著者は海軍研究のオフィスからサポート N00014-17-12306 と N00014-15-1-2502 賞し、同様、空軍科学研究局から賞 FA9550-13-1-0108 と国立科学財団助成金第 1709238 を認めます。

<ol>
	<li>Sackmann, E. K., Fulton, A. L., Beebe, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+present+and+future+role+of+microfluidics+in+biomedical+research.">The present and future role of microfluidics in biomedical research.</a> Nature. 507 (7491), 181-189 (2014).</li><li>Duncombe, T. A., Tentori, A. M., Herr, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics:+reframing+biological+enquiry.">Microfluidics: reframing biological enquiry.</a> Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology. 16 (9), 554-567 (2015).</li><li>Prakadan, S. M., Shalek, A. K., Weitz, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scaling+by+shrinking:+empowering+single-cell+'omics'+with+microfluidic+devices.">Scaling by shrinking: empowering single-cell 'omics' with microfluidic devices.</a> Nature Reviews Genetics. 18 (6), (2017).</li><li>Kim, Y., Langer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+in+nanomedicine.">Microfluidics in nanomedicine.</a> Reviews in Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine. 1, 127-152 (2015).</li><li>Rusconi, R., Garren, M., Stocker, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+expanding+the+frontiers+of+microbial+ecology.">Microfluidics expanding the frontiers of microbial ecology.</a> Annual Review of Biophysics. 43, 65-91 (2014).</li><li>Skafte-Pedersen, P., Sabourin, D., Dufva, M., Snakenborg, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multi-channel+peristaltic+pump+for+microfluidic+applications+featuring+monolithic+PDMS+inlay.">Multi-channel peristaltic pump for microfluidic applications featuring monolithic PDMS inlay.</a> Lab on a Chip. 9 (20), 3003-3006 (2009).</li><li>Heo, Y. J., Kang, J., Kim, M. J., Chung, W. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning-free+controller+to+accurately+regulate+flow+rates+in+a+microfluidic+network.">Tuning-free controller to accurately regulate flow rates in a microfluidic network.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 23273 (2016).</li><li>Kuczenski, B., LeDuc, P. R., Messner, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pressure-driven+spatiotemporal+control+of+the+laminar+flow+interface+in+a+microfluidic+network.">Pressure-driven spatiotemporal control of the laminar flow interface in a microfluidic network.</a> Lab on a Chip. 7 (5), 647-649 (2007).</li><li>Lake, J. R., Heyde, K. C., Ruder, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Low-cost+feedback-controlled+syringe+pressure+pumps+for+microfluidics+applications.">Low-cost feedback-controlled syringe pressure pumps for microfluidics applications.</a> PLoS One. 12 (4), (2017).</li><li>Kong, D. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-source,+community-driven+microfluidics+with+metafluidics.">Open-source, community-driven microfluidics with metafluidics.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 35 (6), 523-529 (2017).</li><li>Wijnen, B., Hunt, E. J., Anzalone, G. C., Pearce, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Open-source+syringe+pump+library.">Open-source syringe pump library.</a> PLoS One. 9 (9), e107216 (2014).</li><li>Ferry, M. S., Razinkov, I. A., Hasty, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidics+for+synthetic+biology:+from+design+to+execution.">Microfluidics for synthetic biology: from design to execution.</a> Methods in Enzymology. , 295-372 (2011).</li><li>. Arduino Libraries for Timer.h Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/JChristensen/Timer">https://github.com/JChristensen/Timer</a> (2018)</li><li>. Arduino Libraries for AccelStepper.h Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://github.com/adafruit/AccelStepper">https://github.com/adafruit/AccelStepper</a> (2018)</li><li>Lin, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+dynamic+temporal+and+spatial+concentration+gradients+using+microfluidic+devices.">Generation of dynamic temporal and spatial concentration gradients using microfluidic devices.</a> Lab on a Chip. 4 (3), 164-167 (2004).</li><li>Korczyk, P. M., Cybulski, O., Makulska, S., Garstecki, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+unsteadiness+of+the+rates+of+flow+on+the+dynamics+of+formation+of+droplets+in+microfluidic+systems.">Effects of unsteadiness of the rates of flow on the dynamics of formation of droplets in microfluidic systems.</a> Lab on a Chip. 11 (1), 173-175 (2011).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

ここでは、閉ループ圧力制御とシリンジ ポンプ システムの新しい設計を提案します。これは、3 D プリントされたシリンジ ポンプ ピエゾ抵抗圧センサーとオープン ソースのマイクロ コント ローラーに統合することによって達成されました。PID コント ローラーを採用し、正確にインレット圧を制御し、同時にセット ポイントとその安定性を維持しながら高速応答時間を提供することがで?...

