この仕事に支えられたカリフォルニア大学、リバーサイドおよび米国農務省国立食品研究所、農学部ハッチ プロジェクト 1009710 J.P.G.この材料は、J.P.G. に許可第 1817363 の下での国立科学財団によってサポートされる作業に基づいてください。

1. aの植物の成長
<ol><li>標準的な土壌ミックス 5 cm x 5 cm 使い捨て鉢シロイヌナズナ種子をまきます。これらのポットの 32 を入れ水で満たされたプラスチック製のトレイ (〜 0.5 cm) と植物育成装置に植物とプラスチック製のトレイを転送。<ol>
<li>次のように成長の部屋の設定: 200 µmol/ms 光合成有効放射 (PAR)、24 ± 1 ° C の日と 21 ± 1 ° C 夜、湿度 60%、14/10 h 昼/夜光政権、それぞれ。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>発芽から 1 週間後 1 つだけの個々 の植物を残してそれぞれのポットを薄い。各ポットに同じようなサイズを持つ実生植物を保つために注意してください。</li>
	<li>水は 2 日に一度プラスチック製のトレイに直接水道水を注いで鍋。4 週間以内に植物を育てます。シロイヌナズナ植物はそれ以上の使用の準備ができています。</li>
</ol>2 PNC の合成とキャラクタリゼーション
<ol><li>硝酸セリウム (III) の 1.08 g の重量を量るし、分子生物学グレード水 50 mL の円錐管に 2.5 mL に溶かします。</li>
	<li>ポリ (アクリル) 酸の 4.5 グラムの重量を量るし、分子生物学グレード水 50 mL の円錐管に 5 mL に溶かします。</li>
	<li>デジタル渦のミキサーを使用して 15 分の 2,000 rpm で徹底的にこれらの 2 つのソリューションをミックスします。</li>
	<li>水酸化アンモニウム溶液 (7.2 M) 15 mL を 50 mL のガラス製ビーカーに転送します。</li>
	<li>を 500 rpm で攪拌しながら水酸化アンモニウム溶液に滴下ステップ 2.3 から混合物を追加し、発煙のフード 24 時間室温で 500 rpm で攪拌します。</li>
	<li>一晩反応中に解決策の大幅な損失を避けるために紙の部分でビーカーをカバーします。</li>
	<li>24 h 後得られた溶液を 50 mL の円錐管に転送し、可能な破片と大きな塊を削除する 1 時間 3,900 × g で遠心。</li>
	<li>3 15 mL 10 kDa フィルターにこの 22.5 mL の上澄み溶液を移すし、合計 45 mL の希釈を行う分子グレード水フィルターの残りを埋めます。</li>
	<li>無料ポリマーから水相を浄化し、ベンチトップ遠心 15 mL 10 kDa フィルター 3,900 × g で 15 分間遠心し、上清を追加することによって、その他の試薬は、少なくとも 6 回この手順を繰り返します。</li>
	<li>無料ポリマーがないように 220-700 nm の紫外可視分光光度計の各サイクルで溶離液の吸光度を測定、その他の試薬が PNC の最終的な解決策であります。</li>
	<li>5 mL シリンジに収集した PNC ソリューションを取るし、20 nm 孔サイズのシリンジ フィルターに対してフィルター処理します。50 mL の円錐管にフィルタ リングの PNC ソリューションを収集します。</li>
	<li>プラスチック キュベットで最終 PNC 薄めたと 220-700 nm の紫外可視分光光度計での吸光度を測定します。PNC 吸光度のピークは、271 nm。</li>
	<li>ビール-ランバートの法則を使用してその濃度を計算する: A = εCL。A はある特定のサンプルのピーク値の吸光度、ɛ PNC (cm-1 M-1) のモルの吸収係数はある、L は光路長 (このメソッドで 1 cm キュベット幅) および C は測定されたナノ粒子のモル濃度。</li>
	<li>流体力学的直径とアナライザーを使用して、粒子サイズとゼータ電位 (図 1) 合成 PNC のゼータ電位を測定します。</li>
	<li>さらに使用するまで冷蔵庫 (4 ° C) で最終の PNC ソリューションを格納します。 注: は、呉らを参照してください。8 PNC の特性の詳細についてはプロトコルです。</li>
</ol>3. DiI 蛍光染料との PNC のラベリング
<ol><li>グレード水 20 mL ガラス瓶の分子生物学の 3.6 ml 5 mM (58 mg/L) PNC の 0.4 mL を混合し、500 rpm で攪拌します。</li>
	<li>24 μ L 1, 1'-dioctadecyl-3, 3, 3', 3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine 過塩素酸色素溶液を追加 (DiI、2.5 mg/mL の DMSO の希薄) 176 μ L DMSO (ジメチルスルホキシド) DiI 色素希釈するのに。</li>
	<li>PNC 溶液、周囲温度で 1 分間 1,000 rpm で攪拌する滴下 DiI 染料を追加します。</li>
	<li>15 mL 10 kDa フィルターにこの得られた混合物を転送し、合計の希釈をする分子生物学グレード水で上に管を埋める 15 mL。</li>
	<li>ベンチトップ遠心分離によって DMSO や可能な無料 DiI 染料から PNC (DiI PNC) ソリューションを付け 5 分 3,900 × g で 15 mL 10 kDa フィルター DiI を浄化します。<ol>
<li>ステップ 3.5 を少なくとも 5 回繰り返します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>20 nm 孔サイズのシリンジ フィルターを通して DiI PNC 解をフィルターします。</li>
	<li>紫外可視吸光光度法による最終 DiI PNC の吸光度を測定し、ビール ランベルトの法則 (図 2) によるとその濃度を計算します。詳細については、ステップ 2.13 を参照してください。</li>
	<li>それ以上の使用のための 4 ° C で冷蔵庫で保管してください。</li>
</ol>4. 植物の浸透の PNC と葉します。
<ol><li>浸潤の 0.1 mL を追加し 0.9 mL 0.5 mM PNC または DiI PNC ソリューションと渦にそれ (100 mM TES は、100 mM の MgCl2、pH 7.5、HCl で調整) をバッファーします。ネガティブ コントロールとして 10 mM TES 浸潤バッファーのソリューションを使用します。</li>
	<li>PNC または DiI PNC 浸潤液 0.2 mL を 1 mL の滅菌無針注射器に転送します。可能な限り空気の泡を削除するをタップします。</li>
	<li>直前に部屋の光条件下で可能な気孔の閉鎖を避けるためにナノ粒子を浸透成長室から工場を取得します。</li>
	<li>浸潤前に葉緑素計を用いた同様のサイズとシロイヌナズナの葉のクロロフィル含量を測定します。測定の各葉 3 つのレプリケート (複製が少なくとも 3 つの測定から成る各)14。シロイヌナズナの葉ようなクロロフィル量と浸透実験を選択します。</li>
