball</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Shuitao</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1278298933</td>
			<td>Disinfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Shaver</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Kemei</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">KM-3018</td>
			<td>To shave the fur</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scissor</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S12005-10</td>
			<td>To incise skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Suture</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F34001-01</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle holder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F33001-01</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Needle</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R14003-12</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vessel forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F22003-09</td>
			<td>To suture skin</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Scalpel</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">S31010-01</td>
			<td>To harvest calvaria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tweezers</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">RWD LIFE SCIENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">F12006-10</td>
			<td>To harvest calvaria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 &#181;L pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3120000240</td>
			<td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">100 &#181;L pipette tips</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">AXYGEN</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T-200-Y</td>
			<td>To embed particles suspension in the calvatias</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">5 ml Microtubes</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Taizhou Weierkang Medical Supplies co., LTD</td>
			<td>W621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">4% Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1101</td>
			<td>Fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Micro Computed Tomography&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">SkyScan</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">SkyScan1176</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G1105</td>
			<td>Decalcification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraffin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#0001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Paraffin slicing machine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">RM2125RTS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Glass slide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">G6004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Cover glass</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">HE staining kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Servicebio</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">#1-5</td>
			<td>HE staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Light microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">E200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

construction and evaluation of a murine calvarial osteolysis model by exposure to cocrmo particles in aseptic loosening

摩耗粒子誘起融解は無菌ゆるみ、膝関節障害の主な原因が、基になるメカニズムは不明のまま。長いフォロー アップ必要な検出と散発的な発生のためのための臨床例で病原性 ofparticle 誘起融解を評価することは難しい。したがって、最適な動物モデルはさらなる研究の必要があります。CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって確立された頭蓋骨の融解のマウスモデルは粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための効果的かつ有効なツールです。このモデルで CoCrMo 粒子は最初高真空 3 電極直流電流によって得られ、リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 50 Mg/ml の濃度で再停止されます。政教分離によって頭蓋骨膜シャープ郭清後、結果の懸濁液を 50 μ l 添加されたマウス頭蓋骨の中央に適用されます。2 週間後、マウスが犠牲になったし、頭蓋骨標本が収穫されました。ヘマトキシリンとエオシン染色とマイクロ コンピューター断層撮影による定性的および定量的な評価を行った。このモデルの長所は、手順のシンプルさ、骨の損失の定量的評価、融解開発、遺伝子の潜在的な使用またはノックアウト モデル、および比較的安価の速さ。ただし、このモデルは機械的な力と無菌ゆるみにおける粒子の慢性的な影響を評価するために使用することはできません。CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によって生成されたマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルは、摩耗粒子と様々 な細胞、例えばマクロファージ、線維芽細胞、骨芽細胞や破骨細胞、無菌を緩める間の相互作用を評価するための理想的なツールです。

社内生産ナノスケール CoCrMo 粒子が約 50 nm (3.56 の標準誤差) 直径、量 TEM (図 2)。マウス calvarias の CoCrMo 粒子、動物への暴露後 (n = グループあたり 6) 別の 2 週間を維持されました。2 週間以内頭蓋骨切開は、完全に癒されましたし、の縫合が落ちることがあります。任意の局所感染や偽関節 5 月骨損失の評価に影響を与えます。マウス犠牲後頭蓋?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening at JoVE.com

Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

無菌を緩める CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によるマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルの構築と評価

本稿では、摩耗粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的な動物モデルを構成する CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によってマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルについて説明します。

Wear particle-induced osteolysis is a major cause of aseptic loosening in arthroplasty failure, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Due to long ...

construction-evaluation-murine-calvarial-osteolysis-model-exposure-to

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

7.8K ビュー.  Nanjing University. 本稿では、摩耗粒子と無菌を緩める様々 な細胞間の相互作用を評価するための理想的な動物モデルを構成する CoCrMo 粒子への暴露によってマウス頭蓋骨融解モデルについて説明します。

ビデオ: Construction and Evaluation of a Murine Calvarial Osteolysis Model by Exposure to CoCrMo Particles in Aseptic Loosening