マイクロ ツールは、生物化学研究の科学者のために有用ななっています。マイクロ流体による低ボリュームの使用率、迅速測定機能、および明確に定義された流れプロファイル、ゲノムでトラクションを得て、プロテオーム研究、高スループット スクリーニング、診断、ナノテクノロジー、および単一セル分析1,2,3,4。また、マイクロ流体デバイス設計の柔軟性は、培養細菌コロニー5の時空間ダイナミクスの調査など、基礎科学研究を容易にできます。
各種流体の注入システムは、マイクロ流体デバイスへの流量を正確に実現する開発されています。このような注入システムなどは蠕動と再循環ポンプ6、圧力コント ローラー システム7、およびシリンジ ポンプ8。これら噴射システム、シリンジ ポンプ、しばしば高価な精密加工部品で構成されます。圧出力フローの閉ループ フィードバック制御とこれらのシステムの増強をこれらのシステムのコストを追加します。応答では、我々 は以前出力流量圧力を調節する閉ループ フィードバック コントロールを使用して、堅牢で低コストのシリンジ ポンプ システムを開発しました。閉ループ圧力制御を使用して、高価な精密エンジニア リング コンポーネントの必要性は改廃9です。
手頃な価格の 3 D 印刷ハードウェアと関連付けられているオープン ソース ・ ソフトウェアの重要な成長の組み合わせはアクセシブル デザインとマイクロ流体デバイスの作製ますます研究者にさまざまな分野10から。ただし、これらのデバイスを介してドライブの流体に使用するシステムは高価なままです。この低コストで流体制御システムの必要性に対処する手順アセンブリの数が少ないを必要とする、実験室の研究者によって作製することができますデザインを開発しました。にもかかわらず、低コストで簡単なアセンブリこのシステムは正確な流量制御を提供することができ、市販、クローズド ループのシリンジ ポンプ システムは、非常に高価にすることができますに代わる。
ここで、建設と閉ループ制御の使用のためのプロトコルを提供シリンジ ポンプ システム (図 1) を開発しました。システムの処理液は、ピエゾ抵抗型圧力センサー、マイクロ コント ローラー、以前研究11に触発された物理的なシリンジ ポンプで構成されます。比例・積分・微分 (PID) コント ローラーでプログラムを構成したら、システムは、マイクロ流体デバイスに規則正しい、圧力駆動型のフローを提供することが可能です。これは自分の仕事でマイクロを使用する研究者のより広範なグループを有効にするコストの高い商用製品に低コストで柔軟な代替を提供します。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1268">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:289px;">Arduino IDE</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Arduino.org</td>
			<td style="width:169px;"></td>
			<td style="width:565px;">Arduino Uno R3 control software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Header Connector, 2 Positions</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>WM4000-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Header Connector, 3 Positions</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>WM4001-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Header Connector, 4 Positions</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>WM4002-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hook-up Wire, 22 Gauge, Black</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1528-1752-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hook-up Wire, 22 Gauge, Blue</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1528-1757-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hook-up Wire, 22 Gauge, Red</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1528-1750-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hook-up Wire, 22 Gauge, White</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1528-1768-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hook-up Wire, 22 Gauge, Yellow</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1528-1751-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Instrumentation Amplifier</td>
			<td>Texas Instruments</td>
			<td>INA122P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microcontroller, Arduino Uno R3</td>
			<td>Arduino.org</td>
			<td>A000066</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini Breadboard</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B01IMS0II0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Power Supply</td>
			<td>BK Precision</td>
			<td>1550</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pressure Sensor</td>
			<td>PendoTech</td>
			<td>PRESS-S-000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rectangular Connectors, Housings</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>WM2802-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Rectangular Connectors, Male</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>WM2565CT-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resistors, 10k Ohm&#160;</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1135-1174-1-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Resistors, 330 Ohm&#160;</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>330ADCT-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stepper Motor Driver, EasyDriver</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1568-1108-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">USB 2.0 Cable, A-Male to B-Male</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>PC045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Printed Material, Z-ABS&#160;</td>
			<td>Zortrax</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A variety of colors are available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">3D Printer</td>
			<td>Zortrax</td>
			<td>M200</td>
			<td>Printing out the syringe pump components</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ball Bearing, 17x6x6mm</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B008X18NWK</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hex Machine Screws, M3x16mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B00W97MTII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hex Machine Screws, M3x35mm&#160;</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B00W97N2UW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hex Nut, M3 0.5&#160;</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B012U6PKMO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hex Nut, M5&#160;</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B012T3C8YQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lathe Round Rod</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B00AUB73HW</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Linear Ball Bearing</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B01IDKG1WO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Linear Flexible Coupler</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B010MZ8SQU</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Steel Lock Nut, M3 0.5</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B000NBKLOQ</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stepper Motor, NEMA-17, 1.8o/step</td>
			<td>Digi-Key</td>
			<td>1568-1105-ND</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe, 10mL, Luer-Lok Tip</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Threaded Rod</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B01MA5XREY</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorooctyltrichlorosilane</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>AAL1660609</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Camera Module</td>
			<td>Raspberry Pi Foundation</td>
			<td>V2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Compact Oven</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>PR305220G</td>
			<td>Baking PDMS pre-polymer mixture and the device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dispensing Needle, 22 Gauge</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>75165A682</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dispensing Needle, 23 Gauge</td>
			<td>McMaster-Carr</td>
			<td>75165A684</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand Premium Cover Glasses</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>12-548-5C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Glass Culture Petri Dish, 130x25mm</td>
			<td>American Educational Products</td>
			<td>7-1500-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-32G</td>
			<td>Binding the cover glass with the PDMS device</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Razor Blades</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>7071A141&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scotch Magic Tape</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>B00RB1YAL6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Single-board Computer</td>
			<td>Raspberry Pi Foundation</td>
			<td>Raspberry Pi 2 model B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Smart Spatula</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>EW-06265-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Sylgard 184 Silicone Elastomer Kit</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>NC9644388</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Syringe Filters</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>7252520</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tygon Tubing</td>
			<td>ColeParmer&#160;</td>
			<td>EW-06419-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Vacuum Desiccator</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>08-594-15C</td>
			<td>Degasing PDMS pre-polymer mixture and coating fluorosilane on the master mold</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Weighing Dishes</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>S67090A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

