私たちは、この技術の開発中に彼らの貴重な助言と支援のために、比較医学、寺院、テキサス州のスコット＆ホワイト病院部門のスタッフや獣医師に感謝します。この作品は、再生医療プログラムの資金のための研究所、スコット＆ホワイトRGP助成＃90172、NIH 2P40RR017447-07及びNIH R01AR066033-01（NIAMS）によって部分的に資金を供給した。私たちは、原稿を校正するための博士スザンヌ·ゼイトゥーニーに感謝。

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+the+establishment+of+defined+mouse+models+for+the+study+of+fracture+healing+and+bone+regeneration).">Advances in the establishment of defined mouse models for the study of fracture healing and bone regeneration).</a> J Orthop Trauma. 23, S31-S38 (2009).</li><li>Histing, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+animal+bone+healing+models:+standards,+tips,+and+pitfalls+results+of+a+consensus+meeting.">Small animal bone healing models: standards, tips, and pitfalls results of a consensus meeting.</a> Bone. 49, 591-599 (2011).</li><li>Cheung, K. 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P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+closed+femur+fracture+model+in+mice.">Characterization of a closed femur fracture model in mice.</a> J Orthop Trauma. 18, 687-695 (2004).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rodent+animal+models+of+delayed+bone+healing+and+non-union+formation:+a+comprehensive+review.">Rodent animal models of delayed bone healing and non-union formation: a comprehensive review.</a> Eur Cell Mater. 26, 1-12 (2013).</li><li>Garcia, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+reliable+non-union+model+in+mice.">Development of a reliable non-union model in mice.</a> J Surg Res. 147, 84-91 (2008).</li><li>Flecknell, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+relief+of+pain+in+laboratory+animals.">The relief of pain in laboratory animals.</a> Lab Anim. 18, 147-160 (1984).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guidelines on the Euthanasia of Animals. , (2013).</li><li>Neill, K. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Micro-computed+tomography+assessment+of+the+progression+of+fracture+healing+in+mice.">Micro-computed tomography assessment of the progression of fracture healing in mice.</a> Bone. 50, 1357-1367 (2012).</li><li>Bagi, C. 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The authors have no competing financial interests.

ここで、我々は、標準的な実験および獣医装置を使用して、マウスの大腿骨の臨界サイズのピンで安定化された欠陥を生成する簡単な方法を説明する。ピンのアセンブリと、外科的処置自体は練習が必要ですが、それはよくよく訓練された生物医学研究者や獣医師の能力の範囲内である。 ピンは、技術的により実現可能な外部固定またはインターロックねじを採用し、?...