Assessing Teratogenic Changes in a Zebrafish Model of Fetal Alcohol Exposure

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, including mental retardation due to disordered and damaged brain development. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a term used to cover a continuum of birth defects that occur due to maternal alcohol consumption, and occurs in approximately 4% of children born in the United States. With 50% of child-bearing age women reporting consumption of alcohol, and half of all pregnancies being unplanned, unintentional exposure is a continuing issue2. In order to best understand the damage produced by ethanol, plus produce a model with which to test potential interventions, we developed a model of developmental ethanol exposure using the zebrafish embryo. Zebrafish are ideal for this kind of teratogen study3-8. Each pair lays hundreds of eggs, which can then be collected without harming the adult fish. The zebrafish embryo is transparent and can be readily imaged with any number of stains. Analysis of these embryos after exposure to ethanol at different doses and times of duration and application shows that the gross developmental defects produced by ethanol are consistent with the human birth defect. Described here are the basic techniques used to study and manipulate the zebrafish FAS model.

In order to understand the molecular mechanisms of the ethanol-induced developmental damage, we have developed a zebrafish model of ethanol exposure and are exploring the physical, cellular, and genetic alterations that occur after ethanol exposure1. We then seek to find potential interventions and rapidly test them in this animal model.

胎児性アルコール暴露のゼブラフィッシュモデルの催奇形性変化を評価する

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a severe manifestation of embryonic exposure to ethanol. It presents with characteristic defects to the face and organs, ...

医学

A Murine Model of Muscle Training by Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional capacity. Transcutaneous surface stimulation of skeletal muscle involves a current flow between a cathode and an anode, thereby inducing excitement of the motor unit and the surrounding muscle fibers. 
NMES is an attractive modality to evaluate skeletal muscle adaptive responses for several reasons. First, it provides a reproducible experimental model in which physiological adaptations, such as myofiber hypertophy and muscle strengthening6, angiogenesis7-9, growth factor secretion9-11, and muscle precursor cell activation12 are well documented. Such physiological responses may be carefully titrated using different parameters of stimulation (for Cochrane review, see 13). In addition, NMES recruits motor units non-selectively, and in a spatially fixed and temporally synchronous manner14, offering the advantage of exerting a treatment effect on all fibers, regardless of fiber type. Although there are specified contraindications to NMES in clinical populations, including peripheral venous disorders or malignancy, for example, NMES is safe and feasible, even for those who are ill and/or bedridden and for populations in which rigorous exercise may be challenging. 
Here, we demonstrate the protocol for adapting commercially available electrodes and performing a NMES protocol using a murine model. This animal model has the advantage of utilizing a clinically available device and providing instant feedback regarding positioning of the electrode to elicit the desired muscle contractile effect. For the purpose of this manuscript, we will describe the protocol for muscle stimulation of the anterior compartment muscles of a mouse hindlimb.

A murine model of neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES), a safe and inexpensive clinical modality, to the anterior compartment muscles is described. This model has the advantage of modifying a readily available clinical device for the purpose of eliciting targeted and specific muscle contractions in mice.

神経筋電気刺激による筋力トレーニングのマウスモデル

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a common clinical modality that is widely used to restore1, maintain2 or enhance3-5 muscle functional ...

A Murine Model of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of Willis perforation (CWp) and proven by intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Thereby a homogenous blood distribution in subarachnoid spaces surrounding the arterial circulation and cerebellar fissures is achieved. Animal physiology is maintained by intubation, mechanical ventilation, and continuous on-line monitoring of various physiological and cardiovascular parameters: body temperature, systemic blood pressure, heart rate, and hemoglobin saturation. Thereby the cerebral perfusion pressure can be tightly monitored resulting in a less variable volume of extravasated blood. This allows a better standardization of endovascular filament perforation in mice and makes the whole model highly reproducible. Thus it is readily available for pharmacological and pathophysiological studies in wild type and genetically altered mice.

