NGS ライブラリの準備およびシーケンスのための人間遺伝学研究所内スタッフに感謝いたします。ここで作られた Y2H プラスミド ライブラリのゲノム ライブラリー フラグメントの準備で彼女の専門知識を Einat snir/を感謝いたします。この仕事は健康の国民の協会によって支えられた: NIH R21 EB021870 01A1、NSF 研究プロジェクト助成: 1517110。

<ol>
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V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mapping+the+Protein-Protein+Interactome+Networks+Using+Yeast+Two-Hybrid+Screens.">Mapping the Protein-Protein Interactome Networks Using Yeast Two-Hybrid Screens.</a> Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 883, 187-214 (2015).</li><li>Weimann, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Y2H-seq+approach+defines+the+human+protein+methyltransferase+interactome.">A Y2H-seq approach defines the human protein methyltransferase interactome.</a> Nature Methods. 10 (4), 339-342 (2013).</li><li>Yachie, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pooled-matrix+protein+interaction+screens+using+Barcode+Fusion+Genetics.">Pooled-matrix protein interaction screens using Barcode Fusion Genetics.</a> Molecular Systems Biology. 12 (4), 863 (2016).</li><li>Trigg, S. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CrY2H-seq:+a+massively+multiplexed+assay+for+deep-coverage+interactome+mapping.">CrY2H-seq: a massively multiplexed assay for deep-coverage interactome mapping.</a> Nature Methods. , (2017).</li><li>Estojak, J., Brent, R., Golemis, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correlation+of+two-hybrid+affinity+data+with+in+vitro+measurements.">Correlation of two-hybrid affinity data with in vitro measurements.</a> Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15 (10), 5820-5829 (1995).</li><li>Rajagopala, S. V., Hughes, K. T., Uetz, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Benchmarking+yeast+two-hybrid+systems+using+the+interactions+of+bacterial+motility+proteins.">Benchmarking yeast two-hybrid systems using the interactions of bacterial motility proteins.</a> Proteomics. 9 (23), 5296-5302 (2009).</li><li>James, P., Halladay, J., Craig, E. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+libraries+and+a+host+strain+designed+for+highly+efficient+two-hybrid+selection+in+yeast.">Genomic libraries and a host strain designed for highly efficient two-hybrid selection in yeast.</a> Genetics. 144 (4), 1425-1436 (1996).</li><li>Barbas, C. F., Burton, D. R., Scott, J. K., Silverman, G. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitation+of+DNA+and+RNA.">Quantitation of DNA and RNA.</a> CSH Protoc. 2007, pdb ip47 (2007).</li><li>Sambrook, J., Russell, D. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SDS-Polyacrylamide+Gel+Electrophoresis+of+Proteins.">SDS-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis of Proteins.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Protocols. 2006 (4), (2006).</li><li>Towbin, H., Staehelin, T., Gordon, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophoretic+transfer+of+proteins+from+polyacrylamide+gels+to+nitrocellulose+sheets:+procedure+and+some+applications.">Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA. 76 (9), 4350-4354 (1979).</li><li>Alegria-Schaffer, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Western+blotting+using+chemiluminescent+substrates.">Western blotting using chemiluminescent substrates.</a> Methods in Enzymology. 541, 251-259 (2014).</li><li>Lee, P. Y., Costumbrado, J., Hsu, C. Y., Kim, Y. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose+gel+electrophoresis+for+the+separation+of+DNA+fragments.">Agarose gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (62), (2012).</li><li>Harper, J. W., Adami, G. R., Wei, N., Keyomarsi, K., Elledge, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+p21+Cdk-interacting+protein+Cip1+is+a+potent+inhibitor+of+G1+cyclin-dependent+kinases.">The p21 Cdk-interacting protein Cip1 is a potent inhibitor of G1 cyclin-dependent kinases.</a> Cell. 75 (4), 805-816 (1993).</li></ol>

著者がある何も開示するには

ここで最適化されたメソッドを使用してバッチで Y2H アッセイを実行する方法のためのガイドを提供します。開始ライブラリの代表を選択下に置かれると酵母の人口には変動を制限するための選択を受けること開始の酵母集団の十分なされているかを確認する手順をいくつかの重要なステップがあります。.重要なは、これらのベンチマークは、比較的適応方法やこのアプローチになり、ほと?...

