この作品は、高度なイメージング コアに、NIDCD 部の学内研究/NIH (W.W.C. へ DC000082-02) だけでなく、DC000081 からの資金によって支えられました。私たちの動物を気遣うため NIDCD 動物施設スタッフに感謝しております。

動物のすべてのプロシージャは、動物愛護と難聴および他のコミュニケーション無秩序 (NIDCD ASP1378-15) の国立研究所利用委員会によって承認されました。
1. 手順セットアップおよび準備
<ol><li>すべての楽器を実験の初めにエチレンオキ サイドで滅菌します。動物、間ビーズ滅菌を使用して楽器をきれいに。</li>
	<li>マイクロ インジェクターのマイクロ ピペットにウイルスの遺伝子療法を含むソリューションを読み込みます。本研究で使用されるウイルスのベクトルは AAV2/8 有 (1 x 1013ゲノム コピー、1 ミリリットルあたりは、材料の表を参照)。 注: 通常、1.1 μ L の総ボリュームは、ピペットに読み込まれます。</li>
</ol>2. 麻酔
注: この研究で使用されるマウスの緊張はベーキング マウスです。ホモ接合体変異体 (送受信を行って無線/無線) とヘテロ同腹子 (送受信を行って+/無線) 使用されました。
<ol><li>場所別ケージ (ゴミとは別) の母。</li>
	<li>マウスを暖かく保つために循環熱パッド (37.5 ° c セット) ごみ (P0 - P5 子犬) を含むホーム ケージを配置します。</li>
	<li>ラテックス グローブの親指部分をカットし、子犬を配置します。</li>
	<li>ラテックス グローブの親指に ~ 2 分の氷のバケツに子犬を配置します。</li>
	<li>4"× 4" ガーゼ子犬とパックの表面の間で大きな正方形商業プラスチック フリーズ パックに麻酔下の子犬を配置します。</li>
	<li>押しつぶされた氷、頑丈なラテックス手袋を埋めるし、子犬の周りアイス グローブを配置します。</li>
	<li>子犬は適切に (しっかりつま先ピンチを含む) さまざまな刺激への応答の完全な欠如によって麻酔かどうかを確認してください。氷パックに子犬を残して手術 (約 5-10 分) の持続期間のため。 注: 手術中に 15 分以上の氷パックに子犬を残してをお勧めします。</li>
</ol>3. 外科的アプローチ (図 1)
<ol><li>動物の麻酔後は、ヨウ素拭くアルコール ワイプと耳の後ろの皮膚をきれいに。</li>
	<li>耳介後部切開 ~ 2 mm マイクロ-はさみを使って耳の後ろを行い、マイクロはさみで胸鎖乳突筋を分割します。</li>
	<li>顔面神経とブラを識別します。ブラは軟骨と半透明なこの時代であり、顔面神経の内側。アブミ骨動脈は、便利なランドマークは、この年齢でブラを見ることができます。</li>
	<li>上方や後方に顔面神経を従う後半規管 (PSCC) を検索します。筋線維とマイクロはさみを使って後半規管を覆う軟組織を削除します。 注: この年齢で、PSCC は軟骨です。</li>
	<li>ガラス マイクロ ピペット (〜 10 μ m の直径) を用いたマイクロ インジェクター PSCC に浸透します。</li>
	<li>内耳へのウイルスの遺伝子療法を注入します。 注: 合計 49 の 20 注射遺伝子療法の nL を後半規管以上 〜 40 に配信する通常、s (総量 ~ 1 μ L)。使用ウイルスの力価は、1 mL あたり 1 x 1013ゲノム コピーだった。</li>
	<li>5-0 polyglactin の縫合糸を使用して皮膚切開を閉じる。</li>
</ol>4. 術後のケア
<ol><li>定数手動刺激/ローリングと手袋をはめた手指と麻酔からの回復の間に正常な体温を復元する温暖化パッドに子犬を配置します。</li>
	<li>子犬が目を覚まし、その家のケージに配置します。</li>
	<li>家敷にさらされている綿棒を使ってそれぞれの子犬を愛撫します。 注: この目的は再手術を後彼女のごみを受け入れる母親の可能性を高める術前と同様の匂いを嗅ぐマウスを持っていることです。可能であれば、母親から尿を収集し、拒絶反応の可能性をさらに減らすために綿棒を使用して子犬にこすりことができます。</li>
	<li>8、彼女を鈍感に母の鼻に鉱物油を適用し、ホームのケージに母を再導入します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Chien, W. W., Monzack, E. L., McDougald, D. S., Cunningham, L. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+for+sensorineural+hearing+loss.">Gene therapy for sensorineural hearing loss.</a> Ear Hear. 36, 1-7 (2015).</li><li>Askew, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tmc+gene+therapy+restores+auditory+function+in+deaf+mice.">Tmc gene therapy restores auditory function in deaf mice.</a> Sci Transl Med. 7, 295 (2015).</li><li>Akil, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Restoration+of+hearing+in+the+VGLUT3+knockout+mouse+using+virally+mediated+gene+therapy.">Restoration of hearing in the VGLUT3 knockout mouse using virally mediated gene therapy.</a> Neuron. 75, 283-293 (2012).