A standardized mouse model of subarachnoid hemorrhage by intraluminal Circle of Willis perforation is described. Vessel perforation and subarachnoid bleeding are monitored by intracranial pressure monitoring. In addition various vital parameters are recorded and controlled to maintain physiologic conditions.

くも膜下出血のマウスモデル

In this video publication a standardized mouse model of subarachnoid  hemorrhage (SAH) is presented. Bleeding is induced by endovascular Circle of  Willis ...

Reproducable Paraplegia by Thoracic Aortic Occlusion in a Murine Model of Spinal Cord Ischemia-reperfusion

Background 
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered advancements to decrease the occurrence this injury.&#160;The current model demonstrates reproducible lower&#160;extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion.
Methods 
Adult male C57BL6 mice were anesthetized with isoflurane. Through a cervicosternal incision the aorta was exposed. The descending thoracic aorta and left subclavian arteries were identified without entrance into pleural space. Skeletonization of these arteries was followed by immediate closure (Sham) or occlusion for 4 min (moderate ischemia) or 8 min (prolonged ischemia). The sternotomy and skin were closed and the mouse was transferred to warming bed for recovery.&#160; Following recovery, functional analysis was obtained at 12 hr intervals until 48 hr.
Results 
Mice that underwent sham surgery showed no observable hind&#160;limb deficit. Mice subjected to moderate ischemia for 4 min had minimal functional deficit at 12 hr followed by progression to complete paralysis at 48 hr. Mice subjected to prolonged ischemia had an immediate paralysis with no observable hind-limb movement at any point in the postoperative period. There was no observed intraoperative or post&#160;operative mortality.
Conclusion 
Reproducible lower extremity paralysis whether immediate or delayed can be achieved in a murine model. Additionally, by using a median sternotomy and careful dissection, high survival rates, and reproducibility can be achieved.

The lack of mechanistic understanding of spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury has hindered further adjuncts to prevent paraplegia following high risk aortic operations. Thus, the development of animal models is imperative. This manuscript demonstrates reproducible lower extremity paralysis following thoracic aortic occlusion in a murine model.

脊髄虚血再灌流のマウスモデルにおいて胸部大動脈閉塞によって再現可能対麻痺

Background
Lower extremity paralysis continues to complicate aortic interventions. The lack of understanding of the underlying pathology has hindered ...

Evaluation of Tumor-infiltrating Leukocyte Subsets in a Subcutaneous Tumor Model

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or subvert anti-tumor immune responses in order to survive and flourish. Tumors take advantage of a number of different mechanisms of immune &#8220;escape,&#8221; including the recruitment of tolerogenic DC, immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) that inhibit cytotoxic anti-tumor responses. Conversely, anti-tumor effector immune cells can slow the growth and expansion of malignancies: immunostimulatory dendritic cells, natural killer cells which harbor innate anti-tumor immunity, and cytotoxic T cells all can participate in tumor suppression. The balance between pro- and anti-tumor leukocytes ultimately determines the behavior and fate of transformed cells; a multitude of human clinical studies have borne this out. Thus, detailed analysis of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment has become increasingly important. Here, we describe a method for analyzing infiltrating leukocyte subsets present in the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Mouse B16 melanoma tumor cells were inoculated subcutaneously in C57BL/6 mice. At a specified time, tumors and surrounding skin were resected en bloc and processed into single cell suspensions, which were then stained for multi-color flow cytometry. Using a variety of leukocyte subset markers, we were able to compare the relative percentages of infiltrating leukocyte subsets between control and chemerin-expressing tumors. Investigators may use such a tool to study the immune presence in the tumor microenvironment and when combined with traditional caliper size measurements of tumor growth, will potentially allow them to elucidate the impact of changes in immune composition on tumor growth. Such a technique can be applied to any tumor model in which the tumor and its microenvironment can be resected and processed.

This protocol describes a method for the detailed evaluation of leukocyte subsets within the tumor microenvironment in a mouse tumor model. Chemerin-expressing B16 melanoma cells were implanted subcutaneously into syngeneic mice. Cells from the tumor microenvironment were then stained and analyzed by flow cytometry, allowing for detailed leukocyte subset analyses.