これは、治療骨折を有する患者のために外科的に50万手続きは骨移植片2の使用を含む。米国の人口の半分は65 1歳までに骨折を経験していると推定されており、この数は、ますます高齢化、人口3に上昇すると予想されている。骨が完全に瘢痕なしに治癒する能力を有するいくつかの臓器の一つであるが、プロセスは3,4失敗する場合がある。状況や処理の品質に応じて、長骨骨折の2〜30％は、非組合3,5で得られた、失敗。定義、偽関節、大きさのクリティカルまたは非組合骨損傷上のいくつかの議論が残っているものの、一般的に被検体6の自然な寿命にわたって治癒しない怪我を指します。実験目的のために、この期間は、平均的なサイズの骨損傷の完全な治癒に必要な平均時間に短縮される。非組合骨病変はNUMのために起こるerousの理由が、主な要因は、原因疾患や年齢7に批判的にサイズのギャップ、感染、貧しい血管新生、タバコの使用、または阻害osteoregenerative容量になり、極端な外傷が含まれる。非組合が正常に処理されたとしても、それは損傷の種類と8を採用アプローチに応じて、手順6万ドルを超える費用がかかる。 中程度の場合には、自家骨髄移植が用いられる。この戦略は、損傷部位でのドナー部位および移植から骨の回復を伴う。このアプローチは非常に有効であるが、利用可能なドナー由来の骨の量は限られており、手順は、多くの患者9,10において持続性疼痛をもたらす追加の手術を伴う。また、自家骨移植片の有効性は、患者の健康状態に依存する。合成材料または処理死体の骨から作られた代用骨は11-13豊富に利用可能ですが、彼 ​​らはヘクタール乏しい宿主細胞の接着性、骨伝導性減少、および免疫拒絶14の可能性を含め、重大な制限VEの。安全で、効果的であり、広く利用可能な骨再生技術が緊急に必要とされている。 骨再生の戦略を改善する当社の能力は、試験動物に深刻な骨の外傷を模倣する能力に決定的に依存しているが、大きな骨病変の発生と安定化は技術的に困難である。ほとんどの場合、深刻な長骨の外傷が自然治癒しない欠陥を確立することによって実験的に模倣される。それは種15によって変化し得るが、これは骨の断面16の直径の1.5倍よりも大きい骨セグメントを完全に除去することによって達成される。骨は、その後骨折エッジの適切な配向を維持し、移動性を可能にするために、金属インプラントで安定化される。その小さなサイズとの脆弱性に起因する彼らの長い骨は、マウスではそのような病変の確立が最も研究グループの能力を超えている。このように、長骨欠損モデルは、ラットおよび大型動物に限定される。それにもかかわらず、マウスは、それらが遺伝的に修飾されたヒト細胞および組織を拒絶しない、免疫不全株として育種することができるという点で、重要な研究の利点をもたらす。 彼らは生理的によく特徴付けているため、ヒト細胞ベースのアプリケーションでは、免疫不全マウスはで動作するように魅力的で、家に簡単に、効果的なコスト、簡単に放射線学的および組織学的に分析した。最も重要な免疫不全マウスは、ヒトを含む異なる種からの細胞を拒絶しないことである。その小さなサイズはまた、細胞または整形外科用途で実験的な足場の体積の非常に少数のテストを可能にします。いくつかのマウスモデルが整形外科用骨安定17,18の様々な程度を与えることが報告されている。これらのsyste軟骨内の治癒が19に報告されているが、外部固定器とロッキングプレートとしての安定性の非常に高いレベルをもたらすmsが主に膜内骨化によって治癒する。対照的に、未修正または部分的に固定された髄ピンを用いたものなど、いくつかのミクロおよび/ ​​またはマクロ運動を可能にするものは、一般的に軟骨内骨化20,21が優勢で治癒する。長骨の遅延組合や非組合欠陥が必要な安定化の余分なレベルに起因したマウスで達成することが特に困難である。しかし、多くのアプローチが、プレートと外部固定器22をロックする、インターロック爪と髄ピンを含む、報告されている。これらのシステムは、一般的にはうまく動作しますが、その複雑な設計与えられた彼らは、インストールすることが技術的に挑戦することができます。例えば、ガルシアら 23は、マウスにおける使用のための優雅なインターロックピン方式を考案したが、手順は、2つの別々の部位における切開を伴いピンを収容するための大腿骨の広範な修正。これらの手順は、解剖顕微鏡下で行った。 ここで、我々は、3ミリメートルの骨欠損の閉鎖を防止し、また、欠陥のオリジナルのエッジを描くように設計され、中央襟付きのシンプルな大腿骨髄ピンについて説明します。ピンは、骨自体に固定されなかったが、十分な干渉髄腔結果のピン径、およびリーマの正確なサイジングがねじれ運動（ 図1）を最小化する。近交系、年齢、性別及び歪みを一致させたマウスを慎重に選択すると、結果は簡単に放射線学的に評価することが可能で再現性の高い肥大非uniondefect 22です。また、関心領域は、再現デノボ骨形成および組織形態学的パラメータを測定するためのマイクロコンピュータ断層撮影（μCT）の後に定義することができる。ピンは、容易に入手可能なツールを使用して、我々の研究室で試作された。<img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/52368/52368fig1highres.jpg" /> 図1：実験原理分節欠損モデルの図的要約。 9〜10ミリメートルマウス大腿骨の中央の3ミリメートルのセグメントは、（ 左 ）外科的に切除されている。長さ3mm、19ゲージの外科用鋼管は、正確な中心（ 右 ）での長い9ミリメートル、22 Gステンレス管の上を通過し、接着剤で固定されている。得られたピンは、骨の3mmのセグメントを置き換える19 Gのカラー（ 以下、センター ）と大腿骨の残りの近位および遠位部分の髄運河に嵌め込まれている。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="799">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:235px;">Name of Equipment/Material*</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Company</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Catalog or model</td>
			<td style="width:179px;">Notes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Pin Assembly</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dremel rotary tool</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>8220</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Heavy duty cut off wheel</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>420</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tubing 19G</td>
			<td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td>
			<td>B000FMZ8LY</td>
			<td>OD 1.07mm, ID 0.889mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tubing 21G</td>
			<td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td>
			<td>B000FMZ8YQ</td>
			<td>OD 0.82mm, ID 0.635mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tubing 22G</td>
			<td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td>
			<td>B000FMYLZS</td>
			<td>OD 0.719mm, ID 0.502mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tubing 23G</td>
			<td>Small Parts (Amazon)</td>
			<td>B000FN0SY0</td>