three-dimensional printing of thermoplastic materials to create automated syringe pumps with feedback control for microfluidic applications

マイクロ生物・化学・物理学の研究で重要なツールとなっています。マイクロ流体実験の 1 つの重要なコンポーネントは、安定した流体入口流量や入口圧力を正確に提供することができるシステムです。ここでは、制御できるシリンジ ポンプ システムを開発した、マイクロ流体デバイスに配信入口流体圧力を調節します。このシステムは、低コストの材料と添加剤の製造原理、熱可塑性材料と可能な限り既製のコンポーネントの 3次元 (3 D) 印刷を活用を使用して設計されました。このシステムは 3 つの主要なコンポーネントで構成される: シリンジ ポンプ、圧力トランスデューサーとプログラム可能なマイクロ コント ローラー。このペーパー内の一連の製造、組立、およびこのシリンジ ポンプ システムをプログラミング プロトコルを詳しく説明します。さらに、我々 は、高忠実度、このシステムを用いて入口圧力のフィードバック制御を示す代表的な結果を含まれています。我々 は、マイクロ流体の使用のための参入障壁を下げるこのプロトコルは低コスト シリンジ ポンプ システムを作製する研究者を許可する期待の医学、化学、材料学。

ここでは、フィードバック制御の注射器の構築システムをポンプし、マイクロ流体アプリケーションの潜在的な用途を示すプロトコルを提案します。図 1は、シリンジ ポンプ、圧力センサー、マイクロ流体デバイス、マイクロ コント ローラー、圧力センサー回路とステッピング モーター ドライバーの接続システムを示しています。<strong class="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications at JoVE.com

Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

マイクロ アプリケーションで使用される圧力制御シリンジ ポンプを構築するためのプロトコルをご紹介します。このシリンジ ポンプは、相加的製造ボディ、市販ハードウェアとオープン ソースの電子機器から作られます。結果システムは低コストで簡単に構築、できると規則正しい流体急速なマイクロ流体研究を有効にするを提供します。

印刷作成する熱可塑性材料の三次元マイクロ流体用フィードバック制御を用いたシリンジ ポンプを自動

Microfluidics has become a critical tool in research across the biological, chemical, and physical sciences. One important component of microfluidic ...

three-dimensional-printing-thermoplastic-materials-to-create

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

12.3K ビュー.  University of Pittsburgh. マイクロ アプリケーションで使用される圧力制御シリンジ ポンプを構築するためのプロトコルをご紹介します。このシリンジ ポンプは、相加的製造ボディ、市販ハードウェアとオープン ソースの電子機器から作られます。結果システムは低コストで簡単に構築、できると規則正しい流体急速なマイクロ流体研究を有効にするを提供します。

ビデオ: Three-dimensional Printing of Thermoplastic Materials to Create Automated Syringe Pumps with Feedback Control for Microfluidic Applications

Planar and Three-Dimensional Printing of Conductive Inks

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices1-3. In this paper, we focus on one- (1D), two- (2D), and three-dimensional (3D) printing of conductive metallic inks in the form of flexible, stretchable, and spanning microelectrodes.
Direct-write assembly4,5 is a 1-to-3D printing technique that enables the fabrication of features ranging from simple lines to complex structures by the deposition of concentrated inks through fine nozzles (~0.1 - 250 &mu;m). This printing method consists of a computer-controlled 3-axis translation stage, an ink reservoir and nozzle, and 10x telescopic lens for visualization. Unlike inkjet printing, a droplet-based process, direct-write assembly involves the extrusion of ink filaments either in- or out-of-plane. The printed filaments typically conform to the nozzle size. Hence, microscale features (&lt; 1 &mu;m) can be patterned and assembled into larger arrays and multidimensional architectures.
In this paper, we first synthesize a highly concentrated silver nanoparticle ink for planar and 3D printing via direct-write assembly. Next, a standard protocol for printing microelectrodes in multidimensional motifs is demonstrated. Finally, applications of printed microelectrodes for electrically small antennas, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes are highlighted.

Planar and three-dimensional printing of conductive metallic inks is described. Our approach provides new avenues for fabricating printed electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical devices in unusual layouts at the microscale.

導電性インクの平面および三次元印刷

Printed electronics rely on low-cost, large-area fabrication routes to create flexible or multidimensional electronic, optoelectronic, and biomedical ...

生物工学

Designing Silk-silk Protein Alloy Materials for Biomedical Applications

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, nanomedicine, tissue regeneration, and drug delivery. Designing materials based on the molecular-scale interactions between these proteins will help generate new multifunctional protein alloy biomaterials with tunable properties. Such alloy material systems also provide advantages in comparison to traditional synthetic polymers due to the materials biodegradability, biocompatibility, and tenability in the body. This article used the protein blends of wild tussah silk (Antheraea pernyi) and domestic mulberry silk (Bombyx mori) as an example to provide useful protocols regarding these topics, including how to predict protein-protein interactions by computational methods, how to produce protein alloy solutions, how to verify alloy systems by thermal analysis, and how to fabricate variable alloy materials including optical materials with diffraction gratings, electric materials with circuits coatings, and pharmaceutical materials for drug release and delivery. These methods can provide important information for designing the next generation multifunctional biomaterials based on different protein alloys.

Blending is an efficient approach to generate biomaterials with a broad range of properties and combined features. By predicting the molecular interactions between different natural silk proteins, new silk-silk protein alloy platforms with tunable mechanical resiliency, electrical response, optical transparency, chemical processability, biodegradability, or thermal stability can be designed.

バイオメディカル応用のためのシルクシルクプロテイン合金材料設計

Fibrous proteins display different sequences and structures that have been used for various applications in biomedical fields such as biosensors, ...