皮下腫瘍モデルにおける腫瘍浸潤白血球サブセットの評価

Specialized immune cells that infiltrate the tumor microenvironment regulate the growth and survival of neoplasia.&#160; Malignant cells must elude or ...

Evaluation of Lung Metastasis in Mouse Mammary Tumor Models by Quantitative Real-time PCR

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated death 1. Common sites of metastatic spread include lung, lymph node, brain, and bone 2. Mechanisms that drive metastasis are intense areas of cancer research. Consequently, effective assays to measure metastatic burden in distant sites of metastasis are instrumental for cancer research. Evaluation of lung metastases in mammary tumor models is generally performed by gross qualitative observation of lung tissue following dissection. Quantitative methods of evaluating metastasis are currently limited to ex vivo and in vivo imaging based techniques that require user defined parameters. Many of these techniques are at the whole organism level rather than the cellular level 3-6. Although newer imaging methods utilizing multi-photon microscopy are able to evaluate metastasis at the cellular level 7, these highly elegant procedures are more suited to evaluating mechanisms of dissemination rather than quantitative assessment of metastatic burden. Here, a simple in vitro method to quantitatively assess metastasis is presented. Using quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), tumor cell specific mRNA can be detected within the mouse lung tissue.

This protocol describes how to use quantitative Real-time PCR (QRT-PCR) to detect tumor cell specific mRNA representing metastasis within the mouse lung tissue.

定量的リアルタイムPCRによるマウス乳腺腫瘍モデルにおける肺転移の評価

Metastatic disease is the spread of malignant tumor cells from the primary cancer site to a distant organ and is the primary cause of cancer associated ...

Reproducible Arterial Denudation Injury by Infrarenal Abdominal Aortic Clamping in a Murine Model

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These complications can be attributed to impairments in re-endothelialization within the wound margins. Yet, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization remain to be defined. While several animal models to study re-endothelialization after arterial denudation are available, few are performed in the mouse because of surgical limitations. This undermines the opportunity to exploit transgenic mouse lines and investigate the contribution of specific genes to the process of re-endothelialization. Here, we present a step-by-step protocol for creating a highly reproducible murine model of arterial denudation injury in the infrarenal abdominal aorta using external vascular clamping. Immunocytochemical staining of injured aortas for fibrinogen and &#946;-catenin demonstrate the exposure of a pro-thrombotic surface and the border of intact endothelium, respectively. The method presented here has the advantages of speed, excellent overall survival rate, and relative technical ease, creating a uniquely practical tool for imposing arterial denudation injury in transgenic mouse models. Using this method, investigators may elucidate the mechanisms of re-endothelialization under normal or pathological conditions.

Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of re-endothelialization following arterial denudation injury is of paramount importance in preventing thrombosis and restenosis of arteries. Here we describe a protocol for reproducible arterial denudation injury of the infrarenal abdominal aorta. The procedure was developed to investigate the underlying mechanisms that regulate endothelial regeneration using mouse models.

マウスモデルにおける下腹部大動脈クランプすることにより、再現性動脈侵食に起因けが

Percutaneous vascular interventions uniformly result in arterial denudation injuries that subsequently lead to thrombosis and restenosis. These ...

Quantitative Visualization of Leukocyte Infiltrate in a Murine Model of Fulminant Myocarditis by Light Sheet Microscopy

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently labelled structures in large biological specimens, and is down to cellular resolution. Meanwhile, the constant refinement of underlying protocols and the enhanced availability of specialized commercial systems enable us to investigate the microstructure of whole mouse organs and even allow for the characterization of cellular behavior in various live-cell imaging approaches. Here, we describe a protocol for the spatial whole-mount visualization and quantification of the CD45+ leukocyte population in inflamed mouse hearts. The method employs a transgenic mouse strain (CD11c.DTR)that has recently been shown to serve as a robust, inducible model for the study of the development of fulminant fatal myocarditis, characterized by lethal cardiac arrhythmias. This protocol includes myocarditis induction, intravital antibody-mediated cell staining, organ preparation, and LSFM with subsequent computer-assisted image post-processing. Although presented as a highly-adapted method for our particular scientific question, the protocol represents the blueprint of an easily adjustable system that can also target completely different fluorescent structures in other organs and even in other species.