			<td>OD 0.643mm, ID 0.444mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cyanoacrylate adhesive</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>1365882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Emery disc</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>413</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rubber polishing point</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>462</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Felt polishing disc</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>414</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Gelatin sponge</td>
			<td>Surgifoam/Ethicon</td>
			<td>1974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Punch biopsy cutter</td>
			<td>Miltex</td>
			<td>33-34</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgery/post-operative</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Warm pad and circulator pump</td>
			<td>Stryker/Thermocare</td>
			<td>TP700, TP700C, TPP722</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Coverage quaternary spray</td>
			<td>Steris</td>
			<td>1429-77</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bead sterilizer</td>
			<td>Germinator/CellPoint Scentific</td>
			<td>Germinator 500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Anesthesia system</td>
			<td>VetEquip Inc</td>
			<td>901806 or 901807/901809</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Isofluorane anesthetic</td>
			<td>VETone/MWI</td>
			<td>501017, 502017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical disinfectant</td>
			<td>Chloraprep/CareFusion</td>
			<td>260449</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Surgical tools</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>various</td>
			<td>recommend German made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Face protection</td>
			<td>Splash Shield</td>
			<td>4505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rechargable high speed drill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>18000-17</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Diamond cutting wheel</td>
			<td>Strauss Diaiond</td>
			<td>361.514.080HP</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Absorbable sutures&#160;</td>
			<td>Covidien</td>
			<td>UM-213</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Outer sutures</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>668G</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Vetbond</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td>1469SB</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Hydration gel</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>70-01-1082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Diet gel</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>72-01-1062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Reckitt and Benckser</td>
			<td>12496-0757-01</td>
			<td>controlled substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Mouse igloos</td>
			<td>Bio Serv</td>
			<td>K3328, 3570,3327</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Euthanasia cocktail</td>
			<td>Euthasol/Virbac</td>
			<td>710101</td>
			<td>controlled substance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Live animal imager&#160;</td>
			<td>Orthoscan</td>
			<td>FD Pulse</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Micro-CT unit and software</td>
			<td>Bruker</td>
			<td>Skyscan1174</td>
			<td>or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sealing film/Parafilm M</td>
			<td>VWR or Fisher</td>
			<td>100501-338, S37441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td colspan="4" height="20" style="height:20px;">*Generic sources are suitable for all other items such as gause, drapes, protective clothing, animal care equipment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a simple critical-sized femoral defect model in mice