</li><li>Pan, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+therapy+restores+auditory+and+vestibular+function+in+a+mouse+model+of+Usher+syndrome+type+1c.">Gene therapy restores auditory and vestibular function in a mouse model of Usher syndrome type 1c.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 35, 264-272 (2017).</li><li>Isgrig, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Therapy+Restores+Balance+and+Auditory+Functions+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Usher+Syndrome.">Gene Therapy Restores Balance and Auditory Functions in a Mouse Model of Usher Syndrome.</a> Mol Ther. 25, 780-791 (2017).</li><li>Lentz, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rescue+of+hearing+and+vestibular+function+by+antisense+oligonucleotides+in+a+mouse+model+of+human+deafness.">Rescue of hearing and vestibular function by antisense oligonucleotides in a mouse model of human deafness.</a> Nat Med. 19, 345-350 (2013).</li><li>Shibata, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+Interference+Prevents+Autosomal-Dominant+Hearing+Loss.">RNA Interference Prevents Autosomal-Dominant Hearing Loss.</a> Am J Hum Genet. 98, 1101-1113 (2016).</li><li>Van Sluyters, R. C., Obernier, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guidelines+for+the+care+and+use+of+mammals+in+neuroscience+and+behavioral+research.">Guidelines for the care and use of mammals in neuroscience and behavioral research.</a> Contemp Top Lab Anim. 43, 48 (2004).</li><li>Chien, W. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+Therapy+Restores+Hair+Cell+Stereocilia+Morphology+in+Inner+Ears+of+Deaf+Whirler+Mice.">Gene Therapy Restores Hair Cell Stereocilia Morphology in Inner Ears of Deaf Whirler Mice.</a> Mol Ther. 24, 17-25 (2016).</li><li>Hirose, K., Hartsock, J. J., Johnson, S., Santi, P., Salt, A. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systemic+lipopolysaccharide+compromises+the+blood-labyrinth+barrier+and+increases+entry+of+serum+fluorescein+into+the+perilymph.">Systemic lipopolysaccharide compromises the blood-labyrinth barrier and increases entry of serum fluorescein into the perilymph.</a> J Assoc Res Otolaryngol. 15, 707-719 (2014).</li><li>Okada, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+transfer+targeting+mouse+vestibule+using+adenovirus+and+adeno-associated+virus+vectors.">Gene transfer targeting mouse vestibule using adenovirus and adeno-associated virus vectors.</a> Otol Neurotol. 33, 655-659 (2012).</li><li>Suzuki, J., Hashimoto, K., Xiao, R., Vandenberghe, L. H., Liberman, M. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cochlear+gene+therapy+with+ancestral+AAV+in+adult+mice:+complete+transduction+of+inner+hair+cells+without+cochlear+dysfunction.">Cochlear gene therapy with ancestral AAV in adult mice: complete transduction of inner hair cells without cochlear dysfunction.</a> Sci Rep. 7, 45524 (2017).</li></ol>

