著者は、(プロジェクト助成 1012409 BHC にリンク) オーストラリア健康と医学研究評議会のサポートを認めます。

このプロトコルは南東シドニー人間研究倫理委員会で承認され、大学のニュー ・ サウス ・ ウェールズの人間研究倫理委員会によって批准されました。健康なドナーから得られる臍帯血によって、シドニーの臍帯血バンク (シドニー, ニューサウス ウェールズ州, オーストラリア) が提供されました。約 100 mL のボリュームは、この手順で使用されました。
メモ: クラス II バイオ セーフティ キャビネットの無菌技術を使用であります。70% エタノールで臍帯血バッグの外側を消毒します。この手順 (はさみ、ピンセット) 滅菌器具を使用します。
1. 臍帯血細胞調製と CD34 の単離細胞の+
<ol>
	<li>滅菌分離バッファー (SB) リン酸緩衝生理食塩水 (PBS) で、pH 7.2, と含まれている 0.5% のウシの血清アルブミンと 2 mM EDTA を準備します。</li>
	<li>(血液の 10 mL あたり 1 つの管が必要) 50 mL コニカル チューブに SB の 10 mL を分注します。10 mL のシリンジにマウントされている G18 鈍針を使用して、バッグから 10 ミリリットルの血液を描画し、SB の 10 mL を含む 50 mL チューブに分注します。</li>
	<li>2 つの層を作成する、希釈血液の入ったチューブの底部に 15 mL のリンパ球分離培 (材料の表を参照) を追加します。 注: は、異なる層の混合を避けるために管の下でゆっくりとメディアを調剤します。</li>
	<li>区切りなしとアクセラレータなし室温 (RT) で 30 分間 1,200 × g でチューブを遠心します。</li>
	<li>パスツール ピペットを使用して新しい 50 mL チューブに単核細胞 (各チューブから約 5-10 mL) を格納筒の中心に近い層を転送します。各容量 50 mL のチューブに SB を追加します。</li>
	<li>RT。 破棄で 10 分の 400 × g で遠心上清。</li>
	<li>浮遊細胞 SB. コンバインの 5-10 mL のパスツール ピペットで注意深く細胞ペレットを再懸濁します、SB にて 50 mL にボリュームをもたらします。</li>
	<li>トリパン ブルー染色および診断を使用して、または自動のセルを数える細胞カウンター (材料の表を参照してください)。CD34 のパーセンテージを決定+のセルをサンプルでは、2.5 × 10 を再懸濁します5セル SB と染色の 100 μ L で 4 ° C で 15-30 分の抗 CD34 PE 抗体の 10 μ L を追加することによってフローサイトメトリー (図 1 a) によって分析します。</li>
	<li>4 ° C で 10 分間 400 × g で遠心管上清を捨てます。 注: すぐに必要でなければ、単核細胞はこの段階で冷凍することができます。</li>
	<li>SB の 300 μ L 108細胞/細胞を再懸濁します。FcR はヒト IgG の 100 μ L を追加 (ブロッキング試薬、材料表を参照) と 10 の8セルあたり CD34 磁気ビーズの 100 μ L。穏やかに混合し、, 4 ° C、30-40 分で。 メモ: 単一細胞懸濁液は必要です (必要に応じて、細胞を通過も 30 μ m フィルター試薬を追加する前に)。記載されている以下の 10 の8セルの試薬ボリュームを使用します。以上 10 の8セル試薬 (SB、ブロッキング、および、CD34 磁気ビーズ) をそれに応じてスケール アップします。</li>
	<li>マグネット ホルダーに LS 列を配置し SB. 破棄の 3 mL 洗浄廃液、潜伏期間中に LS 分離カラムを準備します。 注意: LS 分離カラムは最大 2 × 10 の8セルの総数をロードできます。小さくより大きい列があります。</li>
	<li>セルの混合物に SB の 5-10 mL を追加し、400 × g で 10 分間遠心上清を破棄します。</li>
	<li>SB の 1.5 mL の細胞を再懸濁します、LS 列に細胞懸濁液 (1.5 mL) を読み込みます。15 mL コレクション チューブ (負の分数 #1) のラベルのないセルを含む流れを収集します。ドレインし、SB の 1.5 mL でコラムを洗浄液ができます。</li>
	<li>(3 mL) を通じて収集した流れを列に読み込むし、同じ 15 mL コレクション チューブ (負の分数 #1) の流れを収集します。SB の 3 mL で 3 回 LS 列を洗います。 注: 必要な場合、負の分数 (12 mL) でセルと汚されることができる抗 CD34 抗体 CD34 のキャプチャを確認するために+ LS 列による細胞します。</li>
	<li>磁選機から列を削除し、SB の 2 mL で新しい 15 mL チューブに注射器のプランジャーをゆっくりと細胞をフラッシュします。</li>
	<li>列に戻って戻って磁気分離装置と負荷セルの 2 mL に列を配置します。流れを収集し、2 ml の SB を洗います。これは、負の分数 #2 (4 mL) です。</li>
	<li>磁気分離装置から LS 列を削除し、CD34 を収集するためにシリンジのプランジャーで着実に、しっかりと SB. フラッシュ セルの 2 mL を追加+細胞画分。トリパン ブルー染色、検定または自動化された細胞カウンターを使用してセルをカウントします。</li>
	<li>4 ° C で 15 分間 400 × g で肯定的な分画遠心分離機管上清を捨てます。Cd34 陽性の血清自由な媒体の細胞を再懸濁します+細胞 (SFM、材料表を参照してください)。 注: すぐに必要でなければ、セルを固定できる液体窒素でこの段階で。</li>
</ol>
2. 純度チェック分離 cd34 陽性細胞の+
<ol>
	<li>2 x 104 10 μ L 抗 CD34 PE 抗体と 4 ° C (アイソタイプ コントロールのために個別のチューブ使用) で 15 分の 20 μ L 抗 CD45 PerCP 抗体陽性分画細胞を染色 (図 1 b)。</li>
	<li>洗浄する SB の 1 mL を追加します。400 × g で 10 分間の遠心分離機の SB の 200 μ L にペレットを再懸濁します。</li>
	<li>フローサイトメトリーによる解析を行い、ゲートの残骸 (図 1 b) を除外する生きているセルの人口。PE、PerCP アイソタイプ コントロール (図 1 b) を使って PE、PerCP の肯定的な人口のためにゲートを設定および cd34 陽性の割合を決定する+/CD45+細胞。</li>
</ol>
3. 巨核球分化
<ol>
	<li>シード 5 × 105セル/mL cd34 陽性細胞 12 ウェル プレートのウェルあたり 50 ng/mL の組換え人間トロンボポエチン (rhTPO) を添加した SFM の 2 mL の+ 。37 ° c、5% CO2加湿雰囲気の中で細胞を孵化させなさい。分析のために必要である前に、細胞が合流、セルを収穫し、新鮮なメディアと rhTPO の複数の井戸に分割します。 注: 2 つまたは 3 つの井戸は、異なる時点 (例えば7、9、および 10 日間) で分化を監視するために特に準備されるべき。</li>
	<li>他の井戸のセルを妨げないで分化を監視するために脇の井戸から細胞を採取します。</li>
	<li>20 μ L 抗アスピリン/CD41 FITC 抗体で染色細胞と 100 μ L の最終巻で 10 μ L 抗 GPIX/CD42a Alexa Fluor 647 抗体コントロール設定はそれぞれアイソタイプ コントロール抗体を用いた管します。4 ° C で 15-30 分間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>洗浄する SB の 1 mL を追加します。</li></ol>400 × g で 10 分間破棄上澄みで遠心し、フローサイトメトリーによる SB. 分析の 200-300 μ L でペレットを再懸濁します。
	<li>各 fluorophore の FITC と Alexa 小麦粉 647 の肯定的な人口のためのゲートを設定するアイソタイプ コントロールを分析します。CD41 の割合を判断する染色細胞サンプルの分析+/CD42a+ダブル陽性細胞、成熟した MK (図 1) を表わす。</li>
	<li>可視化セルの表面マーカーは、3.3 で説明したように細胞を染色します。<ol>
		<li>洗浄する SB の 1 mL を追加します。400 × g で 10 分間遠心分離が 100 でペレットを再懸濁します SB と 30 s. 空気乾燥、メタノールで浸ることによってスライドの 5 分修正セル 1,000 x g でスライド ガラス上にスピンの μ L を追加 DAPI を含むメディアのマウントの 20 μ L (材料の表を参照)、、coverslip でカバーし、蛍光顕微鏡 (図 2 a) を使って視覚化。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>細胞内抗原の可視化は、PBS のセルを再懸濁します、室温で 15 分間パラホルムアルデヒド (最終濃度が 1%) で修正します。セルを permeabilize トリトン X100 (0.1%) を追加し、PBS/0.1% トリトン X100 2 mL を 15 分洗浄セル間インキュベートします。PBS/0.1% トリトン X 100 の 100 μ L で再懸濁します抗 vWf や抗 CD62p 抗体 (希釈 1: 200) 追加して、室温で 30 分間インキュベートします。<ol>
		<li>2 mL PBS/0.1% トリトン X100 で洗って 10 分 400 × g で遠心分離機、同じバッファーの 100 μ L で再懸濁し、抗マウス IgG Alexa 594 と抗うさぎ IgG アレクサ 488 (1: 100) を追加します。室温で 30 分間インキュベート、2 mL PBS/0.1% トリトン X100 で洗って、同じバッファーの 100 μ L で再懸濁します、CD42b APC アンチの 20 μ L を追加します。3.6.1 の手順で説明するようにスライド ガラスに細胞をスピンし、3.6.1 の手順で説明するよう、顕微鏡可視化のサンプルを準備します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>倍数性決定のため日 12 または 13 分化細胞を収穫します。洗浄する SB の 1 mL を追加します。10 分の 100 μ L の最終巻に 20 μ L 抗アスピリン/CD41 FITC 抗体染色 400 × g で遠心 4 の ° c で 30 分間加温。<ol>
		<li>SB の 1 mL で 1 回洗浄し、低張性クエン酸バッファー (1.25 mM クエン酸ナトリウム、塩化ナトリウム 2.5 mM、3.5 mM ブドウ糖) 含む 20 μ g/ml propidium ヨウ化物及び 0.05% の 300 μ L でペレットを再懸濁しますトリトン X 100。光から保護 4 ° C で 15 分間インキュベートします。</li>
		<li>最終濃度 20 μ G/ml に RNase を追加し、光から保護 4 ° C で 30 分間インキュベートします。CD41 FITC+の人口 (図 2) の 30,000 に 50,000 イベントを収集して、フローサイトメトリーによる propidium ヨウ化物の強度を決定します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>