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all limb bone fractures fail to heal completely due to the extent of the trauma, disease, or age of the patient. Our ability to improve bone regenerative strategies is critically dependent on the ability to mimic serious bone trauma in test animals, but the generation and stabilization of large bone lesions is technically challenging. In most cases, serious long bone trauma is mimicked experimentally by establishing a defect that will not naturally heal. This is achieved by complete removal of a bone segment that is larger than 1.5 times the diameter of the bone cross-section. The bone is then stabilized with a metal implant to maintain proper orientation of the fracture edges and allow for mobility. 
Due to their small size and the fragility of their long bones, establishment of such lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. As such, long bone defect models are confined to rats and larger animals. Nevertheless, mice afford significant research advantages in that they can be genetically modified and bred as immune-compromised strains that do not reject human cells and tissue.
Herein, we demonstrate a technique that facilitates the generation of a segmental defect in mouse femora using standard laboratory and veterinary equipment. With practice, fabrication of the fixation device and surgical implantation is feasible for the majority of trained veterinarians and animal research personnel. Using example data, we also provide methodologies for the quantitative analysis of bone healing for the model.

マウスは、一般的に意識を回復し、後肢の移動に麻酔の中止後5〜10分。最初の5日間、それは個別にマウスを収容し、四肢の過剰使用を防止するための環境エンリッチメントを導入することをお勧めします。この目的のために、イグルー型の巣は、巣の建物の必要性を低減し、休息をお勧めします。また、ケージの床に食品及びヒドロゲルの提供は、ピンの変位の確率を減少させることを観察...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice at JoVE.com

A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice.

マウスの簡単な重要なサイズの大腿欠陥モデル

While bone has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, serious bone trauma often results in damage that does not properly heal. In fact, one tenth of all ...

a-simple-critical-sized-femoral-defect-model-in-mice

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

15.0K ビュー.  Texas A&M Health Science Center. Animal models are frequently employed to mimic serious bone injury in biomedical research. Due to their small size, establishment of stabilized bone lesions in mice are beyond the capabilities of most research groups. Herein, we describe a simple method for establishing and analyzing experimental femoral defects in mice. 

ビデオ: A Simple Critical-sized Femoral Defect Model in Mice

A Simple Guide Screw Method for Intracranial Xenograft Studies in Mice

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma (glioma) and medulloblastoma. The widely used stereotactic approach only allows for the injection of a single animal at a time, is labor intensive and requires highly specialized equipment. The guide screw method, initially developed by Lal et al.,1 was developed to eliminate cumbersome stereotactic procedures. We now describe a modified guide screw approach that is rapid and exceptionally safe; both of which are critical ethical considerations. Notably, our procedure now incorporates an infusion pump that allows up to 10 animals to be simultaneously injected with tumor cells.
To demonstrate the utility of this procedure, we established human U87MG glioma cells as intracranial xenografts in mice, which were then treated with AMG102; a fully human antibody directed to HGF/scatter factor currently undergoing clinical evaluation2-5. Systemic injection of AMG102 significantly prolonged the survival of all mice with intracranial U87MG xenografts and resulted in a number of complete cures. 
This study demonstrates that the guide screw method is an inexpensive, highly reproducible approach for establishing intracranial xenografts. Furthermore, it provides a relevant physiological model for validating novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of brain cancers.

In order to evaluate novel therapeutic paradigms for the treatment of glioma, physiological relevant models are essential. We utilize an implantable guide screw procedure for establishment of intracranial xenograft models that is more rapid and safer than stereotactic approaches.

マウスにおける頭蓋内異種移植研究のための簡単​​なガイドスクリュー方式

The grafting of human tumor cells into the brain of immunosuppressed mice is an established method for the study of brain cancers including glioblastoma ...

医学

Creating Rigidly Stabilized Fractures for Assessing Intramembranous Ossification, Distraction Osteogenesis, or Healing of Critical Sized Defects

Assessing modes of skeletal repair is essential for developing therapies to be used clinically to treat fractures. Mechanical stability plays a large role in healing of bone injuries. In the worst-case scenario mechanical instability can lead to delayed or non-union in humans. However, motion can also stimulate the healing process. In fractures that have motion cartilage forms to stabilize the fracture bone ends, and this cartilage is gradually replaced by bone through recapitulation of the developmental process of endochondral ossification. In contrast, if a bone fracture is rigidly stabilized bone forms directly via intramembranous ossification. Clinically, both endochondral and intramembranous ossification occur simultaneously. To effectively replicate this process investigators insert a pin into the medullary canal of the fractured bone as described by Bonnarens4. This experimental method provides excellent lateral stability while allowing rotational instability to persist. However, our understanding of the mechanisms that regulate these two distinct processes can also be enhanced by experimentally isolating each of these processes. We have developed a stabilization protocol that provides rotational and lateral stabilization. In this model, intramembranous ossification is the only mode of healing that is observed, and healing parameters can be compared among different strains of genetically modified mice 5-7, after application of bioactive molecules 8,9, after altering physiological parameters of healing 10, after modifying the amount or time of stabilization 11, after distraction osteogenesis 12, after creation of a non-union 13, or after creation of a critical sized defect. Here, we illustrate how to apply the modified Ilizarov fixators for studying tibial fracture healing and distraction osteogenesis in mice.

