Name: optimization of processing of tiebangchui with highland barley wine based on the box-behnken design combined with the entropy method
Uploaded: 2023-05-19T14:40:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Processing of Tiebangchui with Highland Barley Wine Based on the Box-Behnken Design Combined with the Entropy Method at JoVE.com

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 82130113), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2021MD703800), the Science Foundation for Youths of Science &#38; Technology Department of Sichuan Province (No. 2022NSFSC1449), and the &#34;Xinglin Scholars&#34; Research Promotion Program of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (No. BSH2021009).

In this study, the processing technology of TBC processed with highland barley wine was optimized with a Box-Behnken design combined with the entropy method. DDA and MDA content were used as evaluation indicators, and the weight coefficient of each evaluation index was determined by the entropy method.
1. Experimental preparation
<ol>
	<li>Prepare highland barley wine15.
	<ol>
		<li>Take 500.00 g of black highland barley rice and add five times the am...

<ol>
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As a commonly used Tibetan medicine with toxic effects, the toxicity-attenuating effect of processing is extremely important for TBC&#39;s clinical application25. In this study, the processing technology of TBC processed with highland barley wine was optimized. By reviewing the main active ingredients and relating the pharmacological effects of TBC, we found that TBC alkaloids have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects and can be used to treat rheumatoid arthritis. In this study, a moderate toxi...

Tiebangchui (TBC), the dried root of Aconitum pendulum Busch, is a well-known Tibetan medicine and was initially recorded in the classic Tibetan medical book &#34;Four Medical Tantra&#34;1,2. According to &#34;Drug Standards of the Ministry of Health of the People&#39;s Republic of China (Tibetan Medicine)&#34;, TBC is effective in expelling cold, relieving pain, dispelling wind, and calming shock, and is commonly used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in clinics3,4,5.
TBC mainly contains alkaloids, including highly toxic diester-diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs), and the moderately toxic monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids (MDAs)6,7,8. These chemical components are active ingredients with medicinal effects but are toxic. One of the most famous active and toxic ingredients, aconitine, causes poisoning when it exceeds 1 mg9. Therefore, improper or excessive use of TBC might result in poisoning and even death, and the toxicity attenuation and efficacy reservation of TBC is crucial for its safe clinical application10,11.
Processing is an effective method for detoxifying TBC. According to ancient Tibetan medicine books, processing with highland barley wine is an efficient way to attenuate toxicity and preserve the efficacy of TBC. TBC is soaked in highland barley wine, stored for one night, dried, and added to medicines12. However, the specific processing technology and potential influencing factors are rarely reported, and the traditional processing process often relies on experience and lacks standardized methods. Hence, modern scientific and technological methods for optimizing and standardizing the processing process are needed.
The Box-Behnken design method is used in investigating interactions among different factors and their influence on comprehensive scoring through quadratic polynomial fitting. This design allows the intuitive observation of optimal conditions and has been widely used in the field of pharmacy13. For example, the Box-Behnken design method, based on the entropy method, successfully optimized the processing technology of stir-frying with vinegar of Curcuma Longa Radix14. In this study, the Box-Behnken response surface experimental design combined with the entropy method was used in optimizing the processing technology of TBC processed with highland barley wine. The optimized processing technology is expected to ensure quality control and safe clinical use.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Aconitine</td>
			<td>Chengdu Push Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>PS000905</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Acetylaconitine</td>
			<td>Chengdu Push Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>PS010552</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3-Deoxyaconitine</td>
			<td>Chengdu Push Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>PS011258</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Benzoylaconine</td>
			<td>Chengdu Push Biotechnology Co.,Ltd</td>
			<td>PS010300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulating water vacuum pump</td>
			<td>Gongyi City Yuhua Instrument Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>SHZ-DIII</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Design-Expert&#160;</td>
			<td>State-East Corporation</td>
			<td>8.0.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric constant temperature drying oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuejin Medical Equipment Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>101-3-BS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electronic analytical balance</td>
			<td>Shanghai Liangping Instruments Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>FA1004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High performance liquid chromatography</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Enterprise Management (China) Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>shimadzu 2030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Highland barley rice</td>
			<td>Kangding City, Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province</td>
			<td>20221015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Millipore filter</td>
			<td>Tianjin Jinteng Experimental Equipment Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>&#966;13 0.22 Nylon66</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rotary evaporator</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yarong Biochemical Instrument Factory</td>
			<td>RE-2000A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Starter of liquor-making</td>
			<td>Angel Yeast CO., Ltd</td>
			<td>BJ22-104</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra pure water systemic</td>
			<td>Merck Millipore Ltd.</td>
			<td>Milli-Q</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasonic cleansing machine</td>
			<td>Ningbo Xinyi Ultrasonic Equipment Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>SB-8200 DTS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimization of processing of tiebangchui with highland barley wine based on the box-behnken design combined with the entropy method