Here, we describe a light-sheet microscopy approach to visualize the cardiac CD45+ leukocyte infiltrate in a murine model of aseptic fulminant myocarditis, which is induced by the intratracheal diphtheria toxin treatment of CD11c.DTR mice.

光シート顕微鏡による劇症心筋炎のマウスモデルにおける白血球浸潤の定量的可視化

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM), in combination with chemical clearing protocols, has become the gold standard for analyzing fluorescently ...

Generation of a Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Model in Mice by Repeated Ozone Exposure

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high incidence in aging populations. The current conventional therapies for COPD focus mainly on symptom-modifying drugs; thus, the development of new therapies is urgently needed. Qualified animal models of COPD could help to characterize the underlying mechanisms and can be used for new drug screening. Current COPD models, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or the porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced emphysema model, generate COPD-like lesions in the lungs and airways but do not otherwise resemble the pathogenesis of human COPD. A cigarette smoke (CS)-induced model remains one of the most popular because it not only simulates COPD-like lesions in the respiratory system, but it is also based on one of the main hazardous materials that causes COPD in humans. However, the time-consuming and labor-intensive aspects of the CS-induced model dramatically limit its application in new drug screening. In this study, we successfully generated a new COPD model by exposing mice to high levels of ozone. This model demonstrated the following: 1) decreased forced expiratory volume 25, 50, and 75/forced vital capacity (FEV25/FVC, FEV50/FVC, and FEV75/FVC), indicating the deterioration of lung function; 2) enlarged lung alveoli, with lung parenchymal destruction; 3) reduced fatigue time and distance; and 4) increased inflammation. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the ozone exposure (OE) model is a reliable animal model that is similar to humans because ozone overexposure is one of the etiological factors of COPD. Additionally, it only took 6 - 8 weeks, based on our previous work, to create an OE model, whereas it requires 3 - 12 months to induce the cigarette smoke model, indicating that the OE model might be a good choice for COPD research.

This study describes the successful generation of a new chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) animal model by repeatedly exposing mice to high concentrations of ozone.

繰り返しオゾン暴露によるマウスの慢性閉塞性肺疾患モデルの生成

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by persistent airflow limitation and lung parenchymal destruction. It has a very high ...

Standardized Histomorphometric Evaluation of Osteoarthritis in a Surgical Mouse Model

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, primarily in the hip and knee joints, which results in significant impacts on patient mobility and quality of life. To date, there are no existing curative therapies for OA able to slow down or inhibit cartilage degeneration. Presently, there is an extensive body of ongoing research to understand OA pathology and discover novel therapeutic approaches or agents that can efficiently slow down, stop, or even reverse OA. Thus, it is crucial to have a quantitative and reproducible approach to accurately evaluate OA-associated pathological changes in the joint cartilage, synovium, and subchondral bone. Currently, OA severity and progression are primarily assessed using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) or Mankin scoring systems. In spite of the importance of these scoring systems, they are semiquantitative and can be influenced by user subjectivity. More importantly, they fail to accurately evaluate subtle, yet important, changes in the cartilage during the early disease states or early treatment phases. The protocol we describe here uses a computerized and semiautomated histomorphometric software system to establish a standardized, rigorous, and reproducible quantitative methodology for the evaluation of joint changes in OA. This protocol presents a powerful addition to the existing systems and allows for more efficient detection of pathological changes in the joint.

The current protocol establishes a rigorous and reproducible method for quantification of morphological joint changes that accompany osteoarthritis. Application of this protocol can be valuable in monitoring disease progression and evaluating therapeutic interventions in osteoarthritis.

外科用マウスモデルにおける変形性関節症の標準化組織形態評価

One of the most prevalent joint disorders in the United States, osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive degeneration of articular cartilage, ...