This article describes a method for stabilizing long bone fractures that is based on the application of modified Ilizarov external fixators 1-3. After application of the fixators and creation of the bone injury, healing can be assessed, distraction osteogenesis can be performed, or non-union or critical sized defect can be created and used to study therapeutic interventions.

膜内骨化、仮骨延長術、またはCriticalサイズの欠損の治癒を評価するための剛安定骨折を作成する

Assessing modes of skeletal repair is essential for developing therapies to be used clinically to treat fractures. Mechanical stability plays a large role ...

Repair of a Critical-sized Calvarial Defect Model Using Adipose-derived Stromal Cells Harvested from Lipoaspirate

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. Adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs) have proven to be an abundant source of multipotent stem cells capable of undergoing osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and myogenic differentiation. Many studies have explored the osteogenic potential of these cells in vivo with the use of various scaffolding biomaterials for cellular delivery. It has been demonstrated that by utilizing an osteoconductive, hydroxyapatite-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (HA-PLGA) scaffold seeded with ASCs, a critical-sized calvarial defect, a defect that is defined by its inability to undergo spontaneous healing over the lifetime of the animal, can be effectively show robust osseous regeneration. This in vivo model demonstrates the basis of translational approaches aimed to regenerate the bone tissue - the cellular component and biological matrix. This method serves as a model for the ultimate clinical application of a progenitor cell towards the repair of a specific tissue defect.

This protocol describes the isolation of adipose-derived stromal cells from lipoaspirate and the creation of a 4 mm critical-sized calvarial defect to evaluate skeletal regeneration.

吸引脂肪から採取した脂肪由来間質細胞を使用したクリティカル·サイズの頭蓋冠欠損モデルの修復

Craniofacial skeletal repair and regeneration offers the promise of de novo tissue formation through a cell-based approach utilizing stem cells. ...

A Simple Method of Mouse Lung Intubation

A simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or expensive animal. One of the reasons that this is not done more routinely is that it is relatively difficult, despite there being several published studies that describe ways to achieve it. In this paper we demonstrate a procedure that eliminates one of the major hurdles associated with this intubation, that of visualizing the trachea during the entire time of intubation. The approach uses a 0.5 mm fiberoptic light source that serves as an introducer to direct the intubation cannula into the mouse trachea. We show that it is possible to use this procedure to measure lung mechanics in individual mice over a time course of at least several weeks. The technique can be set up with relatively little expense and expertise, and it can be routinely accomplished with relatively little training. This should make it possible for any laboratory to routinely carry out this intubation, thereby allowing longitudinal studies in individual mice, thereby minimizing the number of mice needed and increasing the statistical power by using each mouse as its own control.

This paper describes a striaghforward and efficient method of intubating mice for pulmonary function measurements or pulmonary instillation, that allows the mice to recover and be studied at later times. The procedure involves an inexpensive fiberoptic light source that directly illuminates the trachea.

マウス肺挿管の簡単な方法

A  simple procedure to intubate mice for pulmonary function measurements would  have several advantages in longitudinal studies with limited numbers or  ...

Femoral Bone Marrow Aspiration in Live Mice

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed step-by-step technical procedure for an analogous procedure in live mice which allows for serial characterization of cells present in the BM. This procedure facilitates studies aimed to detect the presence of exogenously administered cells within the BM of mice as would be done in xenograft studies for instance. Moreover, this procedure allows for the retrieval and characterization of cells enriched in the BM such as hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) without sacrifice of mice. Given that the cellular composition of peripheral blood is not necessarily reflective of proportions and types of stem and progenitor cells present in the marrow, procedures which provide access to this compartment without requiring termination of the mice are very helpful. The use of femoral bone marrow aspiration is illustrated here for cytological analysis of marrow cells, flow cytometric characterization of the hematopoietic stem/progenitor compartment, and culture of sorted HSPCs obtained by femoral BM aspiration compared with conventional marrow harvest.

This protocol describes a procedure for serial sampling of femoral bone marrow (BM) without requiring the sacrifice of mice. This procedure facilitates longitudinal studies of the BM composition of mice over time and provides serial access to cells within the BM for ex vivo and transplantation studies.