作者に関連する開示があります。

いくつかの外科的アプローチは、齧歯動物の内耳にアクセスに記載されています。後半規管と内リンパ嚢のアプローチは通常前庭器官1をアクセスに使用されるに対し、Cochleostomy と丸い窓のアプローチは、蝸牛にアクセスするよく使用されます。最近の研究では、ウイルスの遺伝子療法の注射は、前庭器官と蝸牛殻5有毛細胞伝達の高効率の結果、後半規管?...

内耳遺伝子治療の調査の急速に発展途上の分野です。それは戦闘の難聴、騒音外傷、遺伝性難聴の損失1に様々 な動物モデルで適用されています。いくつかの最近の研究の後内耳遺伝子療法配信2,3,4,5,6,変異マウスにおける聴覚と平衡機能の機能回復を示されています。7。 内耳遺伝子治療の成功は、手術アプローチは内耳にアクセスするために使用を決定要因のキーの 1 つ。理想的には、外科的アプローチが実行には簡単だろう、一貫性があり、わかりやすい解剖学的ランドマークになるし、標的細胞の種類の結果の伝達は高いでしょう。
最近の研究で示した舞踏変異マウス (難聴、前庭機能不全のモデル) の後半規管から注入するウイルスの遺伝子療法、感覚毛の細胞の効率的な伝達が、前庭に見られました。器官蝸牛5と同様。感覚毛の細胞の情報伝達の効率はこれらの突然変異体のマウスの聴覚と前庭の機能の改善で起因しました。
この記事で新生児マウス内耳に接近する後半規管で詳しく述べる。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:735px;" width="733">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Operating microscope</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td style="width:295px;">OPMI Pico ENT microscope. Other dissection microscopes would also work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Micro-forcepts</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11251-10, 11295-51</td>
			<td>#5 and #55 Dumont</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Micro-scissors</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15002-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Nanoliter2000 microinjector</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heating pad</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Mastex</td>
			<td>Model 500/600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">5-0 vicryl sutures</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">AAV8-whirlin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Vector Biolabs</td>
			<td style="width:111px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Glass pipette</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">B100-75-10</td>
			<td>Borosilicate glass</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

posterior semicircular canal approach for inner ear gene delivery in neonatal mouse

内耳遺伝子治療は、難聴やめまいの潜在的な治療としての偉大な約束を提供しています。内耳遺伝子療法の成功の重要な要因の 1 つは聴力損失を最小限に抑えながら標的細胞のタイプの一貫性のある伝達効率で起因する配信方法を見つけることです。この研究では、新生児マウス内耳遺伝子送達のための現実的な方法として後半規管のアプローチについて述べる。後半規管を介して遺伝子デリバリーが全体の内耳を灌流することができることを示します。後半規管の簡単な解剖学的同定と同様、必要な側頭骨の最小限の操作、make この手術アプローチ内耳遺伝子送達のための魅力的なオプションです。

後半規管を介して新生児舞踏マウスに遺伝子治療を AAV8 有の注入は 53.1% の感染効率と有小嚢の有毛細胞 (図 2) に式 (緑) の結果 (SD 38.1、n = 28)5.導入された有毛細胞は不動 (赤) 非注入側の耳から有毛細胞に比較して伸長いた (μ m ± 2.11 5.35 3.20 ± 0.34 μ m、対それぞれ)5。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse at JoVE.com

Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse

この研究では、新生児マウス内耳遺伝子送達のための信頼性の高い方法として後半規管のアプローチについて述べる。後半規管を介して遺伝子デリバリーが全体の内耳を灌流することができることを示します。

新生児マウス内耳遺伝子デリバリーの後半規管アプローチ

Inner ear gene therapy offers great promise as a potential treatment for hearing loss and dizziness. One of the critical determinants of the success of ...