4. proplatelet カウント、血小板の列挙、および血小板の活性化
<ol>
	<li>1 × 104細胞/ウェル 50 ng/mL rhTPO を添加した新鮮な SFM の 200 μ L で 48 ウェル プレートでの日 8 または 9 の分化と種 (ステップ 3.1) から細胞を採取します。37 ° C、5% で 5 日間文化 CO2. 注: 定量用、種子は 3 通の井戸します。この低密度は可視化に必要な文化の 2 日後に表示される proplatelet 担 MK. Proplatelets 通常のカウント開始。ピークは、4 日から 5 日間です。</li>
	<li>10 X、20 X 目標を用いた倒立顕微鏡上全体の井戸の proplatelet ベアリング MK の数をカウントします。 注: 温水 (37 ° C) 顕微鏡のステージは、proplatelet 拡張子の収縮を引き起こす長時間室温で細胞を維持するので望ましい。Proplatelets は、MK の体から長い拡張子として観察されます。各 MK proplatelet いくつかの突起があります。Proplatelets を開発し、MK の本体サイズが小さくなります。</li>
	<li>細胞を収穫し、室温で 10 分間 400 × g で遠心分離機します。3.3 と 3.4 の手順で説明するように 20 μ L 抗ひと CD41 FITC 抗体で細胞を染色します。Proplatelet ベアリング MK (pbMK) のパーセンテージを計算: pbMK (%) = [(Proplatelet ベアリング MKs よく/)/(総 CD41+細胞/ウェル)] x 100</li>
	<li>培養液中に放出される血小板をカウントするには、優しくパスツール ピペットで細胞をミックスし、14 または 15 文化の日で 100 μ L を収集します。<ol>
		<li>4 ° C で 20-30 分の 20 μ L 抗ひと CD41 FITC 抗体で染色します。それぞれのアイソタイプ コントロール抗体を用いた制御管を設定します。</li>
		<li>SB の 150 μ L とビーズを数えるの 50 μ L を追加します。</li>
		<li>フローサイトメトリーによる解析、FSC と SSC を対数スケールを設定します。血小板豊富な血しょうから使用通常ひと血小板は、セクション 4.4.1 血小板 (図 3 a) のゲートを設定するの説明に従って CD41 FITC と汚れます。</li>
		<li>フローサイトメトリーによるビーズを数えるとステンド グラスの血小板を分析します。SSC 散布図 (図 3 a) と FSC を用いたビーズを数える 1,000 イベントを収集します。CD41 FITC ポジティブなイベント (図 3 b) 数式を使用してに基づく血小板の数を計算します。 Μ L あたり血小板 = [(CD41 FITC 肯定的なイベントの番号)/1,000 beads)] x [(number of beads in 50 µL)/ボリュームのサンプル)]</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>血小板の活性化を分析するには、優しくパスツール ピペットで細胞をミックスし、14 または 15 文化の日で 100 μ L を収集します。細胞のペレットに 5 分間、200 x g でタイロード バッファー (137 mM NaCl、2.7 mM KCl、1 mM MgCl2、1.8 mM CaCl2、 0.2 mM Na2HPO4、12 mM NaHCO3、5.5 mM D-グルコース、pH 6.5) および遠心分離機の 1 mL を追加します。<ol>
		<li>血小板サイズの粒子をペレットに 10 分間、800 × g で遠心、上清を収集します。</li>
		<li>上澄みを廃棄し、タイロード バッファーの 100 μ L で再懸濁します。PAC1 FITC 抗体とアデノシン二リン酸 (ADP) の 20 μ L を加える最終濃度 20 μ M の FITC 肯定的なイベントの割合を決定するため 20 分分析フローサイトメトリーによる部屋の温度で加温。肯定的な制御 (図 3) と同じように扱われる新鮮なひと血小板を使用します。</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>