生きたマウスにおける大腿骨髄吸引

Serial sampling of the cellular composition of bone marrow (BM) is a routine procedure critical to clinical hematology. This protocol describes a detailed ...

A Murine Model of Arterial Restenosis: Technical Aspects of Femoral Wire Injury

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to atherosclerotic plaque development or the rupturing of established plaques, interrupts normal blood flow leading to various morbidities such as myocardial infarction and stroke. In the clinic endovascular procedures such as angioplasty are commonly performed to reopen the lumen. However, these treatments inevitably damage the vessel wall as well as the vascular endothelium, triggering an excessive healing response and the development of a neointimal plaque that extends into the lumen causing vessel restenosis (re-narrowing). Restenosis remains a major cause of failure of endovascular treatments for atherosclerosis. Thus, preclinical animal models of restenosis are vitally important for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms as well as translational approaches to vascular interventions. Among several murine experimental models, femoral artery wire injury is widely accepted as the most suitable for studies of post-angioplasty restenosis because it closely resembles the angioplasty procedure that injures both endothelium and vessel wall. However, many researchers have difficulty utilizing this model due to its high degree of technical difficulty. This is primarily because a metal wire needs to be inserted into the femoral artery, which is approximately three times thinner than the wire, to generate sufficient injury to induce prominent neointima. Here, we describe the essential surgical details to effectively overcome the major technical difficulties of this model. By following the presented procedures, performing the mouse femoral artery wire injury becomes easier. Once familiarized, the whole procedure can be completed within 20 min.

The mouse femoral artery wire injury model of restenosis is technically challenging. In this protocol we show the key technical details essential for successfully performing wire injury to induce consistent&#160;neointima for studies of restenosis.

動脈再狭窄のマウスモデル：大腿ワイヤー傷害の技術的な側面

Cardiovascular disease caused by atherosclerosis is the leading cause of death in the developed world. Narrowing of the vessel lumen, due to ...

Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a model organism, the mouse has already been widely used in bone-related research. Large diaphyseal bone defect models in mice, however, are sparse and often use bone fixation which fills the bone marrow cavity and does not provide optimal mechanical stability. The objectives of the current study were to develop a critical-size, segmental, femoral defect in nude mice. A 3.5-mm mid-diaphyseal femoral ostectomy (approximately 25% of the femur length) was performed using a dedicated jig, and was stabilized with an anterior located locking plate and 4 locking screws. The bone defect was subsequently either left empty or filled with a bone substitute (syngenic bone graft or coralline scaffold). Bone healing was monitored noninvasively using radiography and in vivo micro-computed-tomography and was subsequently assessed by ex vivo micro-computed-tomography and undecalcified histology after animal sacrifice, 10 weeks postoperatively. The recovery of all mice was excellent, a full-weight-bearing was observed within one day following the surgical procedure. Furthermore, stable bone fixation and consistent fixation of the implanted materials were achieved in all animals tested throughout the study. When the bone defects were left empty, non-union was consistently obtained. In contrast, when the bone defects were filled with syngenic bone grafts, bone union was always observed. When the bone defects were filled with coralline scaffolds, newly-formed bone was observed in the interface between bone resection edges and the scaffold, as well as within a short distance within the scaffold. 
The present model describes a reproducible critical-size femoral defect stabilized by plate osteosynthesis with low morbidity in mice. The new load-bearing segmental bone defect model could be useful for studying the underlying mechanisms in bone regeneration pertinent to orthopaedic applications.

Although mouse models are invaluable tools for bone tissue engineering, models of long bone defects are sparse. This need motivated development of the present protocol which uses a locking plate with four screws and a dedicated jig to perform and stabilize a reproducible, femoral, critical-size defect with low morbidity.

プレート骨接合によって安定化マウスにおけるセグメント別大腿臨界サイズ欠陥モデルの確立

The use of tissue-engineered bone constructs is an appealing strategy to overcome drawbacks of autografts for the treatment of massive bone defects. As a ...

