この仕事は健康補助金 AG040191 と VML に AG054566 研究機構によって支えられました。VML が加齢医学研究のためのアメリカ連合から遠く研究助成受信者間に調査しました。

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+analysis+in+vivo+of+translation+with+nucleotide+resolution+using+ribosome+profiling.">Genome-wide analysis in vivo of translation with nucleotide resolution using ribosome profiling.</a> Science. 324 (5924), 218-223 (2009).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+translational+profiling+by+ribosome+footprinting.">Genome-wide translational profiling by ribosome footprinting.</a> Methods Enzymol. 470, 119-142 (2010).</li><li>Brar, G. A., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+profiling+reveals+the+what,+when,+where+and+how+of+protein+synthesis.">Ribosome profiling reveals the what, when, where and how of protein synthesis.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 16 (11), 651-664 (2015).</li><li>Wolin, S. L., Walter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+pausing+and+stacking+during+translation+of+a+eukaryotic+mRNA.">Ribosome pausing and stacking during translation of a eukaryotic mRNA.</a> EMBO J. 7 (11), 3559-3569 (1988).</li><li>Guo, H., Ingolia, N. T., Weissman, J. S., Bartel, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mammalian+microRNAs+predominantly+act+to+decrease+target+mRNA+levels.">Mammalian microRNAs predominantly act to decrease target mRNA levels.</a> Nature. 466 (7308), 835-840 (2010).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T., Brar, G. A., Rouskin, S., McGeachy, A. M., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ribosome+profiling+strategy+for+monitoring+translation+in+vivo+by+deep+sequencing+of+ribosome-protected+mRNA+fragments.">The ribosome profiling strategy for monitoring translation in vivo by deep sequencing of ribosome-protected mRNA fragments.</a> Nat Protoc. 7 (8), 1534-1550 (2012).</li><li>Bartholomaus, A., Del Campo, C., Ignatova, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+non-standardized+biases+of+ribosome+profiling.">Mapping the non-standardized biases of ribosome profiling.</a> Biol Chem. 397 (1), 23-35 (2016).</li><li>Larsson, O., Sonenberg, N., Nadon, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=anota:+Analysis+of+differential+translation+in+genome-wide+studies.">anota: Analysis of differential translation in genome-wide studies.</a> Bioinformatics. 27 (10), 1440-1441 (2011).</li><li>Zhong, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboDiff:+detecting+changes+of+mRNA+translation+efficiency+from+ribosome+footprints.">RiboDiff: detecting changes of mRNA translation efficiency from ribosome footprints.</a> Bioinformatics. 33 (1), 139-141 (2017).</li><li>Xiao, Z., Zou, Q., Liu, Y., Yang, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+assessment+of+differential+translations+with+ribosome+profiling+data.">Genome-wide assessment of differential translations with ribosome profiling data.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 11194 (2016).</li><li>Chung, B. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+duplex-specific+nuclease+in+ribosome+profiling+and+a+user-friendly+software+package+for+Ribo-seq+data+analysis.">The use of duplex-specific nuclease in ribosome profiling and a user-friendly software package for Ribo-seq data analysis.</a> RNA. 21 (10), 1731-1745 (2015).</li><li>Popa, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboProfiling:+a+Bioconductor+package+for+standard+Ribo-seq+pipeline+processing.">RiboProfiling: a Bioconductor package for standard Ribo-seq pipeline processing.</a> F1000Res. 5, 1309 (2016).</li><li>Dunn, J. G., Weissman, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plastid:+nucleotide-resolution+analysis+of+next-generation+sequencing+and+genomics+data.">Plastid: nucleotide-resolution analysis of next-generation sequencing and genomics data.</a> BMC Genomics. 17 (1), 958 (2016).</li><li>Baranov, P. V., Michel, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Illuminating+translation+with+ribosome+profiling+spectra.">Illuminating translation with ribosome profiling spectra.</a> Nat Methods. 13 (2), 123-124 (2016).</li><li>Calviello, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detecting+actively+translated+open+reading+frames+in+ribosome+profiling+data.">Detecting actively translated open reading frames in ribosome profiling data.</a> Nat Methods. 13 (2), 165-170 (2016).