posterior-semicircular-canal-approach-for-inner-ear-gene-delivery

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

9.6K ビュー.  National Institutes of Health. この研究では、新生児マウス内耳遺伝子送達のための信頼性の高い方法として後半規管のアプローチについて述べる。後半規管を介して遺伝子デリバリーが全体の内耳を灌流することができることを示します。

ビデオ: Posterior Semicircular Canal Approach for Inner Ear Gene Delivery in Neonatal Mouse

A Novel Surgical Approach for Intratracheal Administration of Bioactive Agents in a Fetal Mouse Model

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and acquired diseases. Apart from congenital or inherited abnormalities with the requirement for long-term expression of the delivered gene, several non-inherited perinatal conditions, where short-term gene expression or pharmacological intervention is sufficient to achieve therapeutic effects, are considered as potential future indications for this kind of approach. Candidate diseases for the application of short-term prenatal therapy could be the transient neonatal deficiency of surfactant protein B causing neonatal respiratory distress syndrome1,2 or hyperoxic injuries of the neonatal lung3. Candidate diseases for permanent therapeutic correction are Cystic Fibrosis (CF)4, genetic variants of surfactant deficiencies5 and &alpha;1-antitrypsin deficiency6.
Generally, an important advantage of prenatal gene therapy is the ability to start therapeutic intervention early in development, at or even prior to clinical manifestations in the patient, thus preventing irreparable damage to the individual. In addition, fetal organs have an increased cell proliferation rate as compared to adult organs, which could allow a more efficient gene or stem cell transfer into the fetus. Furthermore, in utero gene delivery is performed when the individual's immune system is not completely mature. Therefore, transplantation of heterologous cells or supplementation of a non-functional or absent protein with a correct version should not cause immune sensitization to the cell, vector or transgene product, which has recently been proven to be the case with both cellular and genetic therapies7.
In the present study, we investigated the potential to directly target the fetal trachea in a mouse model. This procedure is in use in larger animal models such as rabbits and sheep8, and even in a clinical setting9, but has to date not been performed before in a mouse model. When studying the potential of fetal gene therapy for genetic diseases such as CF, the mouse model is very useful as a first proof-of-concept because of the wide availability of different transgenic mouse strains, the well documented embryogenesis and fetal development, less stringent ethical regulations, short gestation and the large litter size.
Different access routes have been described to target the fetal rodent lung, including intra-amniotic injection10-12, (ultrasound-guided) intrapulmonary injection13,14 and intravenous administration into the yolk sac vessels15,16 or umbilical vein17. Our novel surgical procedure enables researchers to inject the agent of choice directly into the fetal mouse trachea which allows for a more efficient delivery to the airways than existing techniques18.

We developed a novel surgical approach for intratracheal administration of bioactive agents into the mouse fetus. The delivery route is more efficient in targeting the fetal mouse lungs than the commonly used intra-amniotic injection. This procedure has to date not been described in a mouse model.

胎児のマウスモデルにおける生物活性剤の気管内投与のための新しい手術アプローチ

Prenatal pulmonary delivery of cells, genes or pharmacologic agents could provide the basis for new therapeutic strategies for a variety of genetic and ...

医学

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are needed. The tumor microenvironment can significantly influence tumor development and therapy response. It is therefore often desirable to grow tumor cells in the organ from which they originated. This protocol describes an orthotopic model of bladder cancer, in which MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cells are instilled into the bladder via catheterization. Successful tumor cell implantation in this model requires disruption of the protective glycosaminoglycan layer, which can be accomplished by physical or chemical means. In our protocol the bladder is treated with trypsin prior to cell instillation. Catheterization of the bladder can also be used to deliver therapeutics once the tumors are established. This protocol describes the delivery of an adenoviral construct that expresses a luciferase reporter gene. While our protocol has been optimized for short-term studies and focuses on gene delivery, the methodology of mouse bladder catheterization has broad applications.