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Y. I., Chong, B. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+thrombocytopenia:+antiplatelet+autoantibodies+inhibit+proplatelet+formation+by+megakaryocytes+and+impair+platelet+production+in+vitro.">Immune thrombocytopenia: antiplatelet autoantibodies inhibit proplatelet formation by megakaryocytes and impair platelet production in vitro.</a> Haematologica. 100 (5), 623-632 (2015).</li><li>Lev, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impaired+proplatelet+formation+in+immune+thrombocytopenia:+a+novel+mechanism+contributing+to+decreased+platelet+count.">Impaired proplatelet formation in immune thrombocytopenia: a novel mechanism contributing to decreased platelet count.</a> Br. J. Haematol. 165 (6), 854-864 (2014).</li><li>Gandhi, M. J., Drachman, J. G., Reems, J. A., Thorning, D., Lannutti, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+strategy+for+generating+platelet-like+fragments+from+megakaryocytic+cell+lines+and+human+progenitor+cells.">A novel strategy for generating platelet-like fragments from megakaryocytic cell lines and human progenitor cells.</a> Blood Cells Mol. Dis. 35 (1), 70-73 (2005).</li><li>Lu, S. -. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platelets+generated+from+human+embryonic+stem+cells+are+functional+in+vitro+and+in+the+microcirculation+of+living+mice.">Platelets generated from human embryonic stem cells are functional in vitro and in the microcirculation of living mice.</a> Cell Res. 21 (3), 530-545 (2011).</li><li>Moreau, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+production+of+megakaryocytes+from+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+by+chemically+defined+forward+programming.">Large-scale production of megakaryocytes from human pluripotent stem cells by chemically defined forward programming.</a> Nature Commun. 7, 11208 (2016).</li><li>De Bruyn, C., Delforge, A., Martiat, P., Bron, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+expansion+of+megakaryocyte+progenitor+cells:+cord+blood+versus+mobilized+peripheral+blood.">Ex vivo expansion of megakaryocyte progenitor cells: cord blood versus mobilized peripheral blood.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 14 (4), 415-424 (2005).</li><li>Nimgaonkar, M. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+unique+population+of+CD34++cells+in+cord+blood.">A unique population of CD34+ cells in cord blood.</a> Stem cells. 13 (2), 158-166 (1995).</li><li>Italiano, J. E., Patel-Hett, S., Hartwig, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanics+of+proplatelet+elaboration.">Mechanics of proplatelet elaboration.</a> J Thromb Haemost. 5, 18-23 (2007).</li><li>Matsunaga, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+large-scale+generation+of+human+platelets+from+cord+blood+CD34++cells.">Ex vivo large-scale generation of human platelets from cord blood CD34+ cells.</a> Stem cells. 24 (12), 2877-2887 (2006).</li><li>Sullenbarger, B., Bahng, J. H., Gruner, R., Kotov, N., Lasky, L. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prolonged+continuous+in+vitro+human+platelet+production+using+three-dimensional+scaffolds.">Prolonged continuous in vitro human platelet production using three-dimensional scaffolds.</a> Exp Hematol. 37 (1), 101-110 (2009).</li><li>Proulx, C., Boyer, L., Hurnanen, D. R., Lemieux, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preferential+ex+vivo+expansion+of+megakaryocytes+from+human+cord+blood+CD34+-enriched+cells+in+the+presence+of+thrombopoietin+and+limiting+amounts+of+stem+cell+factor+and+Flt-3+ligand.">Preferential ex vivo expansion of megakaryocytes from human cord blood CD34+-enriched cells in the presence of thrombopoietin and limiting amounts of stem cell factor and Flt-3 ligand.</a> J. Hematother. Stem Cell Res. 12 (2), 179-188 (2003).</li><li>Bornstein, R., Garcia-Vela, J., Gilsanz, F., Auray, C., Cales, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cord+blood+megakaryocytes+do+not+complete+maturation,+as+indicated+by+impaired+establishment+of+endomitosis+and+low+expression+of+G1/S+cyclins+upon+thrombopoietin-induced+differentiation.">Cord blood megakaryocytes do not complete maturation, as indicated by impaired establishment of endomitosis and low expression of G1/S cyclins upon thrombopoietin-induced differentiation.</a> Br. J. Haematol. 114 (2), 458-465 (2001).</li><li>Chong, B. H., Choi, P. Y. I., Khachigian, L., Perdomo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drug-induced+Immune+Thrombocytopenia.">Drug-induced Immune Thrombocytopenia.</a> Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 27 (3), (2013).</li><li>Stasi, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Idiopathic+thrombocytopenic+purpura:+Current+concepts+in+pathophysiology+and+management.">Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura: Current concepts in pathophysiology and management.</a> Thromb Haemost. 99 (1), 4-13 (2008).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