</li><li>Michel, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RiboGalaxy:+A+browser+based+platform+for+the+alignment,+analysis+and+visualization+of+ribosome+profiling+data.">RiboGalaxy: A browser based platform for the alignment, analysis and visualization of ribosome profiling data.</a> RNA Biol. 13 (3), 316-319 (2016).</li><li>Martin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutadapt+removes+adapter+sequences+from+high-throughput+sequencing+reads.">Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads.</a> EMBnet J. 17 (1), 10-12 (2011).</li><li>Langmead, B., Trapnell, C., Pop, M., Salzberg, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ultrafast+and+memory-efficient+alignment+of+short+DNA+sequences+to+the+human+genome.">Ultrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.</a> Genome Biol. 10 (3), R25 (2009).</li><li>Anders, S., Pyl, P. T., Huber, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HTSeq--a+Python+framework+to+work+with+high-throughput+sequencing+data.">HTSeq--a Python framework to work with high-throughput sequencing data.</a> Bioinformatics. 31 (2), 166-169 (2015).</li><li>Love, M. I., Huber, W., Anders, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Moderated+estimation+of+fold+change+and+dispersion+for+RNA-seq+data+with+DESeq2.">Moderated estimation of fold change and dispersion for RNA-seq data with DESeq2.</a> Genome Biol. 15 (12), 550 (2014).</li><li>van den Elzen, A. M., Schuller, A., Green, R., Seraphin, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dom34-Hbs1+mediated+dissociation+of+inactive+80S+ribosomes+promotes+restart+of+translation+after+stress.">Dom34-Hbs1 mediated dissociation of inactive 80S ribosomes promotes restart of translation after stress.</a> EMBO J. 33 (3), 265-276 (2014).</li><li>Guydosh, N. R., Green, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dom34+rescues+ribosomes+in+3'+untranslated+regions.">Dom34 rescues ribosomes in 3' untranslated regions.</a> Cell. 156 (5), 950-962 (2014).</li><li>Ingolia, N. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribosome+profiling:+new+views+of+translation,+from+single+codons+to+genome+scale.">Ribosome profiling: new views of translation, from single codons to genome scale.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 15 (3), 205-213 (2014).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Lobanov, A. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome-wide+ribosome+profiling+reveals+complex+translational+regulation+in+response+to+oxidative+stress.">Genome-wide ribosome profiling reveals complex translational regulation in response to oxidative stress.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 109 (43), 17394-17399 (2012).</li><li>Weinberg, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+ribosome-footprint+and+mRNA+measurements+provide+insights+into+dynamics+and+regulation+of+yeast+translation.">Improved ribosome-footprint and mRNA measurements provide insights into dynamics and regulation of yeast translation.</a> Cell Rep. 14 (7), 1787-1799 (2016).</li><li>Park, J. E., Yi, H., Kim, Y., Chang, H., Kim, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+poly(A)+tail+and+translation+during+the+somatic+cell+cycle.">Regulation of poly(A) tail and translation during the somatic cell cycle.</a> Mol Cell. 62 (3), 462-471 (2016).</li><li>Howard, M. T., Carlson, B. A., Anderson, C. B., Hatfield, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translational+redefinition+of+UGA+codons+is+regulated+by+selenium+availability.">Translational redefinition of UGA codons is regulated by selenium availability.</a> J Biol Chem. 288 (27), 19401-19413 (2013).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ribonuclease+selection+for+ribosome+profiling.">Ribonuclease selection for ribosome profiling.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 45 (2), e6 (2017).</li><li>Gerashchenko, M. V., Gladyshev, V. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Translation+inhibitors+cause+abnormalities+in+ribosome+profiling+experiments.">Translation inhibitors cause abnormalities in ribosome profiling experiments.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (17), e134 (2014).</li><li>O'Connor, P. B., Andreev, D. E., Baranov, P. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+survey+of+the+relative+impact+of+mRNA+features+on+local+ribosome+profiling+read+density.">Comparative survey of the relative impact of mRNA features on local ribosome profiling read density.</a> Nat Commun. 7, 12915 (2016).</li></ol>