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of knowledge on the injury and its effects. To develop a better understanding of concussions, animals are often used because they provide a controlled, rigorous, and efficient model. Studies have adapted traditional animal models to perform mTBI to stimulate mild injury severity by changing the injury parameters. These models have been used because they can produce morphologically similar brain injuries to the clinical condition and provide a spectrum of injury severities. However, they are limited in their ability to present the identical features of injuries in patients. Using a traditional impact system, a repetitive concussive injury (rCHI) model can induce mild to moderate human-like concussion. The injury degree can be determined by measuring the period of loss of consciousness (LOC) with a sign of a transient termination of breathing. The rCHI model is beneficial to use for its accuracy and simplicity in determining mTBI effects and potential treatments.

Concussion presents the most common type of traumatic brain injury. Therefore, a repetitive concussive animal model, which replicates the important features of an injury in patients, may provide a means to study concussion in a rigorous, controlled, and efficient manner.

マウスにおける反復震とう頭部損傷モデル

Despite the concussion/ mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) being the most frequent occurrence of traumatic brain injury, there is still a lack of ...

The Generation of Closed Femoral Fractures in Mice: A Model to Study Bone Healing

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies that promote efficient bone healing are non-existent and in high demand. Effective and reproducible animal models of fractures healing are needed to understand the complex biological processes associated with bone regeneration. Many animal models of fracture healing have been generated over the years; however, murine fracture models have recently emerged as powerful tools to study bone healing. A variety of open and closed models have been developed, but the closed femoral fracture model stands out as a simple method for generating rapid and reproducible results in a physiologically relevant manner. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice and facilitate a post-fracture stabilization of the femur by inserting an intramedullary steel rod. Although devices such as a nail or a screw offer greater axial and rotational stability, the use of an intramedullary rod provides a sufficient stabilization for consistent healing outcomes without producing new defects in the bone tissue or damaging nearby soft tissue. Radiographic imaging is used to monitor the progression of callus formation, bony union, and subsequent remodeling of the bony callus. Bone healing outcomes are typically associated with the strength of the healed bone and measured with torsional testing. Still, understanding the early cellular and molecular events associated with fracture repair is critical in the study of bone tissue regeneration. The closed femoral fracture model in mice with intramedullary fixation serves as an attractive platform to study bone fracture healing and evaluate therapeutic strategies to accelerate healing.

The murine closed femoral fracture model is a powerful platform to study fracture healing and novel therapeutic strategies to accelerate bone regeneration. The goal of this surgical protocol is to generate unilateral closed femoral fractures in mice using an intramedullary steel rod to stabilize the femur.

マウスで閉じた大腿骨骨折の生成: 骨の治癒を研究するためのモデル

Bone fractures impose a tremendous socio-economic burden on patients, in addition to significantly affecting their quality of life. Therapeutic strategies ...

A Modified Simple Method for Induction of Myocardial Infarction in Mice

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI remodeling and evaluation of novel therapeutics. Different methods (e.g., isoproterenol treatment, cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation, etc.) have been used to induce MI. Compared with isoproterenol treatment and cryoinjury, coronary artery ligation may better reflect the ischemic response and chronic remodeling after MI. However, traditional methods for coronary ligation in mice are technically challenging. The current study describes a simple and efficient process for induction of MI in mice with readily available materials. The mouse chest skin was cut open under stable anesthesia. The heart was immediately externalized through the intercostal space after blunt separation of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor. The left anterior descending branch (LAD) was ligated with a 6-0 suture 3 mm from its origin. Following LAD ligation, staining with 2,3,5-Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) indicated successful induction of MI and temporal changes of post-MI scar size. Meanwhile, survival analysis results showed overt mortality within 7 days after MI, mainly due to cardiac rupture. Moreover, post-MI echocardiographic assessment demonstrated successful induction of contractile dysfunction and ventricular remodeling. Once mastered, an MI model can be established in mice within 2-3 min with readily available materials.

Under adequate anesthesia, the mouse heart was externalized through the intercostal space, and myocardial infarction was successfully induced by ligating the left anterior descending artery (LAD) using materials readily available in most laboratories.

マウスにおける心筋梗塞の誘導のための改良簡便法

Myocardial infarction (MI) represents one of the leading causes of death. MI models are widely used for investigating the pathomechanisms of post-MI ...