ここで説明されているプロトコルは、MK と臍帯血から文化における血小板の一貫生産に適しています。これらの細胞は、MK 増殖、分化、proplatelet の形成と血小板の生産に及ぼす薬や生物学的活動など様々 なプロセスを研究に使用できます。
文化メディアとサイトカインの組み合わせの様々 な文献で紹介されています。また幹細胞因子、フェルマーの最終定理 3 配位子、...

通常研究室用プライマリ ヒト巨核球 (MK) の十分な数の分離は不可能です、骨髄での低周波による有核細胞1の ~0.01% のアカウントは、彼ら。便利な代替手段は、拡張前のヴィヴォと造血幹・前駆細胞の特定の成長因子の存在下で分化です。巨核芽球の文化の最も効果的な成長および分化因子は、MKs。 トロンボポエチン (TPO) を生産する培養システムの採用 (SCF; c キット リガンド) 幹細胞因子とインターロイキン (IL)-3 IL 11 などサイトカインの数がされています。単独で、または SCF と IL 32などの他のサイトカインが有効であります。TPO は、増殖と MKs2の成熟の両方で発生する幹細胞集団を操作できます。
1000 までは毎日 150-400 x 109/L. 血小板生産の in vitroの血小板数を維持するために形成された proplatelets と呼ばれる細胞質突起から MK プロデュース血小板や、生体内で約 1 × 10 の11の血小板が-これは CD34 を使用して多数の培養条件に上昇を与えているし体内の見積もり3より低いフォールド+を改善する MK と血小板生産体外造血前駆細胞。CD34 の初期ソース+ MK 分化用細胞は、ひと末梢血4だった。骨髄5,6、胚性幹細胞/誘導多能性幹細胞 (ESC/iPSC)7臍帯血 (UCB)8,9,10 などの他の細胞の源.ひと骨髄 CD34+ 11とマウス系統負, 骨髄細胞5生産 MK と血小板体外;人間の骨髄の可用性の欠如が CD34 のソースとしての使用を制限するそれにもかかわらず、+のセル。対照的に、ESC と iPSCの in vitro血小板の生産のための細胞の無制限のソースを表します。これらの細胞からの血小板の生産には、フィーダー細胞マウス OP9 細胞長期培養などが必要です。フィーダー無料条件で派生した血小板は、少ない機能12のように見えます。iPSC 由来血小板が大規模に拡張することができますので、臨床の現場で使用する可能性があります。このプロセスには、転写因子と長期的な細胞文化13レンチウイルスベクターを介した情報伝達が必要です。
UCB は CD34 のアクセス ソース+で容易に使用することができます細胞研究設定。TPO だけではコードの分化を促進することができます血由来 CD34+の血清添加またはフィーダー細胞との共培養を必要とせず非常に純粋な成熟した MKs を生じさせる細胞とこれ。他のサイトカイン SCF UCB CD34 から分化が低下するなど、+細胞、フェルマーの最終定理 3 配位子と IL-11 未熟な巨核球14の生産を推進中。このプロトコルは非常に純粋な臍帯血 CD34 から MK 文化+の生産を記述する無血清条件下で細胞。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell Culture Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human TPO</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-094-013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>StemSpan SFEM II</td>
			<td>Stem Cell Technologies</td>
			<td>9605</td>
			<td>Serum-free media for CD34+ cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 Isolation Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD34 MicroBead kit ultrapure</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-100-453</td>
			<td>This kit includes the FcR human IgG blocking reagent and CD34 microbeads. These beads contain the anti-CD34 antibody clone QBEND/10. Use a different anti-CD34 clone for purity check (e.g. clone 8G12).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>Alere Technologies</td>
			<td>1114545</td>
			<td>Lymphocyte separation media (density 1.077 g/mL)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile separation buffer (SB)</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-091-221</td>
			<td>This buffer contains phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.2 containing 0.5% bovine serum albumin and 2 mM EDTA. It can be prepared using sterile, cell culture grade components. De-gas before use because air bubbles can block the column.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flow Cytometry and Cell Staining Reagents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PE Mouse anti-Human CD34</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340669</td>
			<td>Clone 8G12. This can be used for CD34 purity check. Final antibody concentration 1:10 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP mouse anti-human CD45</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>347464</td>
			<td>1:10 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PerCP isotype control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>349044</td>
			<td>1:10 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FITC Mouse anti-Human CD41a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340929</td>
			<td>Final antibody concentration 1:5 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC Mouse anti-Human CD42b</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>551061</td>
			<td>This antibody can also be used to detect mature MK (the percentage of positive cells in usually lower than with anti CD42a). Final antibody concentration 1:10 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 Mouse anti-Human CD42a</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA1227A647T</td>
			<td>Currently distributed by Bio-Rad. Final antibody concentration 1:10 dilution.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 647 Mouse Negative Control</td>
			<td>AbD Serotec</td>
			<td>MCA928A647</td>
			<td>Currently distributed by Bio-Rad. Isotype control antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti von Willebrand factor rabbit polyclonal</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB6994</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V450 mouse anti-humna CD41a</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>58425</td>
			<td>1: 20 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>V450 isotype control</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>580373</td>
			<td>1:20 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAC1-FITC antibody</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>340507</td>
			<td>1:10 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti CD62p mouse monoclonal</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>AB6632</td>
			<td>1:200 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488 goat anti rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11008</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 594 goat anti mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>A11020</td>
			<td>1:100 dilution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ig Isotype Control cocktail-C</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>558659</td>
			<td>Isotype control antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propidium iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4864</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CountBright Absolute Counting Beads</td>
			<td>Molecular Probes, Invitrogen</td>
			<td>C36950</td>
			<td>Counting beads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Materials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LS columns</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-401</td>
			<td>Smaller and larger columns are also commercially available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MidiMACS Separator magnet</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-302</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MACS MultiStand</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-042-303</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 5mL round bottom polypropylene FACS tubes, with Snap Cap, Sterile</td>
			<td>In Vitro technologies</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Menzel-Glaser</td>
			<td>J3800AMNZ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting media with DAPI</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>Antifade mounting medium with DAPI</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Equipment</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inverted microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DMIRB inverted microscope</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Vert.A1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell analyser</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FACS Canto II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cytospin centrifuge</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific</td>
			<td>Cytospin 4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell analyser software</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>FACS Diva Software</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Single cell analysis software</td>
			<td>Tree Star</td>
			<td>FlowJo</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope software</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>Zen 2 blue edition</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