	<li>葉の葉身 (中位) の底面に対して無針注射器の先端を軽く押す最近準備 PNC または DiI PNC ソリューションでゆっくりと葉に潜入し、ピストン (図 3A) を低下させます。</li>
	<li>優しく繊細なタスク ワイパー (図 3C) を使用して葉葉身 (図 3B) の表面に残っている余分なソリューションを拭き取るし、植物にラベルを付けます。葉のグループごとに新しい繊細な作業のおしりふきを使用します。</li>
	<li>浸透したシロイヌナズナの葉への適応と 3 h の PNC または DiI PNC と孵化のベンチに植物を維持します。 注: 浸透したシロイヌナズナの植物は、さらに使用 (図 3D) の準備されます。</li>
</ol>5. 共焦点の顕微鏡検査のための葉のサンプルの準備
<ol><li>ロール観測量エンドウ豆サイズ 1 cm 半径 (図 4A) に関するへのゲルし、1 mm 薄いガラス スライド (図 4B) それまで広げています。</li>
	<li>コルクの穴あけ器を使用 (直径 0.3 cm) スライド ガラス (図 4C) 観察ゲルの中央に円形断面をカットします。</li>
	<li>葉の組織のより深くより良い共焦点イメージング解像度 perfluorodecalin (PFD) も完全にカットを入力します。</li>
	<li>コルクの穴あけ器を使用 (直径 0.2 cm) 適応 DiI PNC からリーフ ディスクを収集するシロイヌナズナ植物 (図 4D) に潜入します。</li>
	<li>いっぱい PFD のリーフ ディスクをマウントします。葉の浸潤 (裏面) 側を表向きにします。</li>
	<li>リーフ ディスク上に正方形 coverslip を入れて軽く押して、スライド上に均等に、観測ゲルの井戸とそれを封印し、気泡に閉じ込められた (図 4E) 残っていないか確認します。</li>
</ol>6. 共焦点顕微鏡による葉の組織の DiI PNC のイメージング
<ol><li>倒立レーザーを共焦点顕微鏡で 40 倍の対物レンズを使用します。</li>
	<li>2 ~ 3 滴 ddH2O 40 X 対物レンズの上にドロップします。</li>
	<li>倒立 40 × 対物レンズの上に準備された DiI PNC 潜入葉サンプル スライドを配置します。<ol>
<li>Coverslip 側がないレンズに ddH2O と直接の接触をスライド ガラスであることを確認します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>レーザー光と明るいフィールド顕微鏡下でサンプルの興味の領域を見つけます。</li>
	<li>顕微鏡のソフトウェアを起動し、(20% で設定) アルゴン レーザーをオンにします。</li>
	<li>2 μ m と 4 のラインの平均よりも小さい光学的スライスを収集するためにピンホールを設定します。</li>
	<li>共焦点顕微鏡の設定でサンプル画像: 514 nm レーザ励起 (30%)Z スタック セクション厚さ: 2 μ m;PMT1: 550 615 nm (DiI PNC 用);PMT2: 700-800 nm (葉緑体用)。</li>
	<li>異なる個体が、3 つの生物学的複製の最小値からの葉のサンプルの代表の共焦点画像を取る。</li>
</ol>7. PNC体内ROS 清掃共焦点顕微鏡によるイメージング
<ol><li>準備 25 の μ M 2', 7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein セルロースジ アセテート (H2DCFDA、一般的な ROS を示す色素) と 10 μ M dihydroethidium (dhe は、スーパーオキシドアニオンを示す色素) 1.5 mL 遠心チューブに TES 浸潤バッファー (pH 7.5) の染料別に。</li>
	<li>コルクの穴あけ器を使用 (直径 0.2 cm) の葉を収集する適応の PNC からディスク潜入シロイヌナズナ植物。<ol>
<li>染料のローディング プロセスを加速するためのリーフ ディスク 3 に 4 穴を作るためには、鉗子の先端の鋭利なを使用します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>転送葉別途が DCFDA と DHE が H2マイクロ遠心チューブ用にディスクし、暗闇の中で 30 分間インキュベートします。</li>
	<li>インキュベーション後、リーフ ディスク ddH2O 3 回リンスと観察とスライド ガラスにマウント ゲル (プロトコルのセクション 5 を参照)。</li>
	<li>共焦点顕微鏡のスライドを置くし、葉肉細胞の領域に手動で焦点を当てます。詳細については、プロトコルのセクション 6 を参照してください。</li>
	<li>UV にリーフ ディスクを公開 (405 nm) レーザー ROS を生成し、リーフ ディスクごとの時系列 (「xyt」) に ROS の信号強度の変化を記録する 3 分間。</li>
	<li>リーフ ディスク共焦点顕微鏡の設定を画像: 40 X 水目的;496 nm レーザー励起;PMT1: 500-600 nm (DHE と検出するため DCFDA 染料);PMT2: 700-800 nm (葉緑体を検知します。ネガティブ コントロールとしてのみ浸潤緩衝液を浸透させた植物を使用します。</li>
</ol>8. PNC 清掃の H2O2体外
<ol><li>以前の出版物3,8,15の方法に従うことによって生体外で合成 PNC の猫 (カタラーゼ) 模倣活動を行う
</li>
	<li>追加 45.4 μ L 1 x TES 浸潤のバッファー (10 mM 10 mM MgCl2、TES pH 7.5、HCl で調整)、PNC (60 nM、3 μ L) と H2O2 (2 μ M、1 μ L) (白丸底 96 ウェル プレート)、井戸の中へと軽くピペッティングで混ぜます。</li>
	<li>追加 10-アセチル-3, 7-dihydroxyphenoxazine (作業濃度 100 μ M、0.5 μ L) と西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼ (HRP; 作業濃度 0.2 U/mL、0.1 μ L) 同様に軽くピペッティングで混ぜるし、30 分 10-アセチル-3, 7-dihydroxyphenoxazine の孵化H2O2と反応し、HRP の存在下でアセチルレゾルフィンに変換されます。<ol>
<li>孵化の間に光を避けるためにアルミ箔でプレートをラップします。</li>
		<li>H2O2を置換する反応バッファーか水を用いたネガティブ コントロールを準備します。</li>
		<li>原液を除いて周囲温度で他のすべてのソリューションを準備します。</li>
	</ol>
</li>
	<li>プレート リーダーで、孵化後 560 で吸光度を監視 H2O2のレベルを示すためらを使用する nm。0、2、5、10、20、および 30 分に時間体制を設定します。</li>
</ol>