Implantation of cancer cells into the organ of origin can serve as a useful preclinical model to evaluate novel therapies. MB49 bladder carcinoma cells can be grown within the bladder following intravesical instillation. This protocol demonstrates catheterization of the mouse bladder for the purpose of tumor implantation and adenoviral delivery.

遺伝子送達研究のための同所膀胱癌モデル

Bladder cancer is the second most common cancer of the urogenital tract and novel therapeutic approaches that can reduce recurrence and progression are ...

Development of an Audio-based Virtual Gaming Environment to Assist with Navigation Skills in the Blind

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio based cues and set within the context of a video game metaphor, users gather relevant spatial information regarding a building's layout. This allows the user to develop an accurate spatial cognitive map of a large-scale three-dimensional space that can be manipulated for the purposes of a real indoor navigation task. After game play, participants are then assessed on their ability to navigate within the target physical building represented in the game. Preliminary results suggest that early blind users were able to acquire relevant information regarding the spatial layout of a previously unfamiliar building as indexed by their performance on a series of navigation tasks. These tasks included path finding through the virtual and physical building, as well as a series of drop off tasks. We find that the immersive and highly interactive nature of the AbES software appears to greatly engage the blind user to actively explore the virtual environment. Applications of this approach may extend to larger populations of visually impaired individuals.

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind.

ブラインドのナビゲーションスキルを支援するためにオーディオベースのバーチャル·ゲーム環境の開発

Audio-based Environment Simulator (AbES) is virtual environment software designed to improve real world navigation skills in the blind. Using only audio ...

Heterotopic Mucosal Engrafting Procedure for Direct Drug Delivery to the Brain in Mice

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high molecular weight compounds from the bloodstream and into brain tissue. Some direct delivery success in humans has been achieved via implantation of transcranial catheters; however this method is highly invasive and associated with numerous complications. A less invasive alternative would be to dose the brain through a surgically implanted, semipermeable membrane such as the nasal mucosa that is used to repair skull base defects following endoscopic transnasal tumor removal surgery in humans. Drug transfer though this membrane would effectively bypass the BBB and diffuse directly into the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Inspired by this approach, a surgical approach in mice was developed that uses a donor septal mucosal membrane engrafted over an extracranial surgical BBB defect. This model has been shown to effectively allow the passage of high molecular weight compounds into the brain. Since numerous drug candidates are incapable of crossing the BBB, this model is valuable for performing preclinical testing of novel therapies for neurological and psychiatric diseases.

A mouse model of human endoscopic skull base reconstruction has been developed that creates a semipermeable interface between the brain and nose using nasal mucosal grafts. This method allows researchers to study delivery to the central nervous system of high molecular weight therapeutics which are otherwise excluded by the blood-brain barrier when administered systemically.

マウスの脳に直接薬剤送達のための異粘膜移植手順

Delivery of therapeutics into the brain is impeded by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which restricts the passage of polar and high ...

The Mouse Round-window Approach for Ototoxic Agent Delivery: A Rapid and Reliable Technique for Inducing Cochlear Cell Degeneration

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research involving the cochlea and its associated neural pathways entails exposure of model cochleae to a variety of ototoxic agents. This allows investigators to study the effects of targeted damage to cochlear structures, and in some cases, the self-repair or regeneration of those structures. Various techniques exist for delivery of ototoxic agents to the cochlea. When selecting a particular technique, investigators must consider a number of factors, including the induction of inadvertent systemic toxicity, the amount of cochlear damage produced by the surgical procedure itself, the type of lesion desired, animal survivability, and reproducibility/reliability of results. Currently established techniques include parenteral injection, intra-peritoneal injection, trans-tympanic injection, endolymphatic sac injection, and cochleostomy with perilymphatic perfusion. Each of these methods has been successfully utilized and is well described in the literature; yet, each has various shortcomings. Here, we present a technique for topical application of ototoxic agents directly to the round window niche. This technique is non-invasive to inner ear structures, produces rapid onset of reliably targeted lesions, avoids systemic toxicity, and allows for an intra-animal control (the contra-lateral ear). Results stemming from this approach have helped deeper understanding of auditory pathophysiology, cochlear cell degeneration, and regenerative capacity in response to an acute injury. Future investigations may use this method to conduct interventional studies involving gene therapy and stem cell transplantation to combat hearing loss.