著者は、彼らは競合する金銭的な利益があることを宣言します。

リボ Seq アプローチは、mRNA 翻訳体内でゲノムのレベル3の解析のための強力な技術として浮上しています。シングル コドン解像度変換を監視でき、この手法を使用して研究は翻訳制御の私達の理解に貢献しています。その利点にもかかわらずリボ Seq いくつか制限があります。リボソーム RNA (rRNA) フラグメントは、リボソーム保護足跡リボ Seq 実験9<s...

mRNA の翻訳は、タンパク質発現の調節に重要な役割を果たしている細胞の基本的なプロセスの 1 つです。したがって、mRNA の翻訳は、さまざまな内部および外部生理的刺激1,2への応答では厳重します。ただし、翻訳制御機構のまま流。ここでは、プロファイリング ・ リボソームで翻訳出芽酵母におけるゲノム定量化のプロトコルについて述べる.リボソーム プロファイリング技術の全体的な目標は、研究し、細胞の異なる条件の下で特定の Mrna の翻訳を定量化することです。このテクニックは、ゲノム全体のリボソーム占有率を定量的に解析する次世代シーケンスを使用して、タンパク質合成生体内単一コドン解像度3,4の率を監視できます。現在、このメソッド タンパク質翻訳のレベルを測定する最も先進的な手段を提供して他の現在利用可能な技術、マイクロ アレイなどによって明らかにすることができない情報を提供する便利な検出ツールをあると証明したか翻訳の状態配列解析 (TSAA) 5。リボソームのプロファイリングと並進出力のトラン スクリプト レベルでそれらの変更内容をレポートとしてそれはまた他の方法と比べて多くの高い感度を提供します。
このアプローチは、リボソームで保護された mRNA の断片3のディープ シーケンスに基づいています。リボゾームの保護タンパク質翻訳中 〜 (足跡と呼ばれる) mRNA の6の 28 の nt 部分。リボソームで保護されたフラグメントのシーケンスを決定すると、リボ Seq は翻訳 mRNA にリボソームの位置をマップし、積極的にタンパク質3,7と訳されるが mRNA のどの領域を確認できます。さらに、特定の mRNA のコピーに揃える足跡の数をカウントすることによって mRNA の翻訳定量的測定できます。
リボソーム保護断片を分離するためにセル lysates は当初リボヌクレアーゼ消化続いてリボソームを失速する翻訳阻害剤と扱われます。無料の mRNA およびリボゾームによって保護されていない翻訳 Mrna の部分はリボヌクレアーゼによって低下するのに対し、フット プリントとはそのままリボソーム複合体を浄化することによって mRNA のリボソーム保護断片を回復できます。これらの mRNA の足跡は cDNA ライブラリに変換し、ディープ シーケンス (図 1) によって分析します。リボソームのプロファイリングに並行して、そのまま mRNA を同じサンプルから抽出してシーケンスします。リボ Seq mRNA 豊富な測定と識別される翻訳のレベルを比較すると、特にアップ- または調整される翻訳のレベルでは、ある遺伝子を識別し、ゲノム全体のレベルでの mRNA の翻訳の効率を計算できます。この資料で説明されているプロトコルはイースト菌の特定が、他のシステムでリボ Seq プロトコルを確立しようとして、研究者の役に立つまたする必要があります。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.45 &#956;M membrane filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>HVLP04700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 M EDTA</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9261</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mL centrifugal filters (100 kDa MWCO)</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>UFC510024</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.0</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9850G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.5 (pH 8.0 at 4&#176;C)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15567-027</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X TBE buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9863</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10% TBE-urea gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6875BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15% TBE-urea gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6885BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 M MgCl2</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>M24500-10.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2X TBE-urea sample buffer</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>LC6876</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3M NaOAc, pH 5.5</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5&#39; Deadenylase (10 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>DA11101K</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5X Nucleic acid sample loading buffer</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>161-0767</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8% TBE gel</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>EC6215BOX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acid-Phenol:Chloroform, pH 4.5 (with IAA, 125:24:1)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9722</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blue light transilluminator</td>
			<td>Clare Chemical Research</td>
			<td>DR-46B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chrome-steel beads, 3.2 mm</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>11079132c</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryogrinder</td>
			<td>Biospec product</td>
			<td>3110BX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cycloheximide</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>C81040-5.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Acquisition System</td>
			<td>DATAQ Instruments</td>
			<td>DI-245</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) solution mix (10 mM)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>N0447L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycogen</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM9510</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gradient fractionation system</td>
			<td>Brandel</td>
			<td>BR-184X</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High-fidelity DNA polymerase (2,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0530S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 5X Phusion HF Buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Next-generation sequencing library quantification kit</td>
			<td>Kapa Biosystems</td>
			<td>KK4824</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nucleic acid gel stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>S11494</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optima XE-90 ultracentrifuge</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A94471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Poly(A) mRNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>61011</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rec J exonuclease (10 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>RJ411250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse transcriptase (200 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>18080093</td>
			<td>Supplied with 5X first-strand buffer and 0.1 M DTT</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNA fragmentation buffer</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>E6186A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase I (100 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM2295</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNase inhibitor (20 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>AM2696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone rubber caps</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>2008</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ssDNA ligase (100 U/&#956;L)</td>
			<td>Epicentre</td>
			<td>CL9021K</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X CircLigase II buffer and 50 mM MnCl2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel microvials, 1.8 mL</td>
			<td>BioSpec Products</td>
			<td>2007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>RPI</td>
			<td>S24060-5000.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SW-41 Ti rotor</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>New Era Pump Systems</td>
			<td>NE-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 polynucleotide kinase (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0201S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X T4 polynucleotide kinase buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T4 RNA ligase 2 truncated KQ (200,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>NEB</td>
			<td>M0373S</td>
			<td>Supplied with 10X T4 RNA ligase buffer and 50% PEG8000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal cycler</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1851148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thinwall polyallomer tubes, 13.2 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>331372</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV monitor</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>7318160</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741</td>
			<td>Open Biosystems</td>
			<td>YSC1048</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