細胞生物学的プロセスの完全な理解は、その分子機構の根底にある蛋白質相互作用ネットワークの検索に依存します。蛋白質の相互作用を識別する 1 つの方法は興味の蛋白質の 2 つの領域は互いにバインド1一度機能しているキメラ転写因子を組み立てることによって動作する酵母 2 ハイブリッド (Y2H) 試金。Y2H の典型的なスクリーンがプラスミド転写活性化因子に融合相互作用の蛋白質の両方図書館を収容する酵母の人口を作成することによって実行されます (例えば.、'捕食' 融合タンパク質) とタンパク質から成る特定の '餌' プラスミド興味の DNA 結合ドメイン (例えば、Gal4 上流活性化シーケンスにバインド Gal4 DNA 結合ドメイン) に溶けます。Y2H アプローチの主な利点の 1 つは、比較的簡単だし、ルーチンワーク分子生物2の典型的な研究室で実施する安価な装備です。しかし、伝統的に実行されると、ユーザーは正の Y2H 相互作用の選択により発生する個々 のコロニーをサンプリングします。これは、調査することができますライブラリ '捕食' クローンの数を厳しく制限されます。この問題は、特定の相互作用する獲物の豊富さが非常に高い他、低豊富な獲物プラスミドからの相互作用を検出する機会を減少と関連した合成されます。
プロテオームの包括的なカバレッジの Y2H 原理を使用して 1 つのソリューションは、知られている個々 の獲物プラスミドを含む配列を前記デジタルに尋問できるマトリックス形式のアプローチの使用です。ただし、このようなアプローチは蛋白質またはドメイン3の少数のインタラクトームを定義する際に興味を持っている個々 の捜査官に容易にアクセスや費用対効果のないインフラストラクチャが必要です。さらに、複数のフラグメントの相互作用の蛋白質を符号化するかもしれない非常に複雑な獲物ライブラリは、非現実的なサイズにこのような行列の配列のサイズを拡大します。代わりに、バッチで複雑なライブラリとアッセイを行い、大規模な並列高スループット シーケンス4を使用して相互作用するクローンの存在を評価します。これはアッセイの典型的なを使用して複数のコロニーで発生する獲物プラスミドの存在に適用できる Y2H 形式アプローチする酵母の細胞融合蛋白質の相互作用のペアを住宅プレート5,6に成長すること。この一般的な考えは、両方の複数の餌のクエリを増やすし、同じ時間7,8のコンポーネントを獲物に強調することができます。
それでも、多くの調査は簡単にまだ努力に注力ほんのタンパク質 '餌' を必要とし、単一の複雑な獲物ライブラリの包括的な半定量的なクエリによって恩恵を受けることができます。我々 は開発し、バッチ形式4で Y2H 原理を用いた大規模タンパク質相互作用研究を実行するアプローチを検証します。Y2H 相互作用9の相対的な強さのためのプロキシとして特定の獲物プラスミドの膨張率を使用します。集団内のすべてのプラスミドのディープ シーケンスが正常な成長を受けるまたは選択成長条件は、強くて弱い Y2H 相互作用を得られるクローンの完全なマップを生成します。インターアクターのレパートリーを入手し、直接複数の餌プラスミド間で比較することができます。Deepn 深さ (評価のタンパク質ネットワークの動的な濃縮) と呼ばれる作成されたワークフローは、対別のもの 1 つのタンパク質の比較を許可する蛋白質を識別する同じ獲物ライブラリから差分 interactomes を識別するためにこのように使用できます。
Deepn 深さを示すここでは、図 1に記載されている、その使用を容易にする実験室方法の改善を紹介。大幅な改善が含まれます。
獲物酵母集団の生成します。プラスミド獲物ライブラリの分布が同じ別の餌プラスミドと酵母の集団の生成 deepn 深さの重要な要件の 1 つです。獲物プラスミド ライブラリの同等基準集団が異なる餌の interactomes 間の正確な比較を行うために不可欠です。これは最高のライブラリ プラスミドは既に建物半数体酵母の人口で、その人口に与えられた餌のプラスミドの移動は、二倍体を生成する交配によって達成されるとき達成します。ここでは、我々 は半数体酵母の市販のライブラリを使用してこのような集団を作る方法で、明確な指針を提供します。我々 は二倍体数が多いを生成するメソッドを発見したが、これら商用ライブラリを含む酵母菌の全体的な交尾効率が低かった。したがって、交配反応あたりはるかに多くの切片が得られます獲物ライブラリを収容できる新しいひずみを構築しました。
新しい餌プラスミドの設定をします。エクスプレス '餌' 融合蛋白質で構成される興味の DNA 結合ドメインとタンパク質の多くの現在のプラスミドは、2 μ ベース、コピー数を増幅させることです。このコピーの数は、人口の非常に変数をでき、Y2H 転写応答の可変性に 。これは、ターンでは選択範囲の下のセルの成長の応答に基づいて特定の蛋白質の相互作用の強さを測定する能力が偏る可能性があります。これは、部分的アドレスのいくつかは以前市販 pDEST3210など記載されている低コピー プラスミドを用いた。上流の餌フラグメントの両方のクローンを作成ことができます Kanr 耐性遺伝子を運ぶTRP1セントロメア ベース低コピー プラスミド内 Gal4 DNA 結合ドメイン融合蛋白質を作り出す新しい餌プラスミド (pTEF GBD) を構築したとGal4 DNA 結合ドメインの下流。
新しい高密度 Y2H フラグメント ライブラリ。家 Y2H 獲物ライブラリに新しいプラスミドを構築し、ゲノム DNA の断片をランダムにせん断の酵母から作られた非常に複雑な Y2H ライブラリをビルドするために使用します。シーケンス解析は、このライブラリが前述の酵母ゲノム Y2H プラスミド ライブラリ11よりも遠く複雑以上 100 万の異なる要素を持っていたことを示した。この新しいライブラリ DEEPN ワークフローが堅牢な信頼性が高く、再現性のある方法で多くの異なるプラスミドを持つ複雑なライブラリに対応することを示すことができました。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Illumina HiSeq 4000</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>deep sequencing platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monoclonal anti-HA antibodies</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>901514</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody to detect expression of HA in pGal4AD constructs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyclonal anti-myc antibodies</td>
			<td>QED Biosciences Inc</td>
			<td>18826</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody to detect expression of MYC in pTEF-GBD constructs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NarI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0191S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EcoRI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3101S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BamHI-HF</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R3236S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>XhoI</td>
			<td>New England BioLabs</td>
			<td>R0146S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polyethylene Glycol 3350, powder</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>U2211-08</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Salmon Sperm DNA</td>
			<td>Trevigen, Inc sold by Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>50-948-286</td>
			<td>carrier DNA for yeast transformation section 3.2.1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kanamycin Monosulfate</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>K22000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LE Agarose</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>E-3120-500</td>
			<td>used for making DNA agarose gels</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>S23025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>T60060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Sorbitol</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>S23080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lithium Acetate Dihydrate</td>
			<td>MP Biomedicals</td>
			<td>155256</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium Chloride</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>C79</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EDTA Sodium Salt</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>E57020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract Powder</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>Y20020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Nitrogen Base (ammonium sulfate) w/o amino acids</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>Y20040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-Trp-Leu+40ADE</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DCS0789</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-Trp-Leu-His+40ADE</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DCS1169</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-Leu-Met</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DCS0549</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CSM-Trp-Met</td>
			<td>Bio 101, Inc</td>
			<td>4520-922</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Methionine</td>
			<td>Formedium</td>
			<td>DOC0168</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenine</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>A11500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>G32045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto Agar</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214010</td>
			<td>used for making media plates in section 1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>P20240</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-amino-1,2,4 Triazole</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A8056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoehanol (BME)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M6250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Zymolyase 100T</td>
			<td>USBiological</td>
			<td>Z1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium phosphate dibasic</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P8281</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol:Chloroform:IAA</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9732</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ammonium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>238074</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories, INC</td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNAse A</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>EN0531</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urea</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>U20200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Research Products International</td>
			<td>L22010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tris-HCl</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15506-017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>bromophenol blue</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>449</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibson Assembly Cloning Kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E5510S</td>
			<td>Rapid assembly method for cloning of plasmids in section 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NEBNext High-Fidelity 2x PCR Master Mix</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0541S</td>
			<td>Used for amplification of products for Gibson Assembly in Section 2.3 as well assample preparation for DEEPN deep sequencing in section 6.2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethidium Bromide</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>0492-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAquick PCR purification kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28104</td>
			<td>Used for purification of pcr products in section 6.2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qiaquick DNA Gel Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>28704</td>
			<td>Used for purification of digested pTEF-GBD in section 2.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KAPA Hyper Prep kit</td>
			<td>KAPA Biosystems</td>
			<td>KK8500</td>
			<td>preparation kit for deep sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Codon optimization</td>
			<td>http://www.jcat.de</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Codon optimization</td>
			<td>https://www.idtdna.com/CodonOpt</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>gBlocks</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DNA fragments used for cloning in Section 2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strings</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>DNA fragments used for cloning in Section 2.2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GenCatch Plasmid DNA mini-prep Kit</td>
			<td>EPOCH Life Sciences</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to prepare quantities of DNA in Section 2.3</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Covaris E220</td>
			<td>Covaris</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>high performance ultra-sonicator in section 7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo nucelotide 5&#8217;- CGGTCTT 
			CAATTTCTCAAGTTTCAG -3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for pcr amplification and sequencing 5&#39; insert pTEF-GBD during plasmid construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo nucelotide 5&#8217;-GAGTAACG 
			ACATTCCCAGTTGTTC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for pcr amplification and sequencing 5&#39; insert pTEF-GBD during plasmid construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo nucelotide 5&#8217;-CACCGTAT 
			TTCTGCCACCTCTTCC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for pcr amplification and sequencing 3&#39; insert pTEF-GBD during plasmid construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligo nucelotide 5&#8217;-GCAACCGC 
			ACTATTTGGAGCGCTG-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used for pcr amplification and sequencing 3&#39; insert pTEF-GBD during plasmid construction</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucleotide 5&#8217;-GTTCCGATG 
			CCTCTGCGAGTG-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39; Pimer used for insert amplification of pGAL4AD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucelotide 5&#8217;-GCACATGCT 
			AGCGTCAAATACC-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3&#39; Pimer used for insert amplification of pGAL4AD</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucelotide 5&#8217;-ACCCAAGCA 
			GTGGTATCAACG-3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>5&#39; Pimer used for insert amplification of pGADT7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oligonucelotide 5&#8217;- TATTTAGA 
			AGTGTCAACAACGTA -3&#8217;</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies or Thermofisher</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3&#39; Pimer used for insert amplification of pGADT7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PJ69-4A MatA yeast strain</td>
			<td>http://depts.washington.edu/yeastrc/ James P, Halladay J, Craig EA: Genomic Libraries and a host strain designed for highly efficient two-hybrid selection in yeast. GENETICS 1996 144:1425-1436</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MATA leu2-3,112 ura3-52 trp1-901 his3-200 gal4D, gal80D, GAL-ADE2 lys2::GAL1-HIS3 met2::GAL7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pTEF-GBD</td>
			<td>Dr. Robert Piper Lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gal4-DNA binding doimain expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PLY5725 MATalpha yeast strain</td>
			<td>Dr. Robert Piper Lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MATalpha his3&#8710;1 leu2&#8710;0 lys2&#8710;0 ura3&#8710;0 gal4&#8710; trp1&#8710; Gal80&#8710;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGal4AD (pPL6343)</td>
			<td>Dr. Robert Piper Lab</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Gal4-activation domain expression plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>100 mm petri dishes</td>
			<td>Kord-Vallmark sold by VWR</td>
			<td>2900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>125 mL PYREX Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S63270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 mL PYREX Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S63271</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,000 mL PYREX Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S63274</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2,000 mL PYREX Erlenmeyer flask</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S63275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>20 X 150 mm Disposable Culture Tube</td>
			<td>Thermofisher</td>
			<td>14-961-33</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pipet-aid</td>
			<td>Drummond</td>
			<td>4-000-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5 mL Serological Pipette</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P7127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 mL Serological Pipette</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P7128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 mL Serological Pipette</td>
			<td>Denville</td>
			<td>P7129</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,000 mL PYREX Griffin Beaker</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>02-540P</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,000 mL PYREX Reuasable Media Storage Bottle</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>06-414-1D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1,000 mL graduated cylinder</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-572-6G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SpectraMax 190</td>
			<td>Molecular Devices</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to measure the Optical Density of cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop 2000</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td>Spectrophotometer used to quantify amount of DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic UV transilluminator</td>
			<td>Ultra Lum</td>
			<td>MEB 20</td>
			<td>used to visualize DNA in an Ethidium Bromide agarose gel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P1000 Gilson PIPETMAN</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F123602G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P200 Gilson PIPETMAN</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F123601G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P20 Gilson PIPETMAN</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F123600G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>P10 Gilson PIPETMAN</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>F144802G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1250 &#181;L Low Retention Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>GeneMate</td>
			<td>P-1236-1250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>200 &#181;LLow Retention Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10017-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10 &#181;L XL Low Retention Pipette Tips</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>10017-042</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>490001-627</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL conical tube</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>490001-621</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell scraper</td>
			<td>Denville Scientific</td>
			<td>TC9310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1.5 mL Microcentrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1615-5500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Fluka Analytical</td>
			<td>318949-1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>J.T. Baker</td>
			<td>5674-02</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wooden applicators</td>
			<td>Solon Care</td>
			<td>55900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf microcentrifuge 5424</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>05-400-005</td>
			<td>microcentrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sorvall ST16R</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75004381</td>
			<td>benchtop centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham ECL Rabbit IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab (from donkey)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>NA934-1ML</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amersham ECL Mouse IgG, HRP-linked whole Ab (from sheep)</td>
			<td>GE Healthcare</td>
			<td>NA931-1ML</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibody</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SuperSignal West Pico Chemiluminescent Substrate</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>34080</td>
			<td>ECL detection solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotemp Incubator</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mutitron 2</td>
			<td>INFORS HT</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Shaking incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isotemp Digital-Control Water Bath Model 205</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>water bath</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y2H mouse cDNA library in Y187 (pan tissue)</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>630482</td>
			<td>commercially available cDNA Library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Y2H mouse cDNA library in Y187 (mouse brain)</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>630488</td>
			<td>commercially available cDNA Library</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGADT7 AD Vector</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>630442</td>
			<td>commercially available AD Vector housing many cDNA libraries</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>pGBKT7 DNA-BD Vector</td>
			<td>Clontech</td>
			<td>630443</td>
			<td>commercially available DNA-BD Vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biolase DNA Polymerase</td>
			<td>Bioline</td>
			<td>BIO-21042</td>
			<td>DNA polymerase used for section 2.4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GeneMate GCL-60 Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td>BioExpress</td>
			<td>P-6050-60</td>
			<td>pcr machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TempAssure 0.5 mL PCR tubes</td>
			<td>USA Scientific</td>
			<td>1405-8100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a yeast 2-hybrid screen in batch to compare protein interactions