megakaryocyte differentiation and platelet formation from human cord blood-derived cd34+ cells

血小板は、骨髄血小板と呼ばれるプロセスで主に発生します。血小板産生、中に造血前駆細胞は巨核球は、proplatelets と呼ばれる長い細胞質プロセスから血小板を解放する区別する末期と呼ばれるフォーム血小板前駆細胞に区別します。巨核球は骨髄に閉じ込められた珍しいセルであり、実験室の使用のための十分な数字で収穫することは困難であるため。ヒト巨核球を効率的に生産することができます達成体外CD34 を養殖+の適した条件下のセルします。ここで詳細なプロトコル CD34 の分離を記述する臍帯血液サンプルから磁気セルソーターによる細胞の+ 。無血清条件下で非常に純粋な成熟した巨核球の生成に必要な手順を示します。巨核球分化の表現型解析および proplatelet の形成と血小板の生産の決定の詳細もあります。巨核球分化および/または抗血小板抗体などトロンボポエチン ヒューマンミメティック最前線の proplatelet の形成に影響を与えるエフェクターは、生物学的機能を調べるための培養細胞に追加できます。

このプロトコルにより、コードから高純度の MK 文化準備血由来 CD34+細胞。CD34 の割合+細胞コード血は約 1.315 (図 1 a)、10 x 90-300 から単核細胞 (ステップ 1.8) 範囲の総数 UCB 単位6 。CD34 の純度 + CD45 陽性細胞分離範囲は 90 から 99% (図 1 b) 後。MK (CD41 として定義されている+細胞...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells at JoVE.com

Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells

巨核球の人口は非常に純粋なコードから得られる血由来 CD34+細胞。CD34 のメソッド+細胞分離と巨核球分化をここで説明します。

巨核球分化および人間の血小板形成臍帯血由来 cd34 陽性細胞の+

Platelet production occurs principally in the bone marrow in a process known as thrombopoiesis. During thrombopoiesis, hematopoietic progenitor cells ...

megakaryocyte-differentiation-platelet-formation-from-human-cord

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JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells

19.5K ビュー.  University of New South Wales. 巨核球の人口は非常に純粋なコードから得られる血由来 CD34+細胞。CD34 のメソッド+細胞分離と巨核球分化をここで説明します。

ビデオ: Megakaryocyte Differentiation and Platelet Formation from Human Cord Blood-derived CD34+ Cells

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&iuml;ve and Memory T Cells

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in immunologic homeostasis with the vast amount of self and commensal antigens in and on the human body. Perturbations in the balance between Tregs and inflammatory conventional T cells can result in immunopathology or cancer. Although therapeutic injection of Tregs has been shown to be efficacious in murine models of colitis1 , type I diabetes2 , rheumatoid arthritis and graft versus host disease,4 several fundamental differences in human versus mouse Treg biology5 has thus far precluded clinical use. The lack of sufficient number, purity, stability and homing specificity of therapeutic Tregs necessitated a dynamic platform of human Treg development on which to optimize conditions for their ex vivo expansion6.
Here we describe a method for the differentiation of induced Tregs (iTregs) from a single human peripheral blood donor which can be broken down into four stages: isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, magnetic selection of CD4+ T cells, in vitro cell culture and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) of T cell subsets. Since the Treg signature transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FoxP3) is an activation-induced transcription factor in humans7 and no other unique marker exists, a combinatorial panel of markers must be used to identify T cells with suppressor activity. After six days in culture, cells in our system can be demarcated into na&iuml;ve T cells, memory T cells or iTregs based on their relative expression of CD25 and CD45RA. As memory and na&iuml;ve T cells have different reported polarization requirements and plasticities8 , pre-sorting of the initial T cell population into CD45RA+ and CD45RO+ subsets can be used to examine these discrepancies. Consistent with others, our CD25HiCD45RA- iTregs express high levels of FoxP39 , GITR and CTLA-411 and low levels of CD12712 . Following FACS of each population, resultant cells can be used in a suppressor assay which evaluates the relative ability to retard the proliferation of carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeled autologous T cells.