genome-wide quantification of translation in budding yeast by ribosome profiling

MRNA のタンパク質への翻訳は、規制のいくつかの層を含む複雑なプロセスです。MRNA 転写の変化蛋白質合成に変更を反映するが、多くの例外を観察されているとしばしば見なされます。最近では、リボソーム プロファイル (またはリボ Seq) と呼ばれる手法は、mRNA の領域はタンパク質とゲノムのレベルで翻訳の定量化に変換されます、精度の高い識別ができる強力な方法として浮上しています。ここでは、出芽酵母リボ Seq を使用して翻訳のゲノムワイドな定量化のための一般的なプロトコルを提案する.また、同時に何千もの同じサンプルの mrna の翻訳効率を定量化し、比較実験への応答でこれらのパラメーターの変更を可能にリボ Seq データ mRNA 豊富な測定と組み合わせること操作または異なる生理学的状態に。ヌクレアーゼ消化、ショ糖勾配分画法によるフット プリントとはそのままリボソーム複合体の分離および DNA ライブラリの準備を使用して適切なと共にディープ シーケンスのリボソーム足跡の生成のための詳しいプロトコルについて述べる生体内で翻訳の正確な分析を確保するために必要な品質を制御します。

詳細なプロファイルデータ リボソームの構造バイオ情報解析パイプラインをされている8,9で説明しました。さらに、いくつかの研究グループの差動遺伝子発現解析とシーケンス データをプロファイリング方法10、11,12 リボソームに固有の処理のためのバイオ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling at JoVE.com

Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

翻訳制御蛋白質量の制御に重要な役割を果たしています。ここでは、我々 は出芽酵母出芽酵母における翻訳の定量分析のための高スループット方法をについて説明します。

リボソームのプロファイリングによる出芽酵母における翻訳のゲノムの定量化

Translation of mRNA into proteins is a complex process involving several layers of regulation. It is often assumed that changes in mRNA transcription ...