<ol>
	<li>Xu, C., Qu, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerium+oxide+nanoparticle:+A+remarkably+versatile+rare+earth+nanomaterial+for+biological+applications.">Cerium oxide nanoparticle: A remarkably versatile rare earth nanomaterial for biological applications.</a> NPG Asia Materials. 6 (3), 90-116 (2014).</li><li>Nelson, B., Johnson, M., Walker, M., Riley, K., Sims, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antioxidant+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+in+biology+and+medicine.">Antioxidant cerium oxide nanoparticles in biology and medicine.</a> Antioxidants. 5 (2), 15 (2016).</li><li>Gupta, A., Das, S., Neal, C. J., Seal, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+surface+chemistry+of+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+for+biological+applications.">Controlling the surface chemistry of cerium oxide nanoparticles for biological applications.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 4 (19), 3195-3202 (2016).</li><li>Walkey, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Catalytic+properties+and+biomedical+applications+of+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles.">Catalytic properties and biomedical applications of cerium oxide nanoparticles.</a> Environ. Sci.: Nano. 2 (1), 33-53 (2015).</li><li>Pulido-Reyes, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Untangling+the+biological+effects+of+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles:+the+role+of+surface+valence+states.">Untangling the biological effects of cerium oxide nanoparticles: the role of surface valence states.</a> Scientific reports. 5, 15613 (2015).</li><li>Dutta, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+of+Ce3++and+oxygen+vacancies+in+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles.">Concentration of Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies in cerium oxide nanoparticles.</a> Chemistry of Materials. 18 (21), 5144-5146 (2006).</li><li>Boghossian, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+nanoparticle+antioxidants+to+enable+hyperstable+chloroplasts+for+solar+energy+harvesting.">Application of nanoparticle antioxidants to enable hyperstable chloroplasts for solar energy harvesting.</a> Advanced Energy Materials. 3, 881-893 (2013).</li><li>Wu, H., Tito, N., Giraldo, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anionic+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+protect+plant+photosynthesis+from+abiotic+stress+by+scavenging+reactive+oxygen+species.">Anionic cerium oxide nanoparticles protect plant photosynthesis from abiotic stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species.</a> ACS Nano. 11 (11), 11283-11297 (2017).</li><li>Giraldo, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plant+nanobionics+approach+to+augment+photosynthesis+and+biochemical+sensing.">Plant nanobionics approach to augment photosynthesis and biochemical sensing.</a> Nature Materials. 13 (4), 400-408 (2014).</li><li>Demidchik, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+oxidative+stress+in+plants:+From+classical+chemistry+to+cell+biology.">Mechanisms of oxidative stress in plants: From classical chemistry to cell biology.</a> Environmental and Experimental Botany. 109, 212-228 (2015).</li><li>Rico, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+impact+yield+and+modify+nutritional+parameters+in+wheat+(Triticum+aestivum+L.).">Cerium oxide nanoparticles impact yield and modify nutritional parameters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).</a> Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 62 (40), 9669-9675 (2014).</li><li>Rossi, L., Zhang, W., Lombardini, L., Ma, X. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+impact+of+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+on+the+salt+stress+responses+of+Brassica+napus+L.">The impact of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the salt stress responses of Brassica napus L.</a> Environmental Pollution. 219, 28-36 (2016).</li><li>Xu, J., Duan, X., Yang, J., Beeching, J. R., Zhang, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+reactive+oxygen+species+scavenging+by+overproduction+of+superoxide+dismutase+and+catalase+delays+postharvest+physiological+deterioration+of+cassava+storage+roots.">Enhanced reactive oxygen species scavenging by overproduction of superoxide dismutase and catalase delays postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava storage roots.</a> Plant Physiology. 161 (3), 1517-1528 (2013).</li><li>Wu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Developing+and+validating+a+high-throughput+assay+for+salinity+tissue+tolerance+in+wheat+and+barley.">Developing and validating a high-throughput assay for salinity tissue tolerance in wheat and barley.</a> Planta. , (2015).</li><li>Pirmohamed, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoceria+exhibit+redox+state-dependent+catalase+mimetic+activity.">Nanoceria exhibit redox state-dependent catalase mimetic activity.