Generation of Induced Regulatory T Cells from Primary Human Na&#239;ve and Memory T Cells

We describe a method for generating regulatory, memory and na&#239;ve T cells from a single human blood donor. Polarized Tregs can be then compared to other subsets in a variety of genetic and functional applications with genetic homogeneity, including a suppression assay also detailed here.

初代ヒトナイーブおよびメモリーT細胞から誘導した調節性T細胞の生成

The development and maintenance of immunosuppressive CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to the peripheral tolerance needed to remain in ...

免疫・感染学

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer a biologic product with the potential for superior (i) recognition of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), (ii) persistence after infusion, (iii) potential for migration to tumor sites, and (iv) ability to recycle effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. Most approaches to genetic manipulation of T cells engineered for human application have used retrovirus and lentivirus for the stable expression of CAR1-3. This approach, although compliant with current good manufacturing practice (GMP), can be expensive as it relies on the manufacture and release of clinical-grade recombinant virus from a limited number of production facilities. The electro-transfer of nonviral plasmids is an appealing alternative to transduction since DNA species can be produced to clinical grade at approximately 1/10th the cost of recombinant GMP-grade virus. To improve the efficiency of integration we adapted Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon and transposase for human application4-8. Our SB system uses two DNA plasmids that consist of a transposon coding for a gene of interest (e.g. 2nd generation CD19-specific CAR transgene, designated CD19RCD28) and a transposase (e.g. SB11) which inserts the transgene into TA dinucleotide repeats9-11. To generate clinically-sufficient numbers of genetically modified T cells we use K562-derived artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) (clone #4) modified to express a TAA (e.g. CD19) as well as the T cell costimulatory molecules CD86, CD137L, a membrane-bound version of interleukin (IL)-15 (peptide fused to modified IgG4 Fc region) and CD64 (Fc-&gamma; receptor 1) for the loading of monoclonal antibodies (mAb)12. In this report, we demonstrate the procedures that can be undertaken in compliance with cGMP to generate CD19-specific CAR+ T cells suitable for human application. This was achieved by the synchronous electro-transfer of two DNA plasmids, a SB transposon (CD19RCD28) and a SB transposase (SB11) followed by retrieval of stable integrants by the every-7-day additions (stimulation cycle) of &gamma;-irradiated aAPC (clone #4) in the presence of soluble recombinant human IL-2 and IL-2113. Typically 4 cycles (28 days of continuous culture) are undertaken to generate clinically-appealing numbers of T cells that stably express the CAR. This methodology to manufacturing clinical-grade CD19-specific T cells can be applied to T cells derived from peripheral blood (PB) or umbilical cord blood (UCB). Furthermore, this approach can be harnessed to generate T cells to diverse tumor types by pairing the specificity of the introduced CAR with expression of the TAA, recognized by the CAR, on the aAPC.

Clinical Application of Sleeping Beauty and Artificial Antigen Presenting Cells to Genetically Modify T Cells from Peripheral and Umbilical Cord Blood

T cells expressing a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are infused as investigational treatment of B-cell malignancies in our first-in-human gene therapy trials. We describe genetic modification of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty (SB) system to introduce CD19-specific CAR and selective propagation on designer CD19+ artificial antigen presenting cells.

の臨床応用<em&gt;眠れる森の美女</em遺伝的に末梢及び臍帯血由来のT細胞を変更する&gt;と人工抗原提示細胞

The potency of clinical-grade T cells can be improved by combining gene therapy with immunotherapy to engineer  a biologic product with the potential for ...

Real-time Imaging of Heterotypic Platelet-neutrophil Interactions on the Activated Endothelium During Vascular Inflammation and Thrombus Formation in Live Mice

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 During thrombus formation at the site of arteriolar injury, platelets adherent to the activated endothelium and subendothelial matrix proteins support neutrophil rolling and adhesion.3 Conversely, under venular inflammatory conditions, neutrophils adherent to the activated endothelium can support adhesion and accumulation of circulating platelets. Heterotypic platelet-neutrophil aggregation requires sequential processes by the specific receptor-counter receptor interactions between cells.4 It is known that activated endothelial cells release adhesion molecules such as von Willebrand factor, thereby initiating platelet adhesion and accumulation under high shear conditions.5 Also, activated endothelial cells support neutrophil rolling and adhesion by expressing selectins and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), respectively, under low shear conditions.4 Platelet P-selectin interacts with neutrophils through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), thereby inducing activation of neutrophil &beta;2 integrins and firm adhesion between two cell types. Despite the advances in in vitro experiments in which heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions are determined in whole blood or isolated cells,6,7 those studies cannot manipulate oxidant stress conditions during vascular disease. In this report, using fluorescently-labeled, specific antibodies against a mouse platelet and neutrophil marker, we describe a detailed intravital microscopic protocol to monitor heterotypic interactions of platelets and neutrophils on the activated endothelium during TNF-&alpha;-induced inflammation or following laser-induced injury in cremaster muscle microvessels of live mice.

Here we report an experimental technique of fluorescence intravital microscopy to visualize heterotypic platelet-neutrophil interactions on the activated endothelium during vascular inflammation and thrombus formation in live mice. This microscopic technology will be valuable to study the molecular mechanism of vascular disease and to test pharmacologic agents under pathophysiological conditions.

生きたマウスにおける血管炎症及び血栓形成の間に活性化内皮上に異型血小板、好中球の相互作用のリアルタイムイメージング

Interaction of activated platelets and leukocytes (mainly neutrophils) on the activated endothelium mediates thrombosis and vascular inflammation.1,2 ...