genome-wide-quantification-translation-budding-yeast-ribosome

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

11.4K ビュー.  Boston University School of Medicine. 翻訳制御蛋白質量の制御に重要な役割を果たしています。ここでは、我々 は出芽酵母出芽酵母における翻訳の定量分析のための高スループット方法をについて説明します。

ビデオ: Genome-wide Quantification of Translation in Budding Yeast by Ribosome Profiling

Resolving Affinity Purified Protein Complexes by Blue Native PAGE and Protein Correlation Profiling

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological processes. Affinity purification coupled to mass spectrometry (AP-MS) has become the method of choice for identifying protein-protein interactions. However, conventional AP-MS studies provide information on protein interactions, but the organizational information is lost. To address this issue, we developed a strategy to unravel the distinct functional assemblies a protein might be involved in, by resolving affinity-purified protein complexes prior to their characterization by mass spectrometry. Protein complexes isolated through affinity purification of a bait protein using an epitope tag and competitive elution are separated through blue native electrophoresis. Comparison of protein migration profiles through correlation profiling using quantitative mass spectrometry allows assignment of interacting proteins to distinct molecular entities. This method is able to resolve protein complexes of close molecular weights that might not be resolved by traditional chromatographic techniques such as gel filtration. With little more work than conventional AP-geLC-MS/MS, we demonstrate this strategy may in many cases be adequate for obtaining protein complex topological information concomitantly to identifying protein interactions.

Here we present protocols for affinity purification of protein complexes and their separation by blue native PAGE, followed by protein correlation profiling using label free quantitative mass spectrometry. This method is useful to resolve interactomes into distinct protein complexes.

ブルーネイティブPAGEおよびタンパク質相関プロファイリングによってアフィニティー精製タンパク質複合体の解決

Most proteins act in association with others; hence, it is crucial to characterize these functional units in order to fully understand biological ...

生化学

Quantitative Immunofluorescence to Measure Global Localized Translation

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and organogenesis, as well as in multiple diseases. Numerous publications have convincingly shown that specific mechanisms tightly regulate mRNA translation. Increased interest in the translation-induced regulation of protein expression has led to the development of novel methods to study and follow de novo protein synthesis in cellulo. However, most of these methods are complex, making them costly and often limiting the number of mRNA targets that can be studied. This manuscript proposes a method that requires only basic reagents and a confocal fluorescence imaging system to measure and visualize the changes in mRNA translation that occur in any cell line under various conditions. This method was recently used to show localized translation in the subcellular structures of adherent cells over a short period of time, thus offering the possibility of visualizing de novo translation for a short period during a variety of biological processes or of validating changes in translational activity in response to specific stimuli.

This manuscript describes a method to visualize and quantify localized translation events in subcellular compartments. The approach proposed in this manuscript requires a basic confocal imaging system and reagents and is rapid and cost-effective.

グローバルを測定する定量的蛍光ローカライズ翻訳

The mechanisms regulating mRNA translation are involved in various biological processes, such as germ line development, cell differentiation, and ...

Deep Proteome Profiling by Isobaric Labeling, Extensive Liquid Chromatography, Mass Spectrometry, and Software-assisted Quantification

Many exceptional advances have been made in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, with particular technical progress in liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and isobaric labeling multiplexing capacity. Here, we introduce a deep-proteomics profiling protocol that combines 10-plex tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling with an extensive LC/LC-MS/MS platform, and post-MS computational interference correction to accurately quantitate whole proteomes. This protocol includes the following main steps: protein extraction and digestion, TMT labeling, 2-dimensional (2D) LC, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and computational data processing. Quality control steps are included for troubleshooting and evaluating experimental variation. More than 10,000 proteins in mammalian samples can be confidently quantitated with this protocol. This protocol can also be applied to the quantitation of post translational modifications with minor changes. This multiplexed, robust method provides a powerful tool for proteomic analysis in a variety of complex samples, including cell culture, animal tissues, and human clinical specimens.