</a> Chemical communications. 46 (16), 2736-2738 (2010).</li><li>Asati, A., Santra, S., Kaittanis, C., Perez, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Surface-charge-dependent+cell+localization+and+cytotoxicity+of+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles.">Surface-charge-dependent cell localization and cytotoxicity of cerium oxide nanoparticles.</a> ACS nano. 4, 5321-5331 (2010).</li><li>Li, J., Wu, H., Santana, I., Fahlgren, M., Giraldo, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Standoff+optical+glucose+sensing+in+photosynthetic+organisms+by+a+quantum+dot+fluorescent+probe.">Standoff optical glucose sensing in photosynthetic organisms by a quantum dot fluorescent probe.</a> ACS Applied Materials &amp; Interfaces. , (2018).</li><li>Wu, H., Shabala, L., Shabala, S., Giraldo, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hydroxyl+radical+scavenging+by+cerium+oxide+nanoparticles+improves+Arabidopsis+salinity+tolerance+by+enhancing+leaf+mesophyll+potassium+retention.">Hydroxyl radical scavenging by cerium oxide nanoparticles improves Arabidopsis salinity tolerance by enhancing leaf mesophyll potassium retention.</a> Environmental Science: Nano. 5 (7), 1567-1583 (2018).</li><li>Merad-Boudia, M., Nicole, A., Santiard-Baron, D., Saill&#233;, C., Ceballos-Picot, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitochondrial+impairment+as+an+early+event+in+the+process+of+apoptosis+induced+by+glutathione+depletion+in+neuronal+cells:+Relevance+to+Parkinson's+disease.">Mitochondrial impairment as an early event in the process of apoptosis induced by glutathione depletion in neuronal cells: Relevance to Parkinson's disease.</a> Biochemical Pharmacology. 56 (5), 645-655 (1998).</li><li>Zhao, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Detection+and+characterization+of+the+product+of+hydroethidine+and+intracellular+superoxide+by+HPLC+and+limitations+of+fluorescence.">Detection and characterization of the product of hydroethidine and intracellular superoxide by HPLC and limitations of fluorescence.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 102 (16), 5727-5732 (2005).</li><li>Sun, C., Li, H., Chen, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanostructured+ceria-based+materials:+synthesis,+properties,+and+applications.">Nanostructured ceria-based materials: synthesis, properties, and applications.</a> Energy &amp; Environmental Science. 5 (9), 8475 (2012).</li><li>Hirano, M., Inagaki, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+monodispersed+cerium(iv)+oxide+particles+by+thermal+hydrolysis:+influence+of+the+presence+of+urea+and+Gd+doping+on+their+morphology+and+growth.">Preparation of monodispersed cerium(iv) oxide particles by thermal hydrolysis: influence of the presence of urea and Gd doping on their morphology and growth.</a> Journal of Materials Chemistry. 10 (2), 473-477 (2000).</li><li>Xi, D. M., Liu, W. S., Yang, G. D., Wu, C. A., Zheng, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Seed-specific+overexpression+of+antioxidant+genes+in+Arabidopsis+enhances+oxidative+stress+tolerance+during+germination+and+early+seedling+growth.">Seed-specific overexpression of antioxidant genes in Arabidopsis enhances oxidative stress tolerance during germination and early seedling growth.</a> Plant Biotechnology Journal. 8 (7), 796-806 (2010).</li><li>Wu, H., Santana, I., Dansie, J., Vivo Giraldo, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+Vivo+delivery+of+nanoparticles+into+plant+leaves.">In Vivo delivery of nanoparticles into plant leaves.</a> Current Protocols in Chemical Biology. 9 (4), 269-284 (2017).</li><li>Fukushima, K., Hasebe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaxial-abaxial+polarity:+The+developmental+basis+of+leaf+shape+diversity.">Adaxial-abaxial polarity: The developmental basis of leaf shape diversity.</a> Genesis. 52 (1), 1-18 (2014).</li><li>Monda, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+stomatal+conductance+by+a+spontaneous+Arabidopsis+tetraploid,+Me-o,+results+from+increased+stomatal+size+and+greater+stomatal+aperture.">Enhanced stomatal conductance by a spontaneous Arabidopsis tetraploid, Me-o, results from increased stomatal size and greater stomatal aperture.</a> Plant physiology. 170 (3), 1435-1444 (2016).</li><li>Petrov, V., Hille, J., Mueller-Roeber, B., Gechev, T. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ROS-mediated+abiotic+stress-induced+programmed+cell+death+in+plants.">ROS-mediated abiotic stress-induced programmed cell death in plants.</a> Frontiers in Plant Science. 6, 1-16 (2015).</li><li>Chaves, M. M., Flexas, J., Pinheiro, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photosynthesis+under+drought+and+salt+stress:+regulation+mechanisms+from+whole+plant+to+cell.">Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell.</a> Annals of Botany. 103 (4), 551-560 (2009).</li></ol>