Various methods exist for introducing ototoxic agents to the cochleae of animal models. Presented is a surgical protocol for delivery of ototoxic agents to the round window niche. The procedure is reliable, creates targeted intra-cochlear lesions, and avoids mechanical damage to the microarchitecture. Examination of cochlear self-repair/regeneration is possible.

蝸牛細胞の変性を誘導するための迅速かつ信頼性の高いテクニック：耳毒性剤送達のためのマウスラウンドウィンドウアプローチ

Investigators have utilized a wide array of animal models and investigative techniques to study the mammalian auditory system. Much of the basic research ...

A Neonatal Mouse Spinal Cord Compression Injury Model

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal cord. A major current area of research is focused on the mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous or induced functional recovery following SCI. Spontaneous functional recovery is reported to be greater early in life, raising interesting questions about how adaptive plasticity changes as the spinal cord develops. To facilitate investigation of this dynamic, we have developed a SCI model in the neonatal mouse. The model has relevance for pediatric SCI, which is too little studied. Because neural plasticity in the adult involves some of the same mechanisms as neural plasticity in early life1, this model may potentially have some relevance also for adult SCI. Here we describe the entire procedure for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression (SCC) injury in the neonatal mouse as early as postnatal (P) day 1. SCC is achieved by performing a laminectomy at a given spinal level (here described at thoracic levels 9-11) and then using a modified Yasargil aneurysm mini-clip to rapidly compress and decompress the spinal cord. As previously described, the injured neonatal mice can be tested for behavioral deficits or sacrificed for ex vivo physiological analysis of synaptic connectivity using electrophysiological and high-throughput optical recording techniques1. Earlier and ongoing studies using behavioral and physiological assessment have demonstrated a dramatic, acute impairment of hindlimb motility followed by a complete functional recovery within 2 weeks, and the first evidence of changes in functional circuitry at the level of identified descending synaptic connections1.

This article describes a method for generating a reproducible spinal cord compression injury (SCI) in the neonatal mouse. The model provides an advantageous platform for studying mechanisms of adaptive plasticity that underlie spontaneous functional recovery.

新生児マウス脊髄圧縮損傷モデル

Spinal cord injury (SCI) typically causes devastating neurological deficits, particularly through damage to fibers descending from the brain to the spinal ...

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a condition that typically involves damage to or loss of the delicate mechanosensory structures of the inner ear. Sophisticated in vitro and ex vivo assays have emerged in recent years, enabling the screening of an increasing number of potentially therapeutic compounds while minimizing resources and accelerating efforts to develop cures for SNHL. Though homogenous cultures of certain cell types continue to play an important role in current research, many scientists now rely on more complex organotypic cultures of murine inner ears, also known as cochlear explants. The preservation of organized cellular structures within the inner ear facilitates the in situ evaluation of various components of the cochlear infrastructure, including inner and outer hair cells, spiral ganglion neurons, neurites, and supporting cells. Here we present the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The careful preparation of these explants facilitates the identification of mechanisms that contribute to SNHL and constitutes a valuable tool for the hearing research community.

Neonatal Murine Cochlear Explant Technique as an In Vitro Screening Tool in Hearing Research

The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate the preparation, culture, treatment, and immunostaining of neonatal murine cochlear explants. The technique can be utilized as an in vitro screening tool in hearing research.

新生児マウス蝸牛移植法<em&gt;インビトロ</em&gt;聴覚研究のスクリーニングツール

While there have been remarkable advances in hearing research over the past few decades, there is still no cure for Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL), a ...