We present a protocol to accurately quantitate proteins with isobaric labelling, extensive fractionation, bioinformatics tools, and quality control steps in combination with liquid chromatography interfaced to a high-resolution mass spectrometer.

定圧ラベリング、豊富な液体クロマトグラフィー、質量分析法、およびソフトウェアによる定量化して深いプロテオームをプロファイリング

Many exceptional advances have been made in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, with particular technical progress in liquid chromatography (LC) ...

Quantification of Hypopigmentation Activity In Vitro

This study presents laboratory methods for the quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro. Melanin, the major pigment in melanocytes, is synthesized in response to multiple cellular and environmental factors. Melanin protects skin cells from ultraviolet damage, but also has biophysical and biochemical functions. Excessive production or accumulation of melanin in melanocytes can cause dermatological problems, such as freckles, dark spots, melasma, and moles. Therefore, the control of melanogenesis with hypopigmentation agents is important in individuals with clinical or cosmetic needs. Melanin is primarily synthesized in the melanosomes of melanocytes in a complex biochemical process called melanogenesis, which is influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as hormones, inflammation, age, and ultraviolet light exposure. We describe three methods to determine the hypopigmentation activity of chemicals or natural substances in melanocytes: measurement of the 1) cellular tyrosinase activity and 2) melanin content, and 3) staining and quantifying cellular melanin with image analysis.
In melanogenesis, tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting step that converts L-tyrosine into 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) and then into dopaquinone. Therefore, the inhibition of tyrosinase is a primary hypopigmentation mechanism. In cultured melanocytes, tyrosinase activity can be quantified by adding L-DOPA as a substrate and measuring dopaquinone production by spectrophotometry. Melanogenesis can also be measured by quantifying the melanin content. The melanin-containing cellular fraction is extracted with NaOH and melanin is quantified spectrophotometrically. Finally, the melanin content can be quantified by image analysis following Fontana-Masson staining of melanin. Although the results of these in vitro assays may not always be reproduced in human skin, these methods are widely used in melanogenesis research, especially as the initial step to identify potential hypopigmentation activity. These methods can also be used to assess melanocyte activity, growth, and differentiation. Consistent results with the three different methods ensure the validity of the effects.

We describe three experimental methods for evaluating the hypopigmentation activity of chemicals in vitro: quantification of 1) cellular tyrosinase activity and 2) melanin content, and 3) measurement of melanin by cellular melanin staining and image analysis.

培養色素脱失活動の定量化

This study presents laboratory methods for the quantification of hypopigmentation activity in vitro. Melanin, the major pigment in melanocytes, is ...

Nitropeptide Profiling and Identification Illustrated by Angiotensin II

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in eukaryotic cells. Precise identification of nitration sites on proteins is crucial for understanding the physiological and pathological processes related to protein nitration, such as inflammation, aging, and cancer. Since the nitrated proteins are of low abundance in cells even under induced conditions, no universal and efficient methods have been developed for the profiling and identification of protein nitration sites. Here we describe a protocol for nitropeptide enrichment by using a chemical reduction reaction and biotin labeling, followed by high resolution mass spectrometry. In our method, nitropeptide derivatives can be identified with high accuracy. Our method exhibits two advantages compared to the previously reported methods. First, dimethyl labeling is used to block the primary amine on nitropeptides, which can be used to generate quantitative results. Second, a disulfide bond containing NHS-biotin reagent is used for the enrichment, which can be further reduced and alkylated to enhance the detection signal on a mass spectrometer. This protocol has been successfully applied to the model peptide Angiotensin II in the current paper.

Proteomic profiling of tyrosine-nitrated proteins has been a challenging technique due to the low abundance of the 3-nitrotyrosine modification. Here we describe a novel approach for nitropeptide enrichment and profiling by using Angiotensin II as the model. This method can be extended for other in vitro or in vivo systems.

アンジオテンシンIIによるニトロペプチドプロファイリングと同定

Protein nitration is one of the most important post-translational modifications (PTM) on tyrosine residues and it can be induced by chemical actions of ...