著者が明らかに何もありません。

このプロトコルでは、PNC 合成、キャラクタリゼーション、蛍光色素標識、および体内ROS 清掃活動を展示する植物葉肉細胞中のナノ粒子の共焦点レーザー顕微鏡について説明します。PNC は硝酸セリウムと PAA 溶液水酸化アンモニウムの混合物から合成されます。PNC は吸収 spectrophotomery とビール アンティーク法を用いて濃度によって特徴付けられます。ゼータ電位測定は、葉緑体<sup clas...

セリウム酸化物ナノ粒子 (nanoceria) は、バイオ エンジニア リング、清掃能力1,2,3異なる触媒活性酸素種 (ROS) のために基礎的研究から、生物で活躍しています。Nanoceria 清掃能力を交互に 2 つ酸化状態 (Ce3 + Ce4 +) 4,5,6表面酸素空孔の数が多いためロスがあります。Ce の3 +ダングリングボンドは、ナノスケールでの格子ひずみが酸化還元反応7をサイクリングを介してこれらの欠陥サイトの再生を促進しながら効果的に ROS を清掃します。Nanoceria はまた最近使用された勉強のと工学植物機能8,9。非生物的ストレス下の植物は、活性酸素、脂質、蛋白質および DNA10への酸化ダメージの蓄積を経験します。シロイヌナズナ植物で高い光・熱・低温応力8の下で改良された植物の光合成につながる体内ROS の nanoceria 触媒の清掃します。土壌もコムギ (Triticum aestivum)11; 増加撮影バイオマスと子実収量に適用する nanoceriananoceria で治療 (ナタネ) のカノーラ植物塩ストレス12の下でより高い植物バイオマスがあります。
Nanoceria は、バイオ エンジニア リングを提供し、植物の生物学者非生物的ストレス反応を理解し、工場の非生物的ストレス耐性を高めるナノテクノロジー ベースのツール。Nanoceria の生体内ROS 清掃機能は植物種の独立して植物組織に安易な配信モデル有機体の外の幅広いアプリケーションを有効にする可能性があります。他の遺伝子ベースのメソッドとは異なり、nanoceria では清掃能力13高い ROS の抗酸化酵素の発現と植物の行を生成する必要はありません。植物に nanoceria の葉葉身浸潤は、研究室での研究のための実用的なアプローチです。
1) 合成負荷電ポリ (アクリル) 酸 nanoceria (PNC) の評価、2) 配信とリーフ セル全体 PNC の追跡との PNC が有効な ROS 清掃の 3) の監視を記述するこのプロトコルの全体的な目標は、します。vivo。このプロトコルでは、負荷電ポリ (アクリル) 酸 nanoceria (PNC) が合成、吸収スペクトル、流体力学的直径とゼータ電位が特徴します。葉植物に PNC を提供する単純な葉葉身溶浸法について述べる。葉肉細胞内で分布をナノ粒子の生体内イメージングのため蛍光染料 (DiI) は PNC (DiI PNC) にラベルを付けるし、共焦点蛍光顕微鏡によるナノ粒子の観察に使用されました。最後に、我々 は生体内でPNC ROS は、共焦点顕微鏡による清掃を監視する方法を説明します。

<table><tbody><tr><td>Cerium (III) nitrate hexahydrate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>238538-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Molecular Biology Grade Water, Corning</td><td>VWR</td><td>45001-044&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Falcon 50 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td><td>VWR</td><td>14-959-49A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Poly (acrylic acid) 1,800 Mw</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>323667-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Digital Vortex Mixer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-215-370</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Digital Vortex Mixer Accessory, Insert Retainer</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-215-391</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Digital Vortex Mixer Accessories: Foam Insert Set</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>02-215-395</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Ammonium hydroxide solution</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>05002-1L</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>PYREX Griffin Beakers, Graduated, Corning</td><td>VWR</td><td>13912-149&amp;nbsp;</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>RCT basic</td><td>IKA</td><td>3810001</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Microcentrifuge 5424</td><td>VWR</td><td>80094-126</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Amicon Ultra-15 Centrifugal Filter Units</td><td>Millipore-Sigma</td><td>UFC901024</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Allegra X-30 Series Benchtop Centrifuge</td><td>Beckman Coulter</td><td>B06314</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>UV-2600 Sptecrophotometer</td><td>Shimadzu</td><td>UV-2600 120V</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Whatman Anotop 10 syringe filter</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>WHA68091102</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>BD Disposable Syringes with Luer-Lok Tips</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-829-45</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Zetasizer Nano S</td><td>Malvern Panalytical</td><td>Zen 1600</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>1,1&amp;prime;-Dioctadecyl-3,3,3&amp;prime;,3&amp;prime;-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>42364-100MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dimethyl Sulfoxide, ACS</td><td>VWR</td><td>BDH1115-1LP</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Sunshine Mix #1 LC1</td><td>Green Island Distributors, Inc</td><td>5212601.CFL080P</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Adaptis 1000</td><td>Conviron</td><td>A1000</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>TES, &gt;99% (titration</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>T1375-100G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Magnesium chloride</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>M8266-1KG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Air-Tite All-Plastic Norm-Ject Syringe</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>14-817-25</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Kimberly-Clark Professional Kimtech Science Kimwipes Delicate Task Wipers</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>06-666A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Carolina Observation Gel</td><td>Carolina</td><td>132700</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Corning microscope slides, frosted one side, one end</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>CLS294875X25-72EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Cork Borer Sets with Handles</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>S50166A</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Perfluorodecalin</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>P9900-25G</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Micro Cover Glasses, Square, No. 1</td><td>VWR</td><td>48366-045</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Leica Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope TCS SP5</td><td>Leica Microsystems</td><td>TCS SP5</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>2&amp;prime;,7&amp;prime;-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D6883-250MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Dihydroethidium</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>D7008-10MG</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Fisherbrand Premium Microcentrifuge Tubes: 1.5 mL</td><td>Fisher Scientific</td><td>05-408-129</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Eppendorf Uvette cuvettes</td><td>Sigma-Aldrich</td><td>Z605050-80EA</td><td></td></tr><tr><td>Chlorophyll meter&amp;nbsp;</td><td>Konica Minolta</td><td>SPAD-502</td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

catalytic scavenging of plant reactive oxygen species in vivo by anionic cerium oxide nanoparticles

活性酸素種 (ROS) の蓄積は、非生物的ストレスに対する反応の特徴です。ROS は、低レベルでの分子のシグナル伝達と高いレベルでの分子の損傷として植物デュアル役割を果たします。重点を置かれた植物における活性酸素の蓄積は、代謝、酵素、脂質、および植物生育・収量の減少を引き起こす DNA を損傷することが。触媒生体内で活性酸素を消去するセリウム酸化物ナノ粒子 (nanoceria) の能力を理解するユニークなツールと強酸工場非生物的ストレス耐性を提供します。ここでは、合成しポリ (アクリル) 酸コーティング nanoceria (PNC) を特徴付ける、植物葉葉身浸潤によるナノ粒子をインタ フェースし、その分布と活性酸素が生体内で共焦点を使用して清掃を監視するためのプロトコルを提案します。顕微鏡検査。ROS 集積植物の操作のため現在の分子ツールはモデル種に限定され、面倒な変換方法を必要とします。体内ROS が清掃のためこのプロトコルには、広い葉とシロイヌナズナのような葉の構造を持つ野生型植物に適用される可能性があります。