The processing of toxic ethnomedicines is of great significance for their safe clinical application. Thus, the limitations of traditional processing should be addressed, and the processing method of ethnomedicines should be standardized using modern research methods. In this study, the processing technology of a commonly used Tibetan medicine Tiebangchui (TBC), the dried root of Aconitum pendulum&#160;Busch, processed with highland barley wine was optimized. Diester-diterpenoid alkaloid (DDA) (aconitine, 3-deoxyaconitine, 3-acetylaconitine) and monoester-diterpenoid alkaloid (MDA) (benzoylaconine) content were used as evaluation indicators, and the weight coefficient of each evaluation index was determined by the entropy method.
The single factor test and Box-Behnken design were used in investigating the influence of the ratio between highland barley wine and TBC, slice thickness of TBC, and processing time. Comprehensive scoring was performed according to the objective weight of each index determined by the entropy method. The optimal processing conditions of TBC with highland barley wine were as follows: the amount of highland barley wine is five times that of TBC, a soaking time of 24 h, and a TBC thickness of 1.5 cm. The results showed that the relative standard deviation between the verification test and predicted value was less than 2.55% and the optimized processing technology of TBC processed with highland barley wine is simple, feasible, and stable, and so can provide a reference for industrial production.

In this study, the precision, stability, repeatability, and sample recovery of TBC indicated that the method is feasible. The four index components in TBC had a good linear relationship within a specific concentration range. Typical chromatograms are shown in Figure 1. The precision test results (Table 8) showed that the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the peak areas were 2.56%, 1.49%, and 2.03% for benzoylaconine, aconitine, and 3-deoxyaconitine, respectively, and 0.21...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization of Processing of Tiebangchui with Highland Barley Wine Based on the Box-Behnken Design Combined with the Entropy Method at JoVE.com

Optimization of Processing of Tiebangchui with Highland Barley Wine Based on the Box-Behnken Design Combined with the Entropy Method

The present protocol describes an efficient method for optimization of the processing technology of Tiebangchui processed with highland barley wine based on a Box-Behnken design response surface combined with the entropy method.

The processing of toxic ethnomedicines is of great significance for their safe clinical application. Thus, the limitations of traditional processing ...