Human Cartilage Tissue Fabrication Using Three-dimensional Inkjet Printing Technology

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. With digital control&#160;cells, scaffolds, and growth factors can be precisely deposited to the desired two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) locations rapidly. Therefore, this technology is an ideal approach to fabricate tissues mimicking their native anatomic structures. In order to engineer cartilage with native zonal organization, extracellular matrix composition (ECM), and mechanical properties, we developed a bioprinting platform using a commercial inkjet printer with simultaneous photopolymerization capable for 3D cartilage tissue engineering. Human chondrocytes suspended in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were printed for 3D neocartilage construction via layer-by-layer assembly. The printed cells were fixed at their original deposited positions, supported by the surrounding scaffold in simultaneous photopolymerization. The mechanical properties of the printed tissue were similar to the native cartilage. Compared to conventional tissue fabrication, which requires longer UV exposure, the viability of the printed cells with simultaneous photopolymerization was significantly higher. Printed neocartilage demonstrated excellent glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen type II production, which was consistent with gene expression. Therefore, this platform is ideal for accurate cell distribution and arrangement for anatomic tissue engineering.

The methods described in this paper show how to convert a commercial inkjet printer into a bioprinter with simultaneous UV polymerization. The printer is capable of constructing 3D tissue structure with cells and biomaterials. The study demonstrated here constructed a 3D neocartilage.

三次元インクジェット印刷技術を用いて、ヒト軟骨組織の作製

Bioprinting, which is based on thermal inkjet printing, is one of the most attractive enabling technologies in the field of tissue engineering and ...

Generation of a Three-dimensional Full Thickness Skin Equivalent and Automated Wounding

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models reflect the human wound situation better than animal models. Although two-dimensional models are widely used to investigate processes such as cellular migration and proliferation, models that are more complex are required to gain a deeper knowledge about wound healing. Besides a suitable model system, the generation of precise and reproducible wounds is crucial to ensure comparable results between different test runs. In this study, the generation of a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent to study wound healing is shown. The dermal part of the models is comprised of human dermal fibroblast embedded in a rat-tail collagen type I hydrogel. Following the inoculation with human epidermal keratinocytes and consequent culture at the air-liquid interface, a multilayered epidermis is formed on top of the models. To study the wound healing process, we additionally developed an automated wounding device, which generates standardized wounds in a sterile atmosphere.

The goal of this protocol is to build up a three-dimensional full thickness skin equivalent, which resembles natural skin. With a specifically constructed automated wounding device, precise and reproducible wounds can be generated under maintenance of sterility.

三次元の全層皮膚等価物と自動傷つけ処理の発生

In vitro models are a cost effective and ethical alternative to study cutaneous wound healing processes. Moreover, by using human cells, these models ...

Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial applications. Here we describe how electrospinning or electrospraying a polymer mixture containing a biodegradable, biocompatible aliphatic polyester (e.g., polycaprolactone and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), as the major component, doped with a hydrophobic copolymer composed of the polyester and a stearate-modified poly(glycerol carbonate) affords a superhydrophobic biomaterial. The fabrication techniques of electrospinning or electrospraying provide the enhanced surface roughness and porosity on and within the fibers or the particles, respectively. The use of a low surface energy copolymer dopant that blends with the polyester and can be stably electrospun or electrosprayed affords these superhydrophobic materials. Important parameters such as fiber size, copolymer dopant composition and/or concentration, and their effects on wettability are discussed. This combination of polymer chemistry and process engineering affords a versatile approach to develop application-specific materials using scalable techniques, which are likely generalizable to a wider class of polymers for a variety of applications.

Two- and three-dimensional superhydrophobic polymeric materials are prepared by electrospinning or electrospraying biodegradable polymers blended with a lower surface energy polymer of similar composition.

バイオメディカル応用のための超疎水性高分子材料を製造します

Superhydrophobic materials, with surfaces possessing permanent or metastable non-wetted states, are of interest for a number of biomedical and industrial ...