Isolation of Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Epithelial Cells from Human Thymus

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen presenting cell (APC) types found in a normal thymus and it is well established that they play distinct roles during thymic selection. These cells are localized in distinct microenvironments in the thymus and each APC type makes up only a minor population of cells. To further understand the biology of these cell types, characterization of these cell populations is highly desirable but due to their low frequency, isolation of any of these cell types requires an efficient and reproducible procedure. This protocol details a method to obtain cells suitable for characterization of diverse cellular properties. Thymic tissue is mechanically disrupted and after different steps of enzymatic digestion, the resulting cell suspension is enriched using a Percoll density centrifugation step. For isolation of myeloid DC (CD11c+), cells from the low-density fraction (LDF) are immunoselected by magnetic cell sorting. Enrichment of TEC populations (mTEC, cTEC) is achieved by depletion of hematopoietic (CD45hi) cells from the low-density Percoll cell fraction allowing their subsequent isolation via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) using specific cell markers. The isolated cells can be used for different downstream applications.

This protocol details a method to isolate antigen presenting cells from human thymus via different steps of enzymatic digestion of the tissue followed by density centrifugation of the single cell suspension and finally magnetic and/or FACS sorting of the cell populations of interest.

ヒト胸腺からの骨髄樹状細胞と上皮細胞の単離

In this protocol we provide a method to isolate dendritic cells (DC) and epithelial cells (TEC) from the human thymus. DC and TEC are the major antigen ...

Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide antigens presented by MHC (human ortholog HLA) molecules through the T cell receptor (TCR) in a highly sensitive and specific manner. While the primary function of T cells is to mediate protective immune responses to foreign antigens presented by self-MHC, T cells respond robustly to antigenic differences in allogeneic tissues. T cell responses to alloantigens can be described as either direct or indirect alloreactivity. In alloreactivity, the T cell responds through highly specific recognition of both the presented peptide and the MHC molecule. The robust oligoclonal response of T cells to allogeneic stimulation reflects the large number of potentially stimulatory alloantigens present in allogeneic tissues. While the breadth of alloreactive T cell responses is an important factor in initiating and mediating the pathology associated with biologically-relevant alloreactive responses such as graft versus host disease and allograft rejection, it can preclude analysis of T cell responses to allogeneic ligands. To this end, this protocol describes a method for generating alloreactive T cells from naive human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) that respond to known peptide-MHC (pMHC) alloantigens. The protocol applies pMHC multimer labeling, magnetic bead enrichment and flow cytometry to single cell in vitro culture methods for the generation of alloantigen-specific T cell clones. This enables studies of the biochemistry and function of T cells responding to allogeneic stimulation.

This article describes a method for the generation and propagation of human T cell clones that specifically respond to a defined alloantigen. This protocol can be adapted for cloning human T cells specific for a variety of peptide-MHC ligands.

末梢血からのヒトアロ抗原特異的T細胞の生成

The study of human T lymphocyte biology often involves examination of responses to activating ligands. T cells recognize and respond to processed peptide ...

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are used for host defense. For the quantitative determination of the functional status of the humoral immune response of an individual, both serum Abs and circulating ASCs are commonly measured as functional readouts. In humans, peripheral blood is the most convenient and readily accessible sample that can be used for the determination of the humoral immune response elicited by host B cells. Distinct B-cell subsets, including ASCs, can be isolated directly from peripheral blood via selection with lineage-specific Ab-conjugated microbeads or via cell sorting with flow cytometry. Moreover, purified na&#239;ve and memory B cells can be activated and differentiated into ASCs in culture. The functional activities of ASCs to contribute to Ab secretion can be quantified by ELISpot, which is an assay that converges enzyme-linked immunoabsorbance assay (ELISA) and western blotting technologies to enable the enumeration of individual ASCs at the single-cell level. In practice, the ELISpot assay has been increasingly used to evaluate vaccine efficacy because of the ease of handling of a large number of blood samples. The methods of isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, the differentiation of B cells into ASCs in vitro, and the employment of ELISpot for the quantification of total IgM- and IgG-ASCs will be described here.

Human peripheral blood is commonly used for the assessment of the humoral immune response. Here, the methods for isolating human B cells from peripheral blood, differentiating human B cells into antibody (Ab)-secreting B cells (ASCs) in culture, and enumerating the total IgM- and IgG-ASCs via an ELISpot assay are described.

単離、分化、および血液からヒト抗体を分泌するB細胞の定量化：体液性免疫の機能読み出しなどのELISpot

The hallmark of humoral immunity is to generate functional ASCs, which synthesize and secrete Abs specific to an antigen (Ag), such as a pathogen, and are ...

Generation of Human Monocyte-derived Dendritic Cells from Whole Blood

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed on their cell surface and thereby activate and regulate immunity. 
The major function of DCs is the induction of adaptive immunity in the lymph nodes by presenting antigens via MHC I and MHC II molecules to na&#239;ve T lymphocytes. Therefore, DCs have to migrate from the periphery to the lymph nodes after the recognition of pathogens at the sites of infection. For in vitro experiments or DC vaccination strategies, monocyte-derived DCs are routinely used. These cells show similarities in physiology, morphology, and function to conventional myeloid dendritic cells. They are generated by interleukin 4 (IL-4) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulation of monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated and stimulated from anti-coagulated human blood after peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) enrichment by density gradient centrifugation. Human monocytes are differentiated into immature DCs and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting after 5 days of incubation.

Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting.

全血からのヒト単球由来樹状細胞の生成

Dendritic cells (DCs) recognize foreign structures of different pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, via a variety of pattern recognition ...