酵母 2 ハイブリッド法によるタンパク質-タンパク質相互作用のためのスクリーニングは、効果的なツールを長年が、その使用は主として相互作用する候補者のライブラリで濃縮され高い高親和性インターアクターの発見に制限されています。伝統的な形式の酵母 2 ハイブリッド試金は低親和性インターアクターを発見可能性があります低金詰りで実施を分析するあまりにも多くの植民地を得ることができます。また、別の餌プラスミドに対して同じライブラリの包括的かつ完全な尋問、なし比較分析を実現できません。これらの問題のいくつかは、アレイ獲物ライブラリを使用して対処できる、コストとインフラストラクチャは、このような画面を操作するために必要なことが禁止できます。代わりに、我々 は同時に過渡の多数を明らかにする酵母 2 ハイブリッド試金を適応しているし、戦略を利用した単一の画面内で静的な蛋白質の相互作用に deepn 深さ (評価のタンパク質ネットワークの動的な濃縮) と呼ばれています。ハイスループット DNA の配列と相互作用のパートナーをエンコード プラスミドの人口の進化に従ってくださいに計算が組み込まれています。ここでは、カスタマイズされた試薬と簡単にかつ低コストで実行する deepn 深さが画面を可能にするプロトコルについて述べる。

Y2H 試金は蛋白質: 蛋白質の相互作用を見つけるため広く使用されているし、いくつかの適応やシステムが開発されています。ほとんどの部分については、これらの従来のアプローチを成功させるに役立つ同じ考慮事項が deepn 深さが重要です。重要なベンチマークのいくつかが含まれます: DNA 結合ドメインの発現融合蛋白質、スプリアスの低バック グラウンド彼 + 空?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Yeast 2-Hybrid Screen in Batch to Compare Protein Interactions at JoVE.com