As the company used to debate on medicine with toxic effect is proceeding Tiebangchui for toxicity attenuation is extremely important for clinical application. The optimize proceeding technology of the Tiebangchui with a highland barley wine is simple, visible, and stable. which can provide this variance for industrial production.Box-Behnken design combined with the entropy method allows the inter-table observation of optimized conditions and has been widely used in chemistry, pharmacy, and food precision. Demonstrating the procedure will be Liqiong Yu, a master student from my laboratory. To begin, take 500 grams of black highland barley rice, and add water to five times the amount of rice.Cook the rice for approximately two hours, or until the remaining water is absorbed. Once cooked, pour the rice out, and wait until the temperature falls to 37 degrees Celsius. Add four grams of jiuqu to the rice, and mix well.Seal the can, and wrap the container with cotton wool. Then, let it stew for seven days. Add 300 milliliters of water on the seventh day, and reseal the container.On the eighth day, remove the wine. And replace it with 300 milliliters of water. Seal the container properly, and allow it to ferment for one day.Pool the collected wine into a container. Next, accurately weigh the Tiebangchui, or TBC, into a container, and add highland barley wine to soak the mixture for one day. The following day, dry it in a constant-temperature electric drying oven.To prepare the test sample solution, accurately weigh two grams of the TBC processed product powder in a conical flask, and add 40%ammonia solution. Next, perform ultrasound-assisted extraction for 30 minutes, with a 50-milliliter mixture of isopropanol and ethyl acetate in an equal ratio. To perform the highland barley wine addition test, set up five groups, each with 30 grams of 1.0 centimeter thick TBC.Add varied amounts of Hyland barley wine to each group containing the TBC, and soak the slices for 12 hours. To perform the soaking time test, set up five groups, each with 30 grams of 1.0 centimeter thick TBC. Soak the TBC with highland barley wine at five times the amount of TBC in all the groups, with different time intervals.To perform the slicing thickness test, set up five groups with 30 grams of TBC at varied sliced thicknesses. Soak the TBC for 24 hours with highland barley wine at five times the amount of TBC in all the groups. As previously demonstrated, prepare the test sample solution for each test group, with the processed products.Next, determine the peak area of each sample by HPLC. Use the standard curve to estimate the amount of monoester-diterpenoid alkaloids, or MDAs, and diester-diterpenoid alkaloids, or DDAs. Use the content of MDAs and the total content of DDAs as evaluation indicators to determine the weight coefficient of each evaluation index, and the comprehensive scoring by the entropy method.Use equation two to standardize the content of MDAs, where XIJ is the value of the Jth indicator of the Ith sample, and use equation three to standardize the total content of the DDAs. Calculate the probability of the Jth trial under the Ith evaluation indicator PIJ, using equation four, and use equation five to calculate the information entropy HJ.Use equation six to calculate the indicator weights, WJ, and equation seven to calculate the comprehensive scoring of the indicators. open the software on the computer.Click New Design, Response Surface, and then select Box-Behnken Design. Input the number of influencing factors, and the level of information of the experiments in the study, and then click Continue. Input the number of response values, and click Finish to complete the process.Then, set the comprehensive scoring by equations two to seven as the response. Next, process the TBC with highland barley wine, according to the design results, and complete the experiment based on the 17 scenarios designed for the response surface. Prepare the sample solutions as previously demonstrated, and calculate the total content of the MDAs and DDAs, using HPLC.Click Analyze to analyze the data and model information. Perform statistical validation by ANOVA, in the top menu, and observe the results table. Click Optimization, and then Numerical, to view the predicted optimal process conditions.Click on Analysis, Model Graphs, and then 3D surface to view the response surface analysis plotted as three-dimensional plots by the software. The precision test results assessed by the relative standard deviation of the peak areas of benzoylaconine, aconitine, 3-deoxyaconitine, and 3-acetylaconitine, indicated that the precision of the instrument was good. The stability test suggested that all the sample solutions were stable for 24 hours.And the repeatability test results showed that the repeatability of this method was significant. The recovery experiment results indicated average recovery rates as 99.7%for benzoylaconine, 100.84%for aconitine, 103.27%for 3-deoxyaconitine, and 100.92%for 3-acetylaconitine. The single-factor test of TBC processed with highland barley wine, revealed that the amount of highland barley wine was five times that of TBC, the soaking time was 36 hours, and the slicing thickness was 1.0 centimeters.The experimental design and results of the response surface model are tabulated here. The order of the factors by the strength of the effects was established, where it was higher for highland barley wine addition, followed by slice thickness of medicinal herbs, and then the soaking time. It's essential to have three periods of experiment, for each condition of a single factor to improve the accuracy of subsequent results.The optimization polarization technology can provide information and guidelines for studying toxic intonation to produce other toxic ethical medicines.

optimization-processing-tiebangchui-with-highland-barley-wine-based

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Techniques for Processing Eyes Implanted with a Retinal Prosthesis for Localized Histopathological Analysis: Part 2 Epiretinal Implants with Retinal Tacks