DNA Sequence Recognition by DNA Primase Using High-Throughput Primase Profiling

DNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers that initiate DNA synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. The binding of prokaryotic DnaG-like primases to DNA occurs at a specific trinucleotide recognition sequence. It is a pivotal step in the formation of Okazaki fragments. Conventional biochemical tools that are used to determine the DNA recognition sequence of DNA primase provide only limited information. Using a high-throughput microarray-based binding assay and consecutive biochemical analyses, it has been shown that 1) the specific binding context (flanking sequences of the recognition site) influences the binding strength of the DNA primase to its template DNA, and 2) stronger binding of primase to the DNA yields longer RNA primers, indicating higher processivity of the enzyme. This method combines PBM and primase activity assay and is designated as high-throughput primase profiling (HTPP), and it allows characterization of specific sequence recognition by DNA primase in unprecedented time and scalability.&#160;

Protein binding microarray (PBM) experiments combined with biochemical assays link the binding and catalytic properties of DNA primase, an enzyme that synthesizes RNA primers on template DNA. This method, designated as high-throughput primase profiling (HTPP), can be used to reveal DNA-binding patterns of a variety of enzymes.

ハイスループットプリマゼプロファイリングを用いたDNAプリマゼによるDNA配列認識

DNA primase synthesizes short RNA primers that initiate DNA synthesis of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand by DNA polymerase during DNA replication. ...

Dual DNA Rulers to Study the Mechanism of Ribosome Translocation with Single-Nucleotide Resolution

The ribosome translocation refers to the ribosomal movement on the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides (nt), which is the central step in protein synthesis. To investigate its mechanism, there are two essential technical requirements. First is single-nt resolution that can resolve normal translocation from frameshifting, during which the ribosome moves by other than 3 nt. The second is the capability to probe both the entrance and exit sides of mRNA in order to elucidate the whole picture of translocation. We report the dual DNA ruler assay that is based on the critical dissociation forces of DNA-mRNA duplexes, obtained by force-induced remnant magnetization spectroscopy (FIRMS).&#160; With 2-4 pN force resolution, the dual ruler assay is sufficient to distinguish different translocation steps. By implementing a long linker on the probing DNAs, they can reach the mRNA on the opposite side of the ribosome, so that the mRNA position can be determined for both sides. Therefore, the dual ruler assay is uniquely suited to investigate the ribosome translocation, and nucleic acid motion in general. We show representative results which indicated a looped mRNA conformation and resolved normal translocation from frameshifting.

Dual DNA ruler assay is developed to determine the mRNA position during ribosome translocation, which relies on the dissociation forces of the formed DNA-mRNA duplexes. With single-nucleotide resolution and capability of reaching both ends of mRNA, it can provide mechanistic insights for ribosome translocation and probe other nucleic acid displacements.

単一ヌクレオチド分解能を持つリボソーム転移のメカニズムを研究するデュアルDNA定規

The ribosome translocation refers to the ribosomal movement on the mRNA by exactly three nucleotides (nt), which is the central step in protein synthesis. ...

High-Resolution Complexome Profiling by Cryoslicing BN-MS Analysis

Proteins generally exert biological functions through interactions with other proteins, either in dynamic protein assemblies or as a part of stably formed complexes. The latter can be elegantly resolved according to molecular size using native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). Coupling of such separations to sensitive mass spectrometry (BN-MS) has been well-established and theoretically allows for exhaustive assessment of the extractable complexome in biological samples. However, this approach is rather laborious and provides limited complex size resolution and sensitivity. Also, its application has remained restricted to abundant mitochondrial and plastid proteins. Thus, for a majority of proteins, information regarding integration into stable protein complexes is still lacking. Presented here is an optimized approach for complexome profiling comprising preparative-scale BN-PAGE separation, sub-millimeter sampling of broad gel lanes by cryomicrotome slicing, and mass spectrometric analysis with label-free protein quantification. The procedures and tools for critical steps are described in detail. As an application, the report describes complexome analysis of a solubilized endosome-enriched membrane fraction from mouse kidneys, with 2,545 proteins profiled in total. The results demonstrate identification of uniform, low-abundance membrane proteins such as intracellular ion channels as well as high resolution, complex protein assembly patterns, including glycosylation isoforms. The results are in agreement with independent biochemical analyses. In summary, this methodology allows for comprehensive and unbiased identification of protein (super)complexes and their subunit composition, providing a basis for investigating stoichiometry, assembly, and interaction dynamics of protein complexes in any biological system.