PNC の合成とキャラクタリゼーション. PNC 合成、精製し、次のプロトコル セクション 2 で説明されているメソッドの特徴します。図 1Aは、硝酸セリウム、PAA、PNC と PAA、硝酸セリウムの混合物溶液の呈色反応を示しています。白から淡い黄色の色の変化は、PNC は合成後に見られています。10 kDa フィ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles at JoVE.com

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

植物活性酸素種体内はアニオン性セリウム酸化物ナノ粒子の触媒の清掃

ここ生体内で、生体内および共焦点顕微鏡による植物組織のイメージング nanoceria 清掃合成と ROS (活性酸素種) のセリウム酸化物ナノ粒子 (nanoceria) の特性のプロトコルを提案します。nanoceria ROS は、共焦点顕微鏡による清掃を監視します。

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation is a hallmark of plant abiotic stress response. ROS play&#160;a dual role in plants by acting as signaling ...

catalytic-scavenging-plant-reactive-oxygen-species-vivo-anionic

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

8.8K ビュー.  University of California. ここ生体内で、生体内および共焦点顕微鏡による植物組織のイメージング nanoceria 清掃合成と ROS (活性酸素種) のセリウム酸化物ナノ粒子 (nanoceria) の特性のプロトコルを提案します。nanoceria ROS は、共焦点顕微鏡による清掃を監視します。

ビデオ: Catalytic Scavenging of Plant Reactive Oxygen Species In Vivo by Anionic Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted through ion exchange. The resultant production bleed water (PBW) contains contaminants such as arsenic and other heavy metals. Samples of PBW from an active ISR uranium facility were treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs). CuO-NP treatment of PBW reduced priority contaminants, including arsenic, selenium, uranium, and vanadium. Untreated and CuO-NP treated PBW was used as the liquid component of the cell growth media and changes in viability were determined by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) and human hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep G2) cells. CuO-NP treatment was associated with improved HEK and HEP cell viability. Limitations of this method include dilution of the PBW by growth media components and during osmolality adjustment as well as necessary pH adjustment. This method is limited in its wider context due to dilution effects and changes in the pH of the PBW which is traditionally slightly acidic&#160;however; this method could have a broader use assessing CuO-NP treatment in more neutral waters.

Removal of Trace Elements by Cupric Oxide Nanoparticles from Uranium In Situ Recovery Bleed Water and Its Effect on Cell Viability

Production bleed water (PBW) was treated with cupric oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) and cellular toxicity was assessed in cultured human cells. The goal of this protocol was to integrate the native environmental sample into a cell culture format assessing the changes in toxicity due to CuO-NP treatment.

ウランの酸化銅ナノ粒子による微量元素の除去<em&gt;その場での</em&gt;回復ブリード水と細胞生存率への影響

In situ recovery (ISR) is the predominant method of uranium extraction in the United States. During ISR, uranium is leached from an ore body and extracted ...

環境学

A Protocol for Detecting and Scavenging Gas-phase Free Radicals in Mainstream Cigarette Smoke

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12. Although tobacco tars and related products in the particle phase of cigarette smoke are major causes of carcinogenic and mutagenic related diseases, cigarette smoke contains significant amounts of free radicals that are also considered as an important group of carcinogens9,10. Free radicals attack cell constituents by damaging protein structure, lipids and DNA sequences and increase the risks of developing various types of cancers. Inhaled radicals produce adducts that contribute to many of the negative health effects of tobacco smoke in the lung3. Studies have been conducted to reduce free radicals in cigarette smoke to decrease risks of the smoking-induced damage. It has been reported that haemoglobin and heme-containing compounds could partially scavenge nitric oxide, reactive oxidants and carcinogenic volatile nitrosocompounds of cigarette smoke4. A 'bio-filter' consisted of haemoglobin and activated carbon was used to scavenge the free radicals and to remove up to 90% of the free radicals from cigarette smoke14. However, due to the cost-ineffectiveness, it has not been successfully commercialized. Another study showed good scavenging efficiency of shikonin, a component of Chinese herbal medicine8. In the present study, we report a protocol for introducing common natural antioxidant extracts into the cigarette filter for scavenging gas phase free radicals in cigarette smoke and measurement of the scavenge effect on gas phase free radicals in mainstream cigarette smoke (MCS) using spin-trapping Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) Spectroscopy1,2,14. We showed high scavenging capacity of lycopene and grape seed extract which could point to their future application in cigarette filters. An important advantage of these prospective scavengers is that they can be obtained in large quantities from byproducts of tomato or wine industry respectively11,13

Spin-trapping ESR spectroscopy was used to study the effect of plant antioxidants lycopene, pycnogenol and grape seed extract on scavenging gas-phase free radicals in cigarette smoke.

たばこの主流煙のフリーラジカルを検出し、気相を清掃するためのプロトコル

Cigarette smoking is associated with human cancers. It has been reported that most of the lung cancer deaths are caused by cigarette smoking 5,6,7,12.  ...

生物工学

Photochemical Oxidative Growth of Iridium Oxide Nanoparticles on CdSe@CdS Nanorods

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide (CdSe@CdS) nanorod photocatalysts. Seeded rods are grown using a colloidal hot-injection method and then moved to an aqueous medium by ligand exchange. CdSe@CdS nanorods, an iridium precursor and other salts are mixed and illuminated. The deposition process is initiated by absorption of photons by the semiconductor particle, which results with formation of charge carriers that are used to promote redox reactions. To insure photochemical oxidative growth we used an electron scavenger. The photogenerated holes oxidize the iridium precursor, apparently in a mediated oxidative pathway. This results in the growth of high quality crystalline iridium oxide particles, ranging from 0.5 nm to about 3 nm, along the surface of the rod. Iridium oxide grown on CdSe@CdS heterostructures was studied by a variety of characterization methods, in order to evaluate its characteristics and quality. We explored means for control over particle size, crystallinity, deposition location on the CdS rod, and composition. Illumination time and excitation wavelength were found to be key parameters for such control. The influence of different growth conditions and the characterization of these heterostructures are described alongside a detailed description of their synthesis. Of significance is the fact that the addition of iridium oxide afforded the rods astounding photochemical stability under prolonged illumination in pure water (alleviating the requirement for hole scavengers).