Retinal prostheses for the treatment of certain forms of blindness are gaining traction in clinical trials around the world with commercial devices currently entering the market. In order to evaluate the safety of these devices, in preclinical studies, reliable techniques are needed. However, the hard metal components utilised in some retinal implants are not compatible with traditional histological processes, particularly in consideration for the delicate nature of the surrounding tissue. Here we describe techniques for assessing the health of the eye directly adjacent to a retinal implant secured epiretinally with a metal tack.
Retinal prostheses feature electrode arrays in contact with eye tissue. The most commonly used location for implantation is the epiretinal location (posterior chamber of the eye), where the implant is secured to the retina with a metal tack that penetrates all the layers of the eye. Previous methods have not been able to assess the proximal ocular tissue with the tack in situ, due to the inability of traditional histological techniques to cut metal objects. Consequently, it has been difficult to assess localized damage, if present, caused by tack insertion.
Therefore, we developed a technique for visualizing the tissue around a retinal tack and implant. We have modified an established technique, used for processing and visualizing hard bony tissue around a cochlear implant, for the soft delicate tissues of the eye. We orientated and embedded the fixed eye tissue, including the implant and retinal tack, in epoxy resin, to stabilise and protect the structure of the sample. Embedded samples were then ground, polished, stained, and imaged under various magnifications at incremental depths through the sample. This technique allowed the reliable assessment of eye tissue integrity and cytoarchitecture adjacent to the metal tack.

Here we describe histological techniques for visualising ocular tissue directly adjacent to a metal epiretinal tack and retinal prosthesis.

Retinal prostheses for the treatment of certain forms of blindness are gaining traction in clinical trials around the world with commercial devices ...

Application of Laparoscopic Hepatectomy Combined with Intraoperative Microwave Ablation in Colorectal Cancer Liver Metastasis

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a common treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Previously, a sufficient number of functional liver masses had to be maintained during laparoscopic hepatectomy, with a residual liver volume of &gt;40% in cirrhotic patients and &gt;30% in non-cirrhotic patients. The high incidence of complications such as bleeding, bile leakage, or liver failure due to the exposure and difficulty of the resection of specific liver segments such as S2 and S7 reduces the success rate of liver resection. At present, microwave ablation is mainly applied in the treatment of liver metastasis using a percutaneous approach, which makes it difficult to identify hidden parts or small lesions. For some liver segments, the percutaneous puncture of liver segment 7 (S7) is likely to pass through the thoracic cavity, and the percutaneous puncture of liver segment 2 (S2) adjacent to the diaphragm is likely to injure the diaphragm and heart; these issues restrict the application of percutaneous ablation in colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Considering multiple lesions, laparoscopic microwave ablation combined with hepatectomy was performed in this study. The location of the lesions was determined by contrast-enhanced ultrasound under laparoscopy, and small lesions that were difficult to detect before the operation were identified. For the scattered lesions, which had diameters less than 3 cm and were difficult to resect, ablation was adopted to substitute hepatectomy. This technique helped to more explicitly locate the tumors, simplified the operation procedures, reduced the risk of complications such as bleeding and bile leakage, shortened the operation time, accelerated the postoperative recovery, significantly improved the success rate of operation, and enhanced the clinical prognosis of colorectal cancer liver metastasis by surgical resection.

This protocol describes the laparoscopic resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases combined with ultrasound-guided microwave ablation. This technique can safely, effectively, and accurately treat refractory liver metastases &lt;3 cm, reduce postoperative complications, and accelerate the postoperative rehabilitation of patients.

Laparoscopic hepatectomy is a common treatment for colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Previously, a sufficient number of functional liver masses had to ...

Optimization of the Epimedii Folium Mutton-Oil Processing Technology and Testing Its Effect on Zebrafish Embryonic Development

As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Epimedii folium (EF) has a history in medicine and food that is &#62; 2,000 years old. Clinically, EF processed with mutton oil is often used as a medicine. In recent years, reports of safety risks and adverse reactions of products that use EF as a raw material have gradually increased. Processing can effectively improve the safety of TCM. According to TCM theory, mutton-oil processing can reduce the toxicity of EF and enhance its tonifying effect on the kidneys. However, there is a lack of systematic research and evaluation of EF mutton-oil processing technology. In this study, we used the Box-Behnken experimental design-response surface methodology to optimize the key parameters of the processing technology by assessing the contents of multiple components. The results showed that the optimal mutton-oil processing technology of EF was as follows: heating the mutton oil at 120 &#176;C &#177; 10 &#176;C, adding the crude EF, stir-frying it gently to 189 &#176;C &#177; 10 &#176;C until it is evenly shiny, and then removing it and cool. For every 100 kg of EF, 15 kg of mutton oil should be used. The toxicities and teratogenicities of an aqueous extract of crude and mutton-oil processed EF were compared in a zebrafish embryo developmental model. The results showed that the crude herb group was more likely to cause zebrafish deformities, and its half-maximal lethal EF concentration was lower. In conclusion, the optimized mutton-oil processing technology was stable and reliable, with good repeatability. At a certain dose, the aqueous extract of EF was toxic to the development of zebrafish embryos, and the toxicity was stronger for the crude drug than for the processed drug. The results showed that mutton-oil processing reduced the toxicity of crude EF. These findings can be used to improve the quality, uniformity, and clinical safety of mutton oil-processed EF.

In this protocol, the mutton-oil processing technology of Epimedii folium (EF) was optimized by applying a Box-Behnken experimental design-response surface methodology, and the effect of crude and optimized water-extracted EF on zebrafish embryonic development was preliminarily investigated.

As a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), Epimedii folium (EF) has a history in medicine and food that is &#62; 2,000 years old. Clinically, EF processed ...

A Method for Zanba-Stir-Fried Tiebangchui Process Optimization

Optimization of Processing Technology for Tiebangchui with Zanba Based on CRITIC Combined with Box-Behnken Response Surface Method

The dried root of Aconitum pendulum Busch., called Tiebangchui (TBC) in Chinese, is one of the most famous Tibetan medicines. It is a widely used herb in northwest China. However, many cases of poisoning have occurred because of TBC's intense toxicity and because its therapeutic and toxic doses are similar. Therefore, finding a safe and effective method to reduce its toxicity is an urgent task. A search through the Tibetan medicine classics shows that the processing method of TBC stir-fried with Zanba was recorded in the "Processing specification of Tibetan medicine of Qinghai Province (2010)". However, the specific processing parameters are not yet clear. Thus, this study aims to optimize and standardize the processing technology of Zanba-stir-fried TBC.
First, a single-factor experiment was conducted on four factors: the slice thickness of TBC, amount of Zanba, processing temperature, and time. With monoester and diester alkaloid contents in Zanba-stir-fried TBC as indexes, CRITIC combined with the Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the processing technology of Zanba-stir-fried TBC. The optimized processing conditions of Zanba-stir-fried TBC were a TBC slice thickness of 2 cm, three times more Zanba than TBC, a processing temperature of 125 &#176;C, and 60 min of stir-frying. This study determined the optimized and standard processing conditions for the usage of Zanba-stir-fried TBC, thus providing an experimental basis for the safe clinical use and industrial production of Zanba-stir-fried TBC.

Author Spotlight: Optimization of Processing Technology for Tiebangchui with Zanba Based on CRITIC Combined with Box-Behnken Response Surface Method  

The present protocol describes an efficient and standard detoxification processing method for Zanba-stir-fried Tiebangchui using CRITIC combined with the Box-Behnken response surface method.

The dried root of Aconitum pendulum Busch., called Tiebangchui (TBC) in Chinese, is one of the most famous Tibetan medicines. It is a widely used herb in ...

Modified Laparoscopic Anatomic Hepatectomy: Two-Surgeon Technique Combined with the Simple Extracorporeal Pringle Maneuver

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to the anatomical characteristics of the liver, with intraoperative hemorrhage being a primary concern. Intraoperative blood loss is the leading cause of conversion to open surgery; therefore, effective management of bleeding and hemostasis is crucial for a successful LAH.
The two-surgeon technique is proposed as an alternative to the traditional single-surgeon approach, with potential benefits in reducing intraoperative bleeding during laparoscopic hepatectomy. However, there remains a lack of evidence to determine which mode of the two-surgeon technique yields superior patient outcomes. Besides, to our knowledge, the LAH technique, which involves the use of a cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) by the primary surgeon while an ultrasonic dissector by the second surgeon, has been rarely reported before.
Herein, we present a modified, two-surgeon LAH technique, wherein one surgeon employs a CUSA while the other uses an ultrasonic dissector. This technique is combined with a simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver and low central venous pressure (CVP) approach. In this modified technique, the primary and secondary surgeons utilize a laparoscopic CUSA and an ultrasonic dissectorconcurrently to achieve precise and expeditious hepatectomy. A simple extracorporeal Pringle maneuver, combined with the maintenance of low CVP, is employed to regulate the hepatic inflow and outflow in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding. This approach facilitates the attainment of a dry and clean operative field, which allows for the precise ligation and dissection of blood vessels and bile ducts. The modified LAH procedure is simpler and safer due to its effective control over bleeding as well as the seamless transition between the roles of primary and secondary surgeons. It holds great promise for future clinical applications.

Here, we present a protocol to perform a modified laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy using improved techniques and instruments.

Laparoscopic anatomic hepatectomy (LAH) has become increasingly prevalent worldwide in recent years. However, LAH remains a challenging procedure due to ...

Quantitative Analysis of Liver Stiffness Distribution

A Three-Dimensional Digital Model for Early Diagnosis of Hepatic Fibrosis Based on Magnetic Resonance Elastography

Hepatic fibrosis is an early stage of liver cirrhosis, and there are no better non-invasive and convenient methods for the detection and evaluation of the disease. Despite the good progress made with the liver stiffness map (LSM) based on magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), there are still some limitations that need to be overcome, including manual focus determination, manual selection of regions of interest (ROIs), and discontinuous LSM data without structural information, which makes it impossible to evaluate the liver as a whole. In this study, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) digital model for the early diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis based on MRE.
MRE is a non-invasive imaging technique that employs magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the liver stiffness at the scanning site through human-computer interaction. Studies have indicated a significant positive correlation between the LSM obtained through MRE and the degree of hepatic fibrosis. However, for clinical purposes, a comprehensive and precise quantification of the degree of hepatic fibrosis is necessary. To address this, the concept of Liver Stiffness Distribution (LSD) was proposed in this study, which refers to the 3D stiffness volume of each liver voxel obtained by the alignment of 3D liver tissue images and MRE indicators. This provides a more effective clinical tool for the diagnosis and treatment of hepatic fibrosis.

Author Spotlight: Advancing Hepatic Fibrosis Diagnosis Using Magnetic Resonance Elastography and AI 

The objective of this study was to develop a novel three-dimensional digital model for the early diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis, which includes the stiffness of each voxel in the patient's liver and can thus, be used to calculate the distribution ratio of the patient's liver at different fibrosis stages.

Hepatic fibrosis is an early stage of liver cirrhosis, and there are no better non-invasive and convenient methods for the detection and evaluation of the ...

Preparing Zanba-Stir-Fried Tiebangchui (TBC) Sample for Processing Technology Optimization

To begin a single factor experiment to compare Tiebangchui, or TBC slice thickness, for processing technology optimization, prepare five test groups each having 30 grams of TBC, but different slice thickness. Then weigh 90 grams of Zanba, which is three times as much as that of the TBC in each group. Set the temperature and the time of the automatic stir fry machine to 140 degrees Celsius and 40 minutes respectively.After the machine has heated up to the set temperature, add the weighed amounts of TBC and Zanba into the machine. Then using a high speed smashing machine, grind the Zanba stir-fried TBC into powder. Next, weigh two grams of Zanba stir-fried TBC powder in a conical flask.To the sample in the flask, add three milliliters of ammonia solution followed by 50 milliliters of a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate, having a volume ratio of one is to one. After recording the weight of the conical flask with the contents, ultrasonicate the TBC sample for 30 minutes at 220 volts and 40 kilohertz maintaining a temperature below 25 degrees Celsius. Weigh the conical flask with the sample once again after the ultrasonic extraction.Make up for the lost weight by adding the isopropyl alcohol and ethyl acetate mixture mentioned previously, and filter the sample solution. Evaporate 25 milliliters of the filtrate to dryness using a rotary evaporator at 40 degrees Celsius. Then dissolve the residue in five milliliters of a solution of 0.05 hydrochloric acid in methanol.Filter the solution through a 0.2 micron syringe filter, and analyze it by performing high performance liquid chromatography, or HPLC. Calculate the contents of the MDA and DDAs in different processing products according to the standard curve. Calculate the comprehensive score based on the results via the critic method.Following the method demonstrated above, compare the amounts of Zanba, processing temperatures, and times for processing technology optimization. The results of the single factor tests revealed that the comprehensive scores of Zanba stir-fried TBC were highest when the sliced thickness is two centimeters, the amount of Zanba is three times, the processing temperature is 120 degrees Celsius, and the processing time is 60 minutes. The results revealed the range of slicing thickness, amount of Zanba, processing temperature, and processing time to be used for future experiