このプロジェクト資金が供給されたネブラスカ大学医療センター (スタートアップ資金、MC S);5P20GM103480、NIH COBRE (T. Bronich) とアメリカの化学社会、PRF # 57434-DNI7(MC-S)。

<ol>
	<li>Cui, H., Pashuck, E. T., Velichko, Y. S., Weigand, S. J., Cheetham, A. G., Newcomb, C. J., Stupp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Spontaneous+and+x-ray-triggered+crystallization+at+long+range+in+self-assembling+filament+networks.">Spontaneous and x-ray-triggered crystallization at long range in self-assembling filament networks.</a> Science. 327, 555-559 (2010).</li><li>Pashuck, E. T., Cui, H., Stupp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tuning+supramolecular+rigidity+of+peptide+fibers+through+molecular+structure.">Tuning supramolecular rigidity of peptide fibers through molecular structure.</a> Journal of the American Chemical Society. 132, 6041-6046 (2010).</li><li>Stupp, S. I., Zha, R. H., Palmer, L. C., Cui, H., Bitton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembly+of+biomolecular+soft+matter.">Self-assembly of biomolecular soft matter.</a> Faraday Discussions. 166, 9-30 (2013).</li><li>Conda-Sheridan, M., Lee, S. S., Preslar, A. T., Stupp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Esterase-activated+release+of+naproxen+from+supramolecular+nanofibres.">Esterase-activated release of naproxen from supramolecular nanofibres.</a> Chemical Communications. 50, 13757-13760 (2014).</li><li>Mata, A., Palmer, L., Tejeda-Montes, E., Stupp, S. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Design+of+biomolecules+for+nanoengineered+biomaterials+for+regenerative+medicine.">Design of biomolecules for nanoengineered biomaterials for regenerative medicine.</a> Nanotechnology in Regenerative Medicine. , 39-49 (2012).</li><li>Samad, M. B., Chhonker, Y. S., Contreras, J. I., McCarthy, A., McClanahan, M. M., Murry, D. J., Conda-Sheridan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+Polyamine-Based+Peptide+Amphiphiles+with+Tunable+Morphology+and+Physicochemical+Properties.">Developing Polyamine-Based Peptide Amphiphiles with Tunable Morphology and Physicochemical Properties.</a> Macromolecular bioscience. 17, (2017).</li><li>Nel, A. E., M&#228;dler, L., Velegol, D., Xia, T., Hoek, E. M., Somasundaran, P., Klaessig, F., Castranova, V., Thompson, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+biophysicochemical+interactions+at+the+nano-bio+interface.">Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface.</a> Nature Materials. 8, 543 (2009).</li><li>Gujrati, M., Malamas, A., Shin, T., Jin, E., Sun, Y., Lu, Z. -. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multifunctional+cationic+lipid-based+nanoparticles+facilitate+endosomal+escape+and+reduction-triggered+cytosolic+siRNA+release.">Multifunctional cationic lipid-based nanoparticles facilitate endosomal escape and reduction-triggered cytosolic siRNA release.</a> Molecular Pharmaceutics. 11, 2734-2744 (2014).</li><li>Zhu, Y., Li, J., Kanvinde, S., Lin, Z., Hazeldine, S., Singh, R. K., Oupicky&#769;, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-immolative+polycations+as+gene+delivery+vectors+and+prodrugs+targeting+polyamine+metabolism+in+cancer.">Self-immolative polycations as gene delivery vectors and prodrugs targeting polyamine metabolism in cancer.</a> Molecular Pharmaceutics. 12, 332-341 (2014).</li><li>Planas-Portell, J., Gallart, M., Tiburcio, A. F., Altabella, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Copper-containing+amine+oxidases+contribute+to+terminal+polyamine+oxidation+in+peroxisomes+and+apoplast+of+Arabidopsis+thaliana.">Copper-containing amine oxidases contribute to terminal polyamine oxidation in peroxisomes and apoplast of Arabidopsis thaliana.</a> BMC Plant Biology. 13, 109 (2013).</li><li>Nash, I. A., Bycroft, B. W., Chan, W. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dde+-+A+selective+primary+amine+protecting+group:+A+facile+solid+phase+synthetic+approach+to+polyamine+conjugates.">Dde - A selective primary amine protecting group: A facile solid phase synthetic approach to polyamine conjugates.</a> Tetrahedron Letters. 37, 2625-2628 (1996).</li><li>Ralhan, K., KrishnaKumar, V. G., Gupta, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Piperazine+and+DBU:+a+safer+alternative+for+rapid+and+efficient+Fmoc+deprotection+in+solid+phase+peptide+synthesis.">Piperazine and DBU: a safer alternative for rapid and efficient Fmoc deprotection in solid phase peptide synthesis.</a> RSC Advances. 5, 104417-104425 (2015).</li><li>Casero, R. A., Marton, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeting+polyamine+metabolism+and+function+in+cancer+and+other+hyperproliferative+diseases.">Targeting polyamine metabolism and function in cancer and other hyperproliferative diseases.</a> Nature Reviews Drug Discovery. 6, 373 (2007).</li><li>Wuts, P. G. M., Greene, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Protection for the Amino Group. In Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis. , 696-926 (2006).</li><li>Palasek, S. A., Cox, Z. J., Collins, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limiting+racemization+and+aspartimide+formation+in+microwave-enhanced+Fmoc+solid+phase+peptide+synthesis.">Limiting racemization and aspartimide formation in microwave-enhanced Fmoc solid phase peptide synthesis.</a> Journal of Peptide Science. 13, 143-148 (2007).</li></ol>

著者は宣言する利害の衝突があります。

ここで説明されているプロトコルは、Ppa の PAs として井戸と関連ペプチドを用いた分子 (ハイブリッド PA ペプチド) などを合成する使用ことができます。によるペプチドの合成では、簡単な手順ですが、生体ホーミングの分子を含むペプチドの合成が特に困難になることができます。スペルミン、スペルミジン、diethyelenetriamine等のようなポリアミンは、対象化、がん細胞1...

自己組織化ペプチド両親媒性物質 (PAs) は、通常次のセグメントから成る生体材料のクラス: (a) 親水性頭部、(b) リンカーの地域、および (c) 疎水性尾。文献で説明されているほとんどの PAs では、あるいは極性アミノ酸残基1,2,3,4から成る親水性頭部を所有しています。PAs は、ドラッグデリバリー、病気診断、再生医療など5など生物医学アプリケーションの広い範囲を発見しました。そのアミノ酸配列に基づく、PAs は、ナノ球状ミセル ナノ フィラメントなどのさまざまなを形成できます。我々 は最近のハイブリッド ポリアミンによるペプチド媒、Ppa の6と呼ばれるクラスを報告しています。その混ぜ合わせたヘッド グループに関連する形態、自己組織化の動力学、これら生体の代謝の分解が見つかりました。また、PPA ナノ構造はテストされた濃度で哺乳類細胞 (MiaPaCa2、HeLa 細胞線) に向けて毒性を示さなかった。PPA ベース ナノキャリアは、魅力的なドラッグデリバリー車: (1) ポリアミン吸収及び代謝は癌細胞で増加する示されている、(2) カチオン性ナノ構造体はエンドソーム脱出7、8を達成することが高い循環と、セルと PA; と比較して異なる代謝プロファイルが必要 (3) 内にあるレジデンスにつながるたとえば、彼らは人間の体は、プロテアーゼの方安定する (ただし彼らのアミン酸化酵素など、他の酵素に多分敏感)9,10。また、Ppa は、多様な形態と物理化学的特性、ナノ粒子剛性、および長さと個々 の PPA 分子6の料金に応じてアセンブリ動態に発見されています。ここで、合成、識別、そして PAs 又は同様のハイブリッド ペプチド分子の調製にも適用できる Ppa の浄化のための詳しいプロトコルについて述べる。
ポリアミンが市販の保護されたフォームで一般的でないため、記載されているアミノ酸と他の分子、それらの活用の大切はポリアミンの第一次および二次アミンを保護するため、合成ステップの保護を達成するために。このプロトコルの全体的な目標は、アミノ酸にポリアミンの活用の簡単な方法を提供します。ポリアミンがないカルボン酸官能基;したがって、スケート リンク アミドまたは王樹脂に結合されることはできません。代わりに、2 chlorotrityl 塩化物などの樹脂は合成プロトコルに適しています。PPA 合成の主な課題は、第一次および二次アミン官能基の存在です。我々 の目的はカップリング反応を許可する無料のポリアミンをプライマリのアミノ グループを維持しながら、ポリアミンの第二級アミンを保護されています。反応は、各結合と脱保護手順の後仕事を容易にするために固相ペプチド合成 (SPP) の原則に従ってしっかりサポートで行われました。次のプロトコルは、Ppa の手動および自動合成 (ただし、いくつかの手順の検証は自動化されたシステムに挑戦すること) です。自動化されたシンセサイザーまたはマイクロ ウェーブ合成装置の助けを借りて、これらの分子の合成することができますアウト実施も (自動または半自動)。反応機構は、図 1に要約されています。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/57908/57908fig1.jpg"> 図 1:(A) A の一般的な反応スキーム Ppa の合成。ために使用することができます (B) の代表的なポリアミン合成 Ppa のここで説明します。<a href="/files/ftp_upload/57908/57908fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">この図の拡大版を表示するのにはここをクリックしてください</a>。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Chlorotrityl chloride resin&#160;</td>
			<td>AappTec</td>
			<td>RTZ001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SynthwareTM synthesis vessel&#160;</td>
			<td>Aldrich</td>
			<td>SYNP120050M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC406920250</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci. Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wrist Shaker</td>
			<td>Boekel Scientific</td>
			<td>401000-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Kaiser test kit</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>60017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-[(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-1-ylidene)ethyl-amino]-ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CDS004772</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anhydrous Methanol</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC610981000</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci. Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloranil test kit</td>
			<td>TCI</td>
			<td>TCC1771-KIT</td>
			<td>VWR Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-tert butyl di-carbonate&#160;</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC194670250</td>
			<td>Fisher Sci. Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP1160-4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hydrazine</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC296815000</td>
			<td>FIsher Sci. Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>(2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate)</td>
			<td>p3biosystems</td>
			<td>31001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-methyl piperidine&#160;</td>
			<td>Acros</td>
			<td>AC127515000</td>
			<td>FIsher Sci. Catalogue #</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trifluoroacetic Acid</td>
			<td>AappTec</td>
			<td>CXZ035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triisopropyl Silane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>233781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ether</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>E138-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#945;-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C8982</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9-Aminoacridine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>92817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand&#160;Syringe Filters: PTFE Membrane</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>09-730-21</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

facile protocol for the synthesis of self-assembling polyamine-based peptide amphiphiles (ppas) and related biomaterials

ポリアミンによるペプチド両親媒性 (Ppa の) は、自己組織化両親媒性ペプチド両親媒性物質 (PAs) に生体材料関連の新しいクラスです。伝統的な PAs では、荷電アミノ酸 (リジン、アルギニン)、脂質セグメントに直接接続されている、または中性のアミノ酸のリンカー領域を含めることができますグループを可として所有しています。PAs のペプチッド シーケンスのチューニングは多様な形態をもたらすことができます。同様に、Ppa は疎水性セグメントと中性アミノ酸を有するがまた水 (親水性) グループを可としてポリアミンの分子が含まれています。PAs の場合と同様に、Ppa を小さな棒、ツイスト ナノリボンと融合ナノ-シート、水に溶けるなどを含む、多様な形態に自己組み立てるもできます。ただし、単一のポリアミンの分子にプライマリとセカンダリの両方のアミンの存在は、Ppa を合成する場合、重要な課題を生じます。本稿では Ppa の固相ペプチド合成 (SPP) を使用しての簡易合成を達成するために、文献の判例に基づく単純なプロトコルを紹介します。このプロトコルは、PAs と他の類似システムの合成を拡張できます。また樹脂や同定、精製から胸の谷間に必要な手順を示します。

合成・精製と物理化学的または生物学的評価の前は、Ppa の大衆は純度確認分析 HPLC を用いて、再チェックをお勧めします。材料解析または生物学的評価、Ppa の必要がありますの純度 > 95%。図 2は、HPLC トレース (上) と MALDI スペクトル (下) 製品の存在を確認することを示します。高速液体クロマトグラフィー分析システム (AUC) 曲線の下の領域を...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials at JoVE.com

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials

両親媒性ペプチドのポリアミン ベース (Ppa の) の合成は、これらの事後対応型の機能をマスクするグループを保護するための賢明な使用を必要とする複数のアミン窒素の存在のために重要な課題です。本稿では自己組織化分子のこれらの新しいクラスの準備のための安易な方法をについて説明します。

自己組織化ペプチドのポリアミンによる両親媒性物質 (Ppa の) と関連生体材料の合成のための安易なプロトコル

Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) are a new class of self-assembling amphiphilic biomaterials-related to the peptide amphiphiles (PAs). ...

facile-protocol-for-synthesis-self-assembling-polyamine-based-peptide

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles (PPAs) and Related Biomaterials

8.0K ビュー.  University of Nebraska Medical Center. 両親媒性ペプチドのポリアミン ベース (Ppa の) の合成は、これらの事後対応型の機能をマスクするグループを保護するための賢明な使用を必要とする複数のアミン窒素の存在のために重要な課題です。本稿では自己組織化分子のこれらの新しいクラスの準備のための安易な方法をについて説明します。

ビデオ: Facile Protocol for the Synthesis of Self-assembling Polyamine-based Peptide Amphiphiles PPAs and Related Biomaterials

Production of Disulfide-stabilized Transmembrane Peptide Complexes for Structural Studies

Physical interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane protein complexes and in dynamic processes such as transmembrane (TM) signaling and regulation of cell-surface protein levels. Understanding the structural features driving the association of particular sequences requires sophisticated biophysical and biochemical analyses of TM peptide complexes. However, the extreme hydrophobicity of TM domains makes them very difficult to manipulate using standard peptide chemistry techniques, and production of suitable study material often proves prohibitively challenging. Identifying conditions under which peptides can adopt stable helical conformations and form complexes spontaneously adds a further level of difficulty. Here we present a procedure for the production of homo- or hetero-dimeric TM peptide complexes from materials that are expressed in E. coli, thus allowing incorporation of stable isotope labels for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) or non-natural amino acids for other applications relatively inexpensively. The key innovation in this method is that TM complexes are produced and purified as covalently associated (disulfide-crosslinked) assemblies that can form stable, stoichiometric and homogeneous structures when reconstituted into detergent, lipid or other membrane-mimetic materials. We also present carefully optimized procedures for expression and purification that are equally applicable whether producing single TM domains or crosslinked complexes and provide advice for adapting these methods to new TM sequences.

Biophysical and biochemical studies of interactions among membrane-embedded protein domains face many technical challenges, the first of which is obtaining appropriate study material. This article describes a protocol for producing and purifying disulfide-stabilized transmembrane peptide complexes that are suitable for structural analysis by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and other analytical applications.

構造研究のためのジスルフィド安定化膜貫通ペプチド複合体の生産

Physical  interactions among the lipid-embedded alpha-helical domains of membrane  proteins play a crucial role in folding and assembly of membrane ...

化学

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox reactions. The Cu (I) complex of the peptide model of a Cu (I) binding metallochaperone protein, which includes the sequence MTCSGCSRPG (underlined is conserved), was determined in solution under inert conditions by NMR spectroscopy.
NMR is a widely accepted technique for the determination of solution structures of proteins and peptides. Due to difficulty in crystallization to provide single crystals suitable for X-ray crystallography, the NMR technique is extremely valuable, especially as it provides information on the solution state rather than the solid state. Herein we describe all steps that are required for full three-dimensional structure determinations by NMR. The protocol includes sample preparation in an NMR tube, 1D and 2D data collection and processing, peak assignment and integration, molecular mechanics calculations, and structure analysis. Importantly, the analysis was first conducted without any preset metal-ligand bonds, to assure a reliable structure determination in an unbiased manner.

Structure and Coordination Determination of Peptide-metal Complexes Using 1D and 2D 1H NMR

The NMR-solution structure of a metallochaperone model peptide with Cu (I) was determined, and a detailed protocol from sample preparation and 1D and 2D data collection to a three-dimensional structure is described.

Copper (I) binding by metallochaperone transport proteins prevents copper oxidation and release of the toxic ions that may participate in harmful redox ...

Split-and-pool Synthesis and Characterization of Peptide Tertiary Amide Library

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid phase by using combinatorial chemistry. One of the most well studied classes of peptidomimetics is peptoids. Peptoids are easy to synthesize and have been shown to be proteolysis-resistant and cell-permeable. Over the past decade, many useful protein ligands have been identified through screening of peptoid libraries. However, most of the ligands identified from peptoid libraries do not display high affinity, with rare exceptions. This may be due, in part, to the lack of chiral centers and conformational constraints in peptoid molecules. Recently, we described a new synthetic route to access peptide tertiary amides (PTAs). PTAs are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. With side chains on both &#945;-carbon and main chain nitrogen atoms, the conformation of these molecules are greatly constrained by sterical hindrance and allylic 1,3 strain. (Figure 1) Our study suggests that these PTA molecules are highly structured in solution and can be used to identify protein ligands. We believe that these molecules can be a future source of high-affinity protein ligands. Here we describe the synthetic method combining the power of both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a sample one-bead one-compound (OBOC) library of PTAs.

Peptide tertiary amides (PTAs) are a superfamily of peptidomimetics that include but are not limited to peptides, peptoids and N-methylated peptides. Here we describe a synthetic method which combines&#160;both split-and-pool and sub-monomer strategies to synthesize a one-bead one-compound library of PTAs.

ペプチド第三級アミドライブラリのスプリット·アンド·プールの合成とキャラクタリゼーション

Peptidomimetics are great sources of protein ligands. The oligomeric nature of these compounds enables us to access large synthetic libraries on solid ...

A Direct, Early Stage Guanidinylation Protocol for the Synthesis of Complex Aminoguanidine-containing Natural Products

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important structural element found in many complex natural products and pharmaceuticals. Owing to the continual discovery of new guanidine-containing natural products and designed small molecules, rapid and efficient guanidinylation methods are of keen interest to synthetic and medicinal organic chemists. Because the nucleophilicity and basicity of guanidines can affect subsequent chemical transformations, traditional, indirect guanidinylation is typically pursued. Indirect methods commonly employ multiple protection steps involving a latent amine precursor, such as an azide, phthalimide, or carbamate. By circumventing these circuitous methods and employing a direct guanidinylation reaction early in the synthetic sequence, it was possible to forge the linear terminal guanidine containing backbone of clavatadine A to realize a short and streamlined synthesis of this potent factor XIa inhibitor. In practice, guanidine hydrochloride is elaborated with a carefully constructed protecting array that is optimized to survive the synthetic steps to come. In the preparation of clavatadine A, direct guanidinylation of a commercially available diamine eliminated two unnecessary steps from its synthesis. Coupled with the wide variety of known guanidine protecting groups, direct guanidinylation evinces a succinct and efficient practicality inherent to methods that find a home in a synthetic chemist&#39;s toolbox.

Here, we present a protocol for direct, early stage guanidinylation that enables rapid total synthesis of aminoguanidine-containing small organic molecules. An advanced synthetic intermediate used in the synthesis of a blood coagulation factor XIa inhibitor was prepared using this protocol.

複雑なアミノグアニジン含有天然物の合成のための直接、早期グアニジニルプロトコル

The guanidine functional group, displayed most prominently in the amino acid arginine, one of the fundamental building blocks of life, is an important ...

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of trifluoromethoxylated aromatic compounds remains a formidable challenge in organic synthesis. Conventional approaches often suffer from poor substrate scope, or require use of highly toxic, difficult-to-handle, and/or thermally labile reagents. Herein, we report a user-friendly protocol for the synthesis of methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate using 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (Togni reagent II). Treating methyl 4-(N-hydroxyacetamido)benzoate (1a) with Togni reagent II in the presence of a catalytic amount of cesium carbonate (Cs2CO3) in chloroform at RT afforded methyl 4-(N-(trifluoromethoxy)acetamido)benzoate (2a). This intermediate was then converted to the final product methyl 4-acetamido-3-(trifluoromethoxy)benzoate (3a) in nitromethane at 120 &#176;C. This procedure is general and can be applied to the synthesis of a broad spectrum of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives, which could serve as useful synthetic building blocks for the discovery and development of new pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and functional materials.

Protocol for the Synthesis of Ortho-trifluoromethoxylated Aniline Derivatives

An operationally simple procedure for the synthesis of ortho-trifluoromethoxylated aniline derivatives via a two-step sequence of O-trifluoromethylation of N-aryl-N-hydroxyacetamide followed by thermally induced intramolecular OCF3-migration is reported.

の合成のためのプロトコル<em&gt;オルソ</em&gt; -trifluoromethoxylatedアニリン誘導体

Molecules bearing trifluoromethoxy (OCF3) group often show desired pharmacological and biological properties. However, facile synthesis of ...

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the development of antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) and nanomedicine, fluorescent microscopy and systems chemistry. For many of these applications, specificity of the bioconjugation method used is of prime concern. The Michael addition of maleimides with cysteine(s) on the target proteins is highly selective and proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, making it one of the most popular methods for protein bioconjugation.
We demonstrate here the modification of the only surface-accessible cysteine residue on yeast cytochrome c with a ruthenium(II) bisterpyridine maleimide. The protein bioconjugation is verified by gel electrophoresis and purified by aqueous-based fast protein liquid chromatography in 27% yield of isolated protein material. Structural characterization with MALDI-TOF MS and UV-Vis is then used to verify that the bioconjugation is successful. The protocol shown here is easily applicable to other cysteine - maleimide coupling of proteins to other proteins, dyes, drugs or polymers.

Synthesis of Protein Bioconjugates via Cysteine-maleimide Chemistry

This protocol details the important steps required for the bioconjugation of a cysteine containing protein to a maleimide, including reagent purification, reaction conditions, bioconjugate purification and bioconjugate characterization.

タンパク質のバイオコンジュゲートの合成<em&gt;経由で</em&gt;システイン - マレイミドケミストリー

The chemical linking or bioconjugation of proteins to fluorescent dyes, drugs, polymers and other proteins has a broad range of applications, such as the ...

Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins with the synthesis of a hydrophilic poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) homopolymer using reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Under mild visible light irradiation (&#955; = 460 nm, 0.7 mW/cm2), this macro-chain transfer agent (macro-CTA) in the presence of a ruthenium based photoredox catalyst, Ru(bpy)3Cl2 can be chain extended with a second monomer to form a well-defined block copolymer in a process known as Photoinduced Electron Transfer RAFT (PET-RAFT). When PET-RAFT is used to chain extend POEGMA with benzyl methacrylate (BzMA) in ethanol (EtOH), polymeric nanoparticles with different morphologies are formed in situ according to a polymerization-induced self-assembly (PISA) mechanism. Self-assembly into nanoparticles presenting POEGMA chains at the corona and poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) chains in the core occurs in situ due to the growing insolubility of the PBzMA block in ethanol. Interestingly, the formation of highly pure worm-like micelles can be readily monitored by observing the onset of a highly viscous gel in situ due to nanoparticle entanglements occurring during the polymerization. This process thereby allows for a more reproducible synthesis of worm-like micelles simply by monitoring the solution viscosity during the course of the polymerization. In addition, the light stimulus can be intermittently applied in an ON/OFF manner demonstrating temporal control over the nanoparticle morphology.

This article describes a process for producing polymeric self-assembled nanoparticles using visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. Using low energy visible light to control the polymerization allows for the reproducible formation of self-assembled worm-like micelles at high solids content.

Photoredox触媒を用いた可視光媒介分散重合によるワームのようなミセルの簡便な合成

Presented herein is a protocol for the facile synthesis of worm-like micelles by visible light mediated dispersion polymerization. This approach begins ...

Self-assembling Morphologies Obtained from Helical Polycarbodiimide Copolymers and Their Triazole Derivatives

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous networks, ribbons, worm-like aggregates, toroidal structures, and spherical particles) is described. These aggregates are morphologically influenced by extensive hydrophobic side chain-side chain interactions of the singular polycarbodiimide strands, as inferred by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. Polycarbodiimide-g-polystyrene copolymers (PS-PCDs) were prepared by a combination of synthetic methods, including coordination-insertion polymerization, copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) &#34;click&#34; chemistry, and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). PS-PCDs were found to form specific toroidal architectures at low concentrations in CHCl3. To determine the influence of a more polar solvent medium (i.e., THF and THF/EtOH) on polymer aggregation behavior, a number of representative PS-PCD composites have been tested to show discrete concentration-dependent spherical particles. These fundamental studies are of practical interest to the development of experimental procedures for desirable architectures by directed self-assembly in thin film. These architectures may be exploited as drug carriers, whereas other morphological findings represent certain interest in the area of novel functional materials.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare and visualize secondary structures (e.g., fibers, toroidal architectures, and nano-spheres) derived from helical polycarbodiimides. The morphology characterized by both atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was shown to depend on molecular structure, concentration, and the solvent of choice.

ヘリカルポリカルボジイミド共重合体およびそれらのトリアゾール誘導体から得られた自己組み立てモルフォロジー

A facile method for the preparation of polycarbodiimide-based secondary structures (e.g., nano-rings, &#34;craters,&#34; fibers, looped fibers, fibrous ...

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular methodology for applications in various fields and for different research purposes. The procedure described herein focuses on the synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA 5&#39;-[CUA CGG AAU CAU]-3&#39; containing zero, one, or two modifications located at the C2&#39;-O-position. The probes are based on 2-thiophenylmethyl groups, incorporated into RNA nucleotides via standard organic synthesis and introduced into the corresponding oligonucleotides via their respective phosphoramidites. This report makes use of phosphoramidite chemistry via the four canonical nucleobases (Uridine (U), Cytosine (C), Guanosine (G), Adenosine (A)), as well as 2-thiophenylmethyl functionalized nucleotides modified at the 2&#39;-O-position; however, the methodology is amenable for a large variety of modifications that have been developed over the years. The oligonucleotides were synthesized on a controlled-pore glass (CPG) support followed by cleavage from the resin and deprotection under standard conditions, i.e., a mixture of ammonia and methylamine (AMA) followed by hydrogen fluoride/triethylamine/N-methylpyrrolidinone. The corresponding oligonucleotides were purified via polyacrylamide electrophoresis (20% denaturing) followed by elution, desalting, and isolation via reversed-phase chromatography (Sep-pak, C18-column). Quantification and structural parameters were assessed via ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and circular dichroism (CD) photometric analysis, respectively. This report aims to serve as a resource and guide for beginner and expert researchers interested in embarking in this field. It is expected to serve as a work-in-progress as new technologies and methodologies are developed. The description of the methodologies and techniques within this document correspond to a DNA/RNA synthesizer (refurbished and purchased in 2013) that uses phosphoramidite chemistry.

Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

This article provides a detailed procedure on the solid-phase synthesis, purification, and characterization of dodecamers of RNA modified at the C2&#39;-O-position. UV-vis and circular dichroism photometric analyses are used to quantify and characterize structural aspects, i.e., single-strands or double-strands.

2 &#39;末端を含むRNAのオリゴマーの固相合成のためのプロトコール<em&gt; O</em&gt;チオフェンメチル修飾と環状二色性によるキャラクタリゼーション

Solid-phase synthesis has been used to obtain canonical and modified polymers of nucleic acids, specifically of DNA or RNA, which has made it a popular ...

Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Oligo-peptoids

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have been thought of as a type of molecular information storage. Mass spectrometry analysis has been considered the method of choice for sequencing peptoids. Peptoids can be synthesized via solid phase chemistry using a repeating two-step reaction cycle. Here we present a method to manually synthesize oligo-peptoids and to analyze the sequence of the peptoids using tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques. The sample peptoid is a nonamer consisting of alternating N-(2-methyloxyethyl)glycine (Nme) and N-(2-phenylethyl)glycine (Npe), as well as an N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (Nae) at the N-terminus. The sequence formula of the peptoid is Ac-Nae-(Npe-Nme)4-NH2, where Ac is the acetyl group. The synthesis takes place in a commercially available solid-phase reaction vessel. The rink amide resin is used as the solid support to yield the peptoid with an amide group at the C-terminus. The resulting peptoid product is subjected to sequence analysis using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer coupled to an electrospray ionization source. The MS/MS measurement produces a spectrum of fragment ions resulting from the dissociation of charged peptoid. The fragment ions are sorted out based on the values of their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The m/z values of the fragment ions are compared against the nominal masses of theoretically predicted fragment ions, according to the scheme of peptoid fragmentation. The analysis generates a fragmentation pattern of the charged peptoid. The fragmentation pattern is correlated to the monomer sequence of the neutral peptoid. In this regard, MS analysis reads out the sequence information of the peptoids.

A protocol is described for the manual synthesis of oligo-peptoids followed by sequence analysis by mass spectrometry.

合成とオリゴ ペプチドの質量分析

Peptoids are sequence-controlled peptide-mimicking oligomers consisting of N-alkylated glycine units. Among many potential applications, peptoids have ...