A protocol for the photochemical oxidative growth of small crystalline iridium oxide nanoparticles on the surface of CdSe@CdS seeded rod nanoparticles is presented.

CdSeの@のCdSナノロッド上にイリジウム酸化物ナノ粒子の光化学酸化成長

We demonstrate a procedure for the photochemical oxidative growth of iridium oxide catalysts on the surface of seeded cadmium selenide-cadmium sulfide ...

化学

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical photocatalytic structures. However, the influence of such chemical bonding on the optical and surface properties of the photocatalyst and thus its photocatalytic activity/reaction selectivity behavior has not been systematically studied. In this investigation, TiO2 has been supported on the surface of SiO2 by means of two different methods: (i) by the in situ formation of TiO2 in the presence of sand quartz via a sol-gel method employing tetrabutyl orthotitanium (TBOT); and (ii) by binding the commercial TiO2 powder to quartz on a surface silica gel layer formed from the reaction of quartz with tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). For comparison, TiO2 nanoparticles were also deposited on the surfaces of a more reactive SiO2 prepared by a hydrolysis-controlled sol-gel technique as well as through a sol-gel route from TiO2 and SiO2 precursors. The combination of TiO2 and SiO2, through interfacial Ti-O-Si bonds, was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy and the photocatalytic activities of the obtained composites were tested for photocatalytic degradation of NO according to the ISO standard method (ISO 22197&#8722;1). The electron microscope images of the obtained materials showed that variable photocatalyst coverage of the support surface can successfully be achieved but the photocatalytic activity towards NO removal was found to be affected by the preparation method and the nitrate selectivity is adversely affected by Ti-O-Si bonding.

The Effect of Interfacial Chemical Bonding in TiO2-SiO2 Composites on Their Photocatalytic NOx Abatement Performance

The focus of the present work is to establish means to generate and quantify levels of Ti-O-Si linkages and to correlate these with the photocatalytic properties of the supported TiO2.

TiOにおける界面化学結合の影響<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; -SiO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;光触媒NOx低減性能に関する複合材料

The chemical bonding of particulate photocatalysts to supporting material surfaces is of great importance in engineering more efficient and practical ...

Expression and Purification of Nuclease-Free Oxygen Scavenger Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase

Single molecule (SM) microscopy is used in the study of dynamic molecular interactions of fluorophore labeled biomolecules in real time. However, fluorophores are prone to loss of signal via photobleaching by dissolved oxygen (O2). To prevent photobleaching and extend the fluorophore lifetime, oxygen scavenging systems (OSS) are employed to reduce O2. Commercially available OSS may be contaminated by nucleases that damage or degrade nucleic acids, confounding interpretation of experimental results. Here we detail a protocol for the expression and purification of highly active Pseudomonas putida protocatechuate-3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) with no detectable nuclease contamination. PCD can efficiently remove reactive O2 species by conversion of the substrate protocatechuic acid (PCA) to 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid. This method can be used in any aqueous system where O2 plays a detrimental role in data acquisition. This method is effective in producing highly active, nuclease free PCD in comparison with commercially available PCD.

Protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PCD) can enzymatically remove free diatomic oxygen from an aqueous system using its substrate protocatechuic acid (PCA). This protocol describes the expression, purification, and activity analysis of this oxygen scavenging enzyme.

ヌクレアーゼフリー酸素スカベンジャープロトカテク酸プロトカテクエート3,4-ジオキシゲナーゼの発現と精製

Single molecule (SM) microscopy is used in the study of dynamic molecular interactions of fluorophore labeled biomolecules in real time. However, ...

生化学

Preparation of Polyoxometalate-based Photo-responsive Membranes for the Photo-activation of Manganese Oxide Catalysts

This paper presents a method to prepare charge-transfer chromophores using polyoxotungstate (PW12O403-), transition metal ions (Ce3+ or Co2+), and organic polymers, with the aim of photo-activating oxygen-evolving manganese oxide catalysts, which are important components in artificial photosynthesis. The cross-linking technique was applied to obtain a self-standing membrane with a high PW12O403- content. Incorporation and structure retention of PW12O403- within the polymer matrix were confirmed by FT-IR and micro-Raman spectroscopy, and optical characteristics were investigated by UV-Vis spectroscopy, which revealed successful construction of the metal-to-metal charge transfer (MMCT) unit. After deposition of MnOx oxygen evolving catalysts, photocurrent measurements under visible light irradiation verified the sequential charge transfer, Mn &#8594; MMCT unit &#8594; electrode, and&#160;the photocurrent intensity was consistent with the redox potential of the donor metal (Ce or Co). This method provides a new strategy for preparing integrated systems involving catalysts and photon-absorption parts for use with photo-functional materials.

Here, we present a protocol to prepare charge transfer chromophores based on a polyoxometalate/polymer composite membrane.

マンガン酸化物触媒の光活性化用ポリ酸を用いた光応答性膜の作製

This paper presents a method to prepare charge-transfer chromophores using polyoxotungstate (PW12O403-), transition metal ions (Ce3+ or Co2+), and organic ...

A Continuous-flow Photocatalytic Reactor for the Precisely Controlled Deposition of Metallic Nanoparticles

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic nanoparticles is developed. Guidelines for the replication of the reactor and its operation are provided in detail. Three different composite systems (Pt/graphene, Pt/TiO2, and Au/TiO2) with monodisperse and uniformly distributed particles are produced by this reactor, and the photodeposition mechanism, as well as the synthesis optimization strategy, are discussed. The synthesis methods and their technical aspects are described comprehensively. The role of the ultraviolet (UV) dose (in each excitation pulse) on the photodeposition process is investigated and the optimum values for each composite system are provided.