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Poly(ethylene glycol) Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing drugs targeted at the liver, requires a platform in which cells receive proper biochemical and mechanical cues. Recent liver tissue engineering systems have employed three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds composed of synthetic or natural hydrogels, given their high water retention and their ability to provide the mechanical stimuli needed by the cells. There has been growing interest in the inverted colloidal crystal (ICC) scaffold, a recent development, which allows high spatial organization, homotypic and heterotypic cell interaction, as well as cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction. Herein, we describe a protocol to fabricate the ICC scaffold using poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and the particle leaching method. Briefly, a lattice is made from microsphere particles, after which a pre-polymer solution is added, properly polymerized, and the particles are then removed, or leached, using an organic solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran). The dissolution of the lattice results in a highly porous scaffold with controlled pore sizes and interconnectivities that allow media to reach cells more easily. This unique structure allows high surface area for the cells to adhere to as well as easy communication between pores, and the ability to coat the PEGDA ICC scaffold with proteins also shows a marked effect on cell performance. We analyze the morphology of the scaffold as well as the hepatocarcinoma cell (Huh-7.5) behavior in terms of viability and function to explore the effect of ICC structure and ECM coatings. Overall, this paper provides a detailed protocol of an emerging scaffold that has wide applications in tissue engineering, especially liver tissue engineering.

Fabrication of Inverted Colloidal Crystal Polyethylene glycol Scaffold: A Three-dimensional Cell Culture Platform for Liver Tissue Engineering

This manuscript presents a detailed protocol for the fabrication of an emerging three-dimensional hepatocyte culture platform, the inverted colloidal crystal scaffold, and the concomitant techniques to assess hepatocyte behavior. The size-controllable pores, interconnectivity and ability to conjugate extracellular matrix proteins to the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) scaffold enhance Huh-7.5 cell performance.

肝組織工学のための三次元細胞培養プラットフォーム：逆コロイド結晶ポリ（エチレングリコール）足場の作製

The ability to maintain hepatocyte function in vitro, for the purpose of testing xenobiotics&#39; cytotoxicity, studying virus infection and developing ...

Fabrication of Three-dimensional Paper-based Microfluidic Devices for Immunoassays

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and directed within a layer of paper. Moreover, stacking multiple layers of patterned paper creates sophisticated three-dimensional microfluidic networks that can support the development of analytical and bioanalytical assays. Paper-based microfluidic devices are inexpensive, portable, easy to use, and require no external equipment to operate. As a result, they hold great promise as a platform for point-of-care diagnostics. In order to properly evaluate the utility and analytical performance of paper-based devices, suitable methods must be developed to ensure their manufacture is reproducible and at a scale that is appropriate for laboratory settings. In this manuscript, a method to fabricate a general device architecture that can be used for paper-based immunoassays is described. We use a form of additive manufacturing (multi-layer lamination) to prepare devices that comprise multiple layers of patterned paper and patterned adhesive. In addition to demonstrating the proper use of these three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices with an immunoassay for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), errors in the manufacturing process that may result in device failures are discussed. We expect this approach to manufacturing paper-based devices will find broad utility in the development of analytical applications designed specifically for limited-resource settings.

We detail a method to fabricate three-dimensional paper-based microfluidic devices for use in the development of immunoassays. Our approach to device assembly is a type of multilayer, additive manufacturing. We demonstrate a sandwich immunoassay to provide representative results for these types of paper-based devices.

イムノアッセイのための3次元紙ベースのマイクロ流体デバイスの作製

Paper wicks fluids autonomously due to capillary action. By patterning paper with hydrophobic barriers, the transport of fluids can be controlled and ...

Melt Electrospinning Writing of Three-dimensional Poly(&#949;-caprolactone) Scaffolds with Controllable Morphologies for Tissue Engineering Applications

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology with great potential for biomedical applications. The technique facilitates the direct deposition of biocompatible polymer fibers to fabricate well-ordered scaffolds in the sub-micron to micro scale range. The establishment of a stable, viscoelastic, polymer jet between a spinneret and a collector is achieved using an applied voltage and can be direct-written. A significant benefit of a typical porous scaffold is a high surface-to-volume ratio which provides increased effective adhesion sites for cell attachment and growth. Controlling the printing process by fine-tuning the system parameters enables high reproducibility in the quality of the printed scaffolds. It also provides a flexible manufacturing platform for users to tailor the morphological structures of the scaffolds to their specific requirements. For this purpose, we present a protocol to obtain different fiber diameters using melt electrospinning writing (MEW) with a guided amendment of the parameters, including flow rate, voltage and collection speed. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to optimize the jet, discuss often experienced technical challenges, explain troubleshooting techniques and showcase a wide range of printable scaffold architectures.