In Vitro Differentiation of Human CD4+FOXP3+ Induced Regulatory T Cells (iTregs) from Na&#239;ve CD4+ T Cells Using a TGF-&#946;-containing Protocol

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing autoimmune diseases. Clinical approaches to adoptively transfer Tregs, or to deplete Tregs in cancer, are underway with promising first outcomes. 
Because the number of naturally occurring Tregs (nTregs) is very limited, studying certain Treg features using in vitro induced Tregs (iTregs) can be advantageous. To date, the best although not absolutely specific protein marker to delineate Tregs is the transcription factor FOXP3. Despite the importance of Tregs including non-redundant roles of peripherally induced Tregs, the protocols to generate iTregs are currently controversial, particularly for human cells. This protocol therefore describes the in vitro differentiation of human CD4+FOXP3+ iTregs from human na&#239;ve T cells using a range of Treg-inducing factors (TGF-&#946; plus IL-2 only, or their combination with retinoic acid, rapamycin or butyrate) in parallel. It also describes the phenotyping of these cells by flow cytometry and qRT-PCR. 
These protocols result in reproducible expression of FOXP3 and other Treg signature genes and enable the study of general FOXP3-regulatory mechanisms as well as protocol-specific effects to delineate the impact of certain factors. iTregs can be utilized to study various phenotypic aspects as well as molecular mechanisms of Treg induction. Detailed molecular studies are facilitated by relatively large cell numbers that can be obtained. 
A limitation for the application of iTregs is the relative instability of FOXP3 expression in these cells compared to nTregs. iTregs generated by these protocols can also be used for functional assays such as studying their suppressive function, in which iTregs induced by TGF-&#946; plus retinoic acid and rapamycin display superior suppressive activity. However, the suppressive capacity of iTregs can differ from nTregs and the use of appropriate controls is crucial.

This protocol describes the reproducible generation and phenotyping of human induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from na&#239;ve CD4+ T cells in vitro. Different protocols for FOXP3 induction allow for the study of specific iTreg phenotypes obtained with respective protocols.

TGF-βを含むプロトコルを使用したナイーブCD4 + T細胞からのヒトCD4 + FOXP3 +誘導された調節性T細胞（iTregs）のインビトロ分化における

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an integral part of peripheral tolerance, suppressing immune reactions against self-structures and thus preventing ...

Development and Validation of an Ultrasensitive Single Molecule Array Digital Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay for Human Interferon-&#945;

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (ELISA) assay. This system enables the quantification of human IFN-&#945; protein with unprecedented sensitivity, and with no cross-reactivity for other species of IFN.
The first key step of the protocol is the choice of the antibody pair, followed by the conjugation of the capture antibody to paramagnetic beads, and biotinylation of the detection antibody. Following this step, different parameters such as assay configuration, detector antibody concentration, and buffer composition can be modified until optimum sensitivity is achieved. Finally, specificity and reproducibility of the method are assessed to ensure confidence in the results. Here, we developed an IFN-&#945; single molecule array assay with a limit of detection of 0.69 fg/mL using high-affinity autoantibodies isolated from patients with biallelic mutations in the autoimmune regulator (AIRE) protein causing autoimmune polyendocrinopathy syndrome type 1/autoimmune polyendocrinopathy-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APS1/APECED). Importantly, these antibodies enabled detection of all 13 IFN-&#945; subtypes.
This new methodology allows the detection and quantification of IFN-&#945; protein in human biological samples at attomolar concentrations for the first time. Such a tool will be highly useful in monitoring the levels of this cytokine in human health and disease states, most particularly infection, autoimmunity, and autoinflammation.

Here we present a protocol to describe the development and validation of a single molecule array digital ELISA assay, which enables the ultra-sensitive detection of all IFN-&#945; subtypes in human samples.

超高感度単一分子の開発と検証配列人間のインターフェロン-α のデジタルの酵素免疫測定法

The main aim of this protocol is to describe the development and validation of an interferon (IFN)-&#945; single molecule array digital Enzyme-Linked ...

Isolation, Expansion, and Adipogenic Induction of CD34+CD31+ Endothelial Cells from Human Omental and Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor response to insulin, local hypoxia, and inflammation. By stimulating the differentiation of functional white adipocytes from progenitors, radical hypertrophy of the adipocyte population can be prevented and, consequently, the metabolic health of adipose tissue can be improved along with a reduction of inflammation. Also, by stimulating a differentiation of beige/brown adipocytes, the total body energy expenditure can be increased, resulting in weight loss. This approach could prevent the development of obesity co-morbidities such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
This paper describes the isolation, expansion, and differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from a subset of human adipose tissue endothelial cells that co-express the CD31 and CD34 markers. The method is relatively cheap and is not labor-intensive. It requires access to human adipose tissue and the subcutaneous depot is suitable for sampling. For this protocol, fresh adipose tissue samples from morbidly obese subjects [body mass index (BMI) &#62;35] are collected during bariatric surgery procedures. Using a sequential immunoseparation from the stromal vascular fraction, enough cells are produced from as little as 2&#8211;3 g of fat. These cells can be expanded in culture over 10&#8211;14 days, can be cryopreserved, and retain their adipogenic properties with passaging up to passage 5&#8211;6. The cells are treated for 14 days with an adipogenic cocktail using a combination of human insulin and the PPAR&#947; agonist-rosiglitazone.
This methodology can be used for obtaining proof of concept experiments on molecular mechanisms that drive adipogenic responses in adipose endothelial cells, or for screening new drugs that can enhance the adipogenic response directed either towards white or beige/brown adipocyte differentiation. Using small subcutaneous biopsies, this methodology can be used to screen out non-responder subjects for clinical trials aimed to stimulate beige/brown and white adipocytes for the treatment of obesity and co-morbidities.

The differentiation of white and beige adipocytes from adipose tissue vascular progenitors bears potential for metabolic improvement in obesity. We describe protocols for a CD34+CD31+ endothelial cell isolation from human fat and for a subsequent in vitro expansion and differentiation into white and beige adipocytes. Several downstream applications are discussed.

分離、拡張、および CD31 cd34 陽性 + + ひと大網と皮下脂肪組織から血管内皮細胞の脂肪分化誘導

Obesity is accompanied by an extensive remodeling of adipose tissue primarily via adipocyte hypertrophy. Extreme adipocyte growth results in a poor ...

巨核球分化および人間の血小板形成臍帯血由来 cd34 陽性細胞の⁺

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