For a continuous and scalable synthesis of noble-metal-based nanocomposites, a novel photocatalytic reactor is developed and its structure, operation principles, and product quality optimization strategies are described.

金属ナノ粒子の正確に制御された沈着量の連続的な流れの光触媒反応

In this work, a novel photocatalytic reactor for the pulsed and controlled excitation of the photocatalyst and the precise deposition of metallic ...

A Facile Synthetic Method to Obtain Bismuth Oxyiodide Microspheres Highly Functional for the Photocatalytic Processes of Water Depuration

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of materials is highly related to its photocatalytic performance, it is necessary to standardize the synthetic methods in order to obtain the most functional architectures and, thus, the highest photocatalytic efficiency. Here, we report a reliable route to obtain BiOI microspheres via the solvothermal process, using Bi(NO3)3 and potassium iodide (KI) as precursors, and ethylene glycol as a template. The synthesis is standardized in a 150 mL autoclave, at 126 &#176;C for 18 h. This results in 2-3 &#181;m-sized mesoporous microspheres, with a relevant specific surface area (61.3 m2/g). Shortening the reaction times in the synthesis results in amorphous structures, while higher temperatures lead to a slight increase in the porosity of the microspheres, with no effect in the photocatalytic performance. The materials are photo-active under UV-A/visible light irradiation for the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in water. This method has demonstrated to be effective in interlaboratory tests, obtaining similar BiOI microspheres in Mexican and Chilean research groups.

This article describes a synthetic method to obtain bismuth oxyiodide microspheres, which are highly functional to perform the photocatalytic removal of organic pollutants, such as ciprofloxacin, in water under UV-A/visible light irradiation.

水洗水の光触媒プロセスのビスマス Oxyiodide 微粒子高機能を取得する簡便な合成法

Bismuth oxyhalide (BiOI) is a promising material for sunlight-driven-environmental photocatalysis. Given that the physical structure of this kind of ...

Metal Oxide Heterojunction for Photocatalytic Activities

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale applications. Sol-gel-based solution combustion synthesis (SG-SCS) is a simple method to produce ordered porous materials. In this regard, Pearson&#39;s hard and soft acids and bases theory assists in selecting host-dopant reactivity to form a proper heterojunction.
The formation of a heterojunction also changes the essential properties of the materials, improving photocatalysis via charge transfer or synergistic activities. A calcination temperature of 500 &#176;C is ideal for this process based on the results of the stability assessment via a differential thermogravimetry ratio analysis (DTG).
The nanoscale dimensions of the nanoparticles (NPs) and nanocomposites (NCs) generated were validated using X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy micrographs and BET analyses confirmed the porosity nature of the materials. HRTEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray investigations established the materials composition. The study found that NCs degraded the acid orange 8 (AO8) color more efficiently than bare ZnO.

The development of a heterojunction boosts the photocatalytic activities of solution combustion synthesis, which is a time-/energy-efficient process. Advanced analytical characterization techniques were used in this protocol to evaluate the materials&#39; characteristics, and nanocomposites demonstrated improved acid orange-8 dye degradation.

There is a significant global demand for improvements in synthesis techniques and their optimal characteristics, especially for industrial-scale ...

Detection of Nitric Oxide and Superoxide Radical Anion by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy from Cells using Spin Traps

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in unregulated concentrations are detrimental to cell viability1, 2. While living systems have evolved with endogenous and dietary antioxidant defense mechanisms to regulate ROS generation, ROS are produced continuously as natural by-products of normal metabolism of oxygen and can cause oxidative damage to biomolecules resulting in loss of protein function, DNA cleavage, or lipid peroxidation3, and ultimately to oxidative stress leading to cell injury or death4. 
Superoxide radical anion (O2&bull;-) is the major precursor of some of the most highly oxidizing species known to exist in biological systems such as peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical. The generation of O2&bull;- signals the first sign of oxidative burst, and therefore, its detection and/or sequestration in biological systems is important. In this demonstration, O2&bull;- was generated from polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). Through chemotactic stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), PMN generates O2&bull;- via activation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase5. 
Nitric oxide (NO) synthase which comes in three isoforms, as inducible-, neuronal- and endothelial-NOS, or iNOS, nNOS or eNOS, respectively, catalyzes the conversion of L- arginine to L-citrulline, using NADPH to produce NO6. Here, we generated NO from endothelial cells. Under oxidative stress conditions, eNOS for example can switch from producing NO to O2&bull;- in a process called uncoupling, which is believed to be caused by oxidation of heme7 or the co-factor, tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)8.
There are only few reliable methods for the detection of free radicals in biological systems but are limited by specificity and sensitivity. Spin trapping is commonly used for the identification of free radicals and involves the addition reaction of a radical to a spin trap forming a persistent spin adduct which can be detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The various radical adducts exhibit distinctive spectrum which can be used to identify the radicals being generated and can provide a wealth of information about the nature and kinetics of radical production9.
The cyclic nitrones, 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline-N-oxide, DMPO10, the phosphoryl-substituted DEPMPO11, and the ester-substituted, EMPO12 and BMPO13, have been widely employed as spin traps--the latter spin traps exhibiting longer half-lives for O2&bull;- adduct. Iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 is commonly used to trap NO due to high rate of adduct formation and the high stability of the spin adduct14.

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was employed to detect nitric oxide from bovine aortic endothelial cells and superoxide radical anion from human neutrophils using iron (II)-N-methyl-D-glucamine dithiocarbamate, Fe(MGD)2 and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyroroline-N-oxide, DMPO, respectively.

一酸化窒素とスピントラップを使用して、細胞からの電子常磁性共鳴分光法によるスーパーオキシドアニオンラジカルの検出

Reactive nitrogen/oxygen species (ROS/RNS) at low concentrations play an important role in regulating cell function, signaling, and immune response but in ...

植物活性酸素種体内はアニオン性セリウム酸化物ナノ粒子の触媒の清掃

要約

さらに動画を探す

この動画の章

ウランの酸化銅ナノ粒子による微量元素の除去