A versatile cryoslicing BN-MS protocol using a microtome is presented for high-resolution complexome profiling.

クライオスライシングBN-MS解析による高解像度複合プロファイリング

Proteins generally exert biological functions through interactions with other proteins, either in dynamic protein assemblies or as a part of stably formed ...

Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Protein phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of enzyme activity and gene expression under osmotic condition. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based phosphoproteomics has transformed the way of studying plant signal transduction. However, requirement of lots of starting materials and prolonged MS measurement time to achieve the depth of coverage has been the limiting factor for the high throughput study of global phosphoproteomic changes in plants. To improve the sensitivity and throughput of plant phosphoproteomics, we have developed a stop and go extraction (stage) tip based phosphoproteomics approach coupled with Tandem Mass Tag (TMT) labeling for the rapid and comprehensive analysis of plant phosphorylation perturbation in response to osmotic stress. Leveraging the simplicity and high throughput of stage tip technique, the whole procedure takes approximately one hour using two tips to finish phosphopeptide enrichment, fractionation, and sample cleaning steps, suggesting an easy-to-use and high efficiency of the approach. This approach not only provides an in-depth plant phosphoproteomics analysis (&#62; 11,000 phosphopeptide identification) but also demonstrates the superior separation efficiency (&#60; 5% overlap) between adjacent fractions. Further, multiplexing has been achieved using TMT labeling to quantify the phosphoproteomic changes of wild-type and snrk2 decuple mutant plants. This approach has successfully been used to reveal the phosphorylation events of Raf-like kinases in response to osmotic stress, which sheds light on the understanding of early osmotic signaling in land plants.

Phosphoproteomic Strategy for Profiling Osmotic Stress Signaling in Arabidopsis

Presented here is a phosphoproteomic approach, namely stop and go extraction tip based phosphoproteomic, which provides high-throughput and deep coverage of Arabidopsis phosphoproteome. This approach delineates the overview of osmotic stress signaling in Arabidopsis.

シロイヌナズナにおける浸透性ストレスシグナル伝達のプロファイリングのためのホスホプロテオミクス戦略

Protein phosphorylation is crucial for the regulation of enzyme activity and gene expression under osmotic condition. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based ...

Optical Tweezers to Study RNA-Protein Interactions in Translation Regulation

RNA adopts diverse structural folds, which are essential for its functions and thereby can impact diverse processes in the cell. In addition, the structure and function of an RNA can be modulated by various trans-acting factors, such as proteins, metabolites or other RNAs. Frameshifting RNA molecules, for instance, are regulatory RNAs located in coding regions, which direct translating ribosomes into an alternative open reading frame, and thereby act as gene switches. They may also adopt different folds after binding to proteins or other trans-factors. To dissect the role of RNA-binding proteins in translation and how they modulate RNA structure and stability, it is crucial to study the interplay and mechanical features of these RNA-protein complexes simultaneously.&#160;This work illustrates how to employ single-molecule-fluorescence-coupled optical tweezers to explore the conformational and thermodynamic landscape of RNA-protein complexes at a high resolution. As an example, the interaction of the SARS-CoV-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting element with the trans-acting factor short isoform of zinc-finger antiviral protein is elaborated. In addition, fluorescence-labeled ribosomes were monitored using the confocal unit, which would ultimately enable the study of translation elongation. The fluorescence coupled OT assay can be widely applied to explore diverse RNA-protein complexes or trans-acting factors regulating translation and could facilitate studies of RNA-based gene regulation.

This protocol presents a complete experimental workflow for studying RNA-protein interactions using optical tweezers. Several possible experimental setups are outlined including the combination of optical tweezers with confocal microscopy.