A Yeast 2-Hybrid Screen in Batch to Compare Protein Interactions

蛋白質の相互作用を比較するバッチの酵母 2 ハイブリッド スクリーン

酵母 2 ハイブリッド スクリーンのバッチ処理は、獲物の融合蛋白質の非常に複雑なセットを持つ複数の餌の蛋白質の相互作用のプロファイルの直接比較のためことができます。ここでは、我々 は洗練された方法、新しい試薬とこのような画面の使用を実装する方法について説明します。

Screening for protein-protein interactions using the yeast 2-hybrid assay has long been an effective tool, but its use has largely been limited to the ...

a-yeast-2-hybrid-screen-in-batch-to-compare-protein-interactions

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

13.2K ビュー.  University of Iowa. 酵母 2 ハイブリッド スクリーンのバッチ処理は、獲物の融合蛋白質の非常に複雑なセットを持つ複数の餌の蛋白質の相互作用のプロファイルの直接比較のためことができます。ここでは、我々 は洗練された方法、新しい試薬とこのような画面の使用を実装する方法について説明します。

ビデオ: A Yeast 2-Hybrid Screen in Batch to Compare Protein Interactions

Fluorescence Anisotropy as a Tool to Study Protein-protein Interactions

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is necessary to characterize it at the structural and mechanistic level. Several biochemical and biophysical methods exist for such purpose. Among them, fluorescence anisotropy is a powerful technique particularly used when the fluorescence intensity of a fluorophore-labeled protein remains constant upon protein-protein interaction. In this technique, a fluorophore-labeled protein is excited with vertically polarized light of an appropriate wavelength that selectively excites a subset of the fluorophores according to their relative orientation with the incoming beam. The resulting emission also has a directionality whose relationship in the vertical and horizontal planes defines anisotropy (r) as follows: r=(IVV-IVH)/(IVV+2IVH), where IVV and IVH are the fluorescence intensities of the vertical and horizontal components, respectively. Fluorescence anisotropy is sensitive to the rotational diffusion of a fluorophore, namely the apparent molecular size of a fluorophore attached to a protein, which is altered upon protein-protein interaction. In the present text, the use of fluorescence anisotropy as a tool to study protein-protein interactions was exemplified to address the binding between the protein mutated in the Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SBDS) and the Elongation factor like-1 GTPase (EFL1). Conventionally, labeling of a protein with a fluorophore is carried out on the thiol groups (cysteine) or in the amino groups (the N-terminal amine or lysine) of the protein. However, SBDS possesses several cysteines and lysines that did not allow site directed labeling of it. As an alternative technique, the dye 4&#39;,5&#39;-bis(1,3,2 dithioarsolan-2-yl) fluorescein was used to specifically label a tetracysteine motif, Cys-Cys-Pro-Gly-Cys-Cys, genetically engineered in the C-terminus of the recombinant SBDS protein. Fitting of the experimental data provided quantitative and mechanistic information on the binding mode between these proteins.

Protein interactions are at the heart of a cell&#39;s function. Calorimetric and spectroscopic techniques are commonly used to characterize them. Here we describe fluorescence anisotropy as a tool to study the interaction between the protein mutated in the Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome (SBDS) and the Elongation factor-like 1 GTPase (EFL1).

タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を研究するためのツールとしての蛍光異方性

Protein-protein interactions play an essential role in the function of a living organism. Once an interaction has been identified and validated it is ...

生化学

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

Studies of integral membrane proteins in vitro are frequently complicated by the presence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Further complicating these studies, reincorporation of detergent-solubilized membrane proteins into liposomes is a stochastic process where protein topology is impossible to enforce. This paper offers an alternative method to these challenging techniques that utilizes a liposome-based scaffold. Protein solubility is enhanced by deletion of the transmembrane domain, and these amino acids are replaced with a tethering moiety, such as a His-tag. This tether interacts with an anchoring group (Ni2+ coordinated by nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA(Ni2+)) for His-tagged proteins), which enforces a uniform protein topology at the surface of the liposome. An example is presented wherein the interaction between Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) with an integral membrane protein, Mitochondrial Fission Factor (Mff), was investigated using this scaffold liposome method. In this work, we have demonstrated the ability of Mff to efficiently recruit soluble Drp1 to the surface of liposomes, which stimulated its GTPase activity. Moreover, Drp1 was able to tubulate the Mff-decorated lipid template in the presence of specific lipids. This example demonstrates the effectiveness of scaffold liposomes using structural and functional assays and highlights the role of Mff in regulating Drp1 activity.

Using Scaffold Liposomes to Reconstitute Lipid-proximal Protein-protein Interactions In Vitro

This paper describes a method for assessing the interactions and assemblies of integral membrane proteins in vitro with various partner factors in a lipid-proximal environment.

足場リポソームを使用することにより、脂質近位タンパク質 - タンパク質相互作用を再構成します<em&gt;インビトロ</em

Studies of integral membrane proteins in vitro are frequently complicated by the presence of a hydrophobic transmembrane domain. Further complicating ...

Time-resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Hydrogen-deuterium Exchange Mass Spectrometry for Studying Protein Structure and Dynamics

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. Hydrogen-Deuterium Exchange (HDX) measured at rapid time scales is uniquely suited to detect structures and hydrogen bonding networks that are briefly populated, allowing for the characterization of transient conformers in native ensembles. Coupling of HDX to mass spectrometry offers several key advantages, including high sensitivity, low sample consumption and no restriction on protein size. This technique has advanced greatly in the last several decades, including the ability to monitor HDX labeling times on the millisecond time scale. In addition, by incorporating the HDX workflow onto a microfluidic platform housing an acidic protease microreactor, we are able to localize dynamic properties at the peptide level. In this study, Time-Resolved ElectroSpray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TRESI-MS) coupled to HDX was used to provide a detailed picture of residual structure in the tau protein, as well as the conformational shifts induced upon hyperphosphorylation.

Conformational flexibility plays a critical role in protein function. Herein, we describe the use of time-resolved electrospray ionization mass spectrometry coupled to hydrogen-deuterium exchange for probing the rapid structural changes that drive function in ordered and disordered proteins.

時間分解エレクトロスプレーイオン化水素 - 重水素交換質量分析タンパク質の構造とダイナミクスを学ぶために

Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) have long been a challenge to structural biologists due to their lack of stable secondary structure elements. ...

A Modified Yeast-one Hybrid System for Heteromeric Protein Complex-DNA Interaction Studies

Over the years, the yeast one-hybrid assay has proven to be an important technique for the identification and validation of physical interactions between proteins such as transcription factors (TFs) and their DNA target. The method presented here utilizes the underlying concept of the Y1H but is modified further to study and validate protein complexes binding to their target DNA. Hence, it is referred to as the modified yeast one-hybrid (Y1.5H) assay. This assay is cost effective and can be easily performed in a regular laboratory setting. Albeit using a heterologous system, the described method could be a valuable tool to test and validate the heteromeric protein complex binding to their DNA target(s) for functional genomics in any system of study, especially plant genomics.

The modified yeast one-hybrid assay described here is an extension of the classical yeast one-hybrid (Y1H) assay to study and validate the heteromeric protein complex-DNA interaction in a heterologous system for any functional genomics study.

異種タンパク質複合体-DNA相互作用研究のための改変酵母1ハイブリッドシステム

Over the years, the yeast one-hybrid assay has proven to be an important technique for the identification and validation of physical interactions between ...

Biotinylated Cell-penetrating Peptides to Study Intracellular Protein-protein Interactions

Here we present a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions that is based on the widely used biotin-avidin pull-down system. The modification presented includes the combination of this technique with cell-penetrating sequences. We propose to design cell-penetrating baits that can be incubated with living cells instead of cell lysates and therefore the interactions found will reflect those that occur within the intracellular context. Connexin43 (Cx43), a protein that forms gap junction channels and hemichannels is down-regulated in high-grade gliomas. The Cx43 region comprising amino acids 266-283 is responsible for the inhibition of the oncogenic activity of c-Src in glioma cells. Here we use TAT as the cell-penetrating sequence, biotin as the pull-down tag and the region of Cx43 comprised between amino acids 266-283 as the target to find intracellular interactions in the hard-to-transfect human glioma stem cells. One of the limitations of the proposed method is that the molecule used as bait could fail to fold properly and, consequently, the interactions found could not be associated with the effect. However, this method can be especially interesting for the interactions involved in signal transduction pathways because they are usually carried out by intrinsically disordered regions and, therefore, they do not require an ordered folding. In addition, one of the advantages of the proposed method is that the relevance of each residue on the interaction can be easily studied. This is a modular system; therefore, other cell-penetrating sequences, other tags, and other intracellular targets can be employed. Finally, the scope of this protocol is far beyond protein-protein interaction because this system can be applied to other bioactive cargoes such as RNA sequences, nanoparticles, viruses or any molecule that can be transduced with cell-penetrating sequences and fused to pull-down tags to study their intracellular mechanism of action.

This is a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions based on the biotin-avidin pull-down system with the novelty of combining cell-penetrating sequences. The main advantage is that the target sequence is incubated with living cells instead of cell lysates and therefore the interactions will occur within the cellular context.

細胞内タンパク質間相互作用を研究するビオチン化セル透過ペプチド

Here we present a protocol to study intracellular protein-protein interactions that is based on the widely used biotin-avidin pull-down system. The ...

A Fluorescence Fluctuation Spectroscopy Assay of Protein-Protein Interactions at Cell-Cell Contacts

A variety of biological processes involves cell-cell interactions, typically mediated by proteins that interact at the interface between neighboring cells. Of interest, only few assays are capable of specifically probing such interactions directly in living cells. Here, we present an assay to measure the binding of proteins expressed at the surfaces of neighboring cells, at cell-cell contacts. This assay consists of two steps: mixing of cells expressing the proteins of interest fused to different fluorescent proteins, followed by fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy measurements at cell-cell contacts using a confocal laser scanning microscope. We demonstrate the feasibility of this assay in a biologically relevant context by measuring the interactions of the amyloid precursor-like protein 1 (APLP1) across cell-cell junctions. We provide detailed protocols on the data acquisition using fluorescence-based techniques (scanning fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy, cross-correlation number and brightness analysis) and the required instrument calibrations. Further, we discuss critical steps in the data analysis and how to identify and correct external, spurious signal variations, such as those due to photobleaching or cell movement.
In general, the presented assay is applicable to any homo- or heterotypic protein-protein interaction at cell-cell contacts, between cells of the same or different types and can be implemented on a commercial confocal laser scanning microscope. An important requirement is the stability of the system, which needs to be sufficient to probe diffusive dynamics of the proteins of interest over several minutes.

This protocol describes a fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy-based approach to investigate interactions among proteins mediating cell-cell interactions, i.e. proteins localized in cell junctions, directly in living cells. We provide detailed guidelines on instrument calibration, data acquisition and analysis, including corrections to possible artefact sources.

細胞間の接触でタンパク質間相互作用の分析計蛍光の変動

A variety of biological processes involves cell-cell interactions, typically mediated by proteins that interact at the interface between neighboring ...

A Fluorogenic Peptide Cleavage Assay to Screen for Proteolytic Activity: Applications for coronavirus spike protein activation

Enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses or influenza virus require proteolytic cleavage of their fusion protein to be able to infect the host cell. Often viruses exhibit cell and tissue tropism and are adapted to specific cell or tissue proteases. Moreover, these viruses can introduce mutations or insertions into their genome during replication that may affect the cleavage, and thus can contribute to adaptations to a new host. Here, we present a fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay that allows a rapid screening of peptides mimicking the cleavage site of viral fusion proteins. The technique is very flexible and can be used to investigate the proteolytic activity of a single protease on many different substrates, and in addition, it also allows exploration of the activity of multiple proteases on one or more peptide substrates. In this study, we used peptides mimicking the cleavage site motifs of the coronavirus spike protein. We tested human and camel derived Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronaviruses (MERS-CoV) to demonstrate that single and double substitutions in the cleavage site can alter the activity of furin and dramatically change cleavage efficiency. We also used this method in combination with bioinformatics to test furin cleavage activity of feline coronavirus spike proteins from different serotypes and strains. This peptide-based method is less labor- and time intensive than conventional methods used for the analysis of proteolytic activity for viruses, and results can be obtained within a single day.

We present a fluorogenic peptide cleavage assay that allows a rapid screening of the proteolytic activity of proteases on peptides representing the cleavage site of viral fusion peptides. This method can also be used on any other amino acid motif within a protein sequence to test for the protease activity.

プロテアーゼ活性の画面に蛍光ペプチド胸の谷間アッセイ: アプリケーション コロナ ウイルスのスパイク蛋白質のアクティブ化

Enveloped viruses such as coronaviruses or influenza virus require proteolytic cleavage of their fusion protein to be able to infect the host cell. Often ...

Analysis of Protein Folding, Transport, and Degradation in Living Cells by Radioactive Pulse Chase

Radioactive pulse-chase labeling is a powerful tool for studying the conformational maturation, the transport to their functional cellular location, and the degradation of target proteins in live cells. By using short (pulse) radiolabeling times (&lt;30 min) and tightly controlled chase times, it is possible to label only a small fraction of the total protein pool and follow its folding. When combined with nonreducing/reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoprecipitation with (conformation-specific) antibodies, folding processes can be examined in great detail. This system has been used to analyze the folding of proteins with a huge variation in properties such as soluble proteins, single and multi-pass transmembrane proteins, heavily N- and O-glycosylated proteins, and proteins with and without extensive disulfide bonding. Pulse-chase methods are the basis of kinetic studies into a range of additional features, including co- and posttranslational modifications, oligomerization, and polymerization, essentially allowing the analysis of a protein from birth to death. Pulse-chase studies on protein folding are complementary with other biochemical and biophysical methods for studying proteins in vitro by providing increased temporal resolution and physiological information. The methods as described within this paper are adapted easily to study the folding of almost any protein that can be expressed in mammalian or insect-cell systems.

Here we describe a protocol for a general pulse-chase method that allows the kinetic analysis of folding, transport, and degradation of proteins to be followed in live cells.

タンパク質の折り畳み、トランスポート、および放射性パルス追跡による生体細胞の劣化の解析

Radioactive pulse-chase labeling is a powerful tool for studying the conformational maturation, the transport to their functional cellular location, and ...

Application of Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA is a novel transcription activator found specifically in the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia. Protein pulldown assays using affinity beads have revealed that GrgA binds two &#963; factors, namely &#963;66 and &#963;28, which recognize different sets of promoters for genes whose products are differentially required at developmental stages. We have used BLI to confirm and further characterize the interactions. BLI demonstrates several advantages over pulldown: 1) It reveals real-time association and dissociation between binding partners, 2) It generates quantitative kinetic parameters, and 3) It can detect bindings that pulldown assays often fail to detect. These characteristics have enabled us to deduce the physiological roles of GrgA in gene expression regulation in Chlamydia, and possible detailed interaction mechanisms. We envision that this relatively affordable technology can be extremely useful for studying transcription and other biological processes.

Application of Biolayer Interferometry BLI for Studying Protein-Protein Interactions in Transcription

Interactions of transcription factors (TFs) with the RNA polymerase are usually studied using pulldown assays. We apply a Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) technology to characterize the interaction of GrgA with the chlamydial RNA polymerase. Compared to pulldown assays, BLI detects real-time association and dissociation, offers higher sensitivity, and is highly quantitative.

転写におけるタンパク質とタンパク質の相互作用を研究するための生体層干渉計(BLI)の応用

A transcription factor&#160;(TF) is a protein that regulates gene expression by interacting with the RNA polymerase, another TF, and/or template DNA. GrgA ...

Use of Microscale Thermophoresis to Measure Protein-Lipid Interactions

The ability to determine the binding affinity of lipids to proteins is an essential part of understanding protein-lipid interactions in membrane trafficking, signal transduction and cytoskeletal remodeling. Classic tools for measuring such interactions include surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). While powerful tools, these approaches have setbacks. ITC requires large amounts of purified protein as well as lipids, which can be costly and difficult to produce. Furthermore, ITC as well as SPR are very time consuming, which could add significantly to the cost of performing these experiments. One way to bypass these restrictions is to use the relatively new technique of microscale thermophoresis (MST). MST is fast and cost effective using small amounts of sample to obtain a saturation curve for a given binding event. There currently are two types of MST systems available. One type of MST requires labeling with a fluorophore in the blue or red spectrum. The second system relies on the intrinsic fluorescence of aromatic amino acids in the UV range. Both systems detect the movement of molecules in response to localized induction of heat from an infrared laser. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. Label-free MST can use untagged native proteins; however, many analytes, including pharmaceuticals, fluoresce in the UV range, which can interfere with determination of accurate KD values. In comparison, labeled MST allows for a greater diversity of measurable pairwise interactions utilizing fluorescently labeled probes attached to ligands with measurable absorbances in the visible range as opposed to UV, limiting the potential for interfering signals from analytes.

Microscale thermophoresis obtains binding constants quickly at low material cost. Either labeled or label free microscale thermophoresis is commercially available; however, label free thermophoresis is not capable of the diversity of interaction measurements that can be performed using fluorescent labels. We provide a protocol for labeled thermophoresis measurements.

蛋白質の相互作用を比較するバッチの酵母 2 ハイブリッド スクリーン

蛋白質の相互作用を比較するバッチの酵母 2 ハイブリッドスクリーン