This protocol serves as a comprehensive guideline to fabricate scaffolds via electrospinning with polymer melts in a direct writing mode. We systematically outline the process and define the appropriate parameter settings for achieving targeted scaffold architectures.

組織工学的応用の制御可能な形態の三次元 Poly(ε-caprolactone) 足場のエレクトロスピニング記述を溶かす

This tutorial reflects on the fundamental principles and guidelines for electrospinning writing with polymer melts, an additive manufacturing technology ...

Antimicrobial Characterization of Advanced Materials for Bioengineering Applications

The development of new advanced materials with enhanced properties is becoming more and more important in a wide range of bioengineering applications. Thus, many novel biomaterials are being designed to mimic specific environments required for biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and controlled drug delivery. The development of materials with improved properties for the immobilization of cells or enzymes is also a current research topic in bioprocess engineering. However, one of the most desirable properties of a material in these applications is the antimicrobial capacity to avoid any undesirable infections. For this, we present easy-to-follow protocols for the antimicrobial characterization of materials based on (i) the agar disk diffusion test (diffusion method) and (ii) the ISO 22196:2007 norm to measure the antimicrobial activity on material surfaces (contact method). This protocol must be performed using Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast to cover a broad range of microorganisms. As an example, 4 materials with different chemical natures are tested following this protocol against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.The results of these tests exhibit non-antimicrobial activity for the first material and increasing antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria for the other 3 materials. However, none of the 4 materials are able to inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.

We present a protocol for the antimicrobial characterization of advanced materials. Here, the antimicrobial activity on material surfaces is measured by two methods that complement each other: one is based on the agar disk diffusion test, and the other is a standard procedure based on the ISO 22196:2007 norm.

バイオ エンジニア リング アプリケーション用先端材料の抗菌特性

The development of new advanced materials with enhanced properties is becoming more and more important in a wide range of bioengineering applications. ...

Three-dimensional Patterning of Engineered Biofilms with a Do-it-yourself Bioprinter

Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria embedded in a self-produced spatially-patterned extracellular matrix. Bacteria within a biofilm develop enhanced antibiotic resistance, which poses potential health dangers, but can also be beneficial for environmental applications such as purification of drinking water. The further development of anti-bacterial therapeutics and biofilm-inspired applications will require the development of reproducible, engineerable methods for biofilm creation. Recently, a novel method of biofilm preparation using a modified three-dimensional (3D) printer with a bacterial ink has been developed. This article describes the steps necessary to build this efficient, low-cost 3D bioprinter that offers multiple applications in bacterially-induced materials processing. The protocol begins with an adapted commercial 3D printer in which the extruder has been replaced with a bio-ink dispenser connected to a syringe pump system enabling a controllable, continuous flow of bio-ink. To develop a bio-ink suitable for biofilm printing, engineered Escherichia coli bacteria were suspended in a solution of alginate, so that they solidify in contact with a surface containing calcium. The inclusion of an inducer chemical within the printing substrate drives expression of biofilm proteins within the printed bio-ink. This method enables 3D printing of various spatial patterns composed of discrete layers of printed biofilms. Such spatially-controlled biofilms can serve as model systems and can find applications in multiple fields that have a wide-ranging impact on society, including antibiotic resistance prevention or drinking water purification, among others.

This article describes a method of transforming a low-cost commercial 3D printer into a bacterial 3D printer that can facilitate printing of patterned biofilms. All necessary aspects of preparing the bioprinter and bio-ink are described, as well as verification methods to assess the formation of biofilms.

Bioprinter で設計されたバイオフィルムの三次元パターン化

Biofilms are aggregates of bacteria embedded in a self-produced spatially-patterned extracellular matrix. Bacteria within a biofilm develop enhanced ...

印刷作成する熱可塑性材料の三次元マイクロ流体用フィードバック制御を用いたシリンジ ポンプを自動

印刷作成する熱可塑性材料の三次元マイクロ流体用フィードバック制御を用いたシリンジポンプを自動