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small, easy-to-handle New World monkey which has a similar anatomy of the temporal bone, including the middle ear ossicular chains and inner ear to humans, than in comparison with that of rodents. Here, we report a reproducible, safe, and rational surgical approach to the cochlear round window niche for the drug delivery to the inner ear of the common marmoset. We adopted posterior tympanotomy, a procedure used clinically in human surgery, to avoid manipulation of the tympanic membrane that may cause conductive hearing loss. This surgical procedure did not lead to any significant hearing loss. This approach was possible due to the large bulla structure of the common marmoset, although the lateral semicircular canal and vertical portion of the facial nerve should be carefully considered. This surgical method allows us to perform the safe and accurate administration of drugs without hearing loss, which is of great importance in obtaining pre-clinical proof of concept for translational research.

A Surgical Procedure for the Administration of Drugs to the Inner Ear in a Non-Human Primate Common Marmoset Callithrix jacchus

We report a surgical method to administrate drugs to the inner ear of a non-human primate, the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus), via the round window membrane.

ヒト以外の霊長類コモンマーモ (用いた) で内耳に薬の管理術

Hearing research has long been facilitated by rodent models, although in some diseases, human symptoms cannot be recapitulated. The common marmoset ...

Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Delivery of CRISPR for Cardiac Gene Editing in Mice

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has greatly facilitated genome engineering in both cultured cells and living organisms from a wide variety of species. The CRISPR technology has also been explored as novel therapeutics for a number of human diseases. Proof-of-concept data are highly encouraging as exemplified by recent studies that demonstrate the feasibility and efficacy of gene editing-based therapeutic approach for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) using a murine model. In particular, intravenous and intraperitoneal injection of the recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) serotype rh.74 (rAAVrh.74) has enabled efficient cardiac delivery of the Staphylococcus aureus CRISPR-associated protein 9 (SaCas9) and two guide RNAs (gRNA) to delete a genomic region with a mutant codon in exon 23 of mouse Dmd gene. This same approach can also be used to knock out the gene-of-interest and study their cardiac function in postnatal mice when the gRNA is designed to target the coding region of the gene. In this protocol, we show in detail how to engineer rAAVrh.74-CRISPR vector and how to achieve highly efficient cardiac delivery in neonatal mice.

Here we provide a detailed protocol to carry out in vivo cardiac gene editing in mice using recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus(rAAV)-mediated delivery of CRISPR. This protocol offers a promising therapeutic strategy to treat dystrophic cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy and can be used to generate cardiac-specific knockout in postnatal mice.

心臓の遺伝子がマウスでの編集の CRISPR アデノ随伴ウイルスを介した配信

The clustered, regularly interspaced, short, palindromic repeat (CRISPR) system has greatly facilitated genome engineering in both cultured cells and ...

Posterior Approach for Debridement of the Psoas Abscess

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior approach to the spine was performed to ensure that the anterior longitudinal ligament and the psoas muscle could be visualized. All the abdominal organs were removed. Subsequently, a posterior approach was performed to remove the paraspinal muscles from L1&#8211;L5. The transverse processes, pars interarticularis and lamina of L1&#8211;L5 were identified. The exiting nerve root was identified between the transverse processes and followed into the substance of the psoas muscle. Using the anterior and posterior approach, the lumbar plexus was isolated from the substance of the psoas muscle. Before and after various steps of dissection, digital photographs were obtained. These images were uploaded into ImageJ and multiple measurements, including the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of each TP to the most lateral region of the plexus, the distance between the lateral superior and inferior tip of the TP to the lateral edge of the psoas, and the width of the lumbar plexus were recorded. The safe zone for entering the substance of the psoas muscle was defined between the lateral edge of the psoas muscle and the lateral edge of the lumbar plexus. The relationship of this interval to the tip of the transverse process at each level was measured and reported.

This is a cadaveric study investigating the landmarks for the posterior approach for irrigation and debridement of the psoas abscess. The interval between the transverse processes (TP) was used to access the substance of the psoas muscle.

Psoas膿瘍の脱花性のための後方アプローチ

This method focuses on outlining a safe zone for irrigation and debridement of a psoas abscess through a posterior approach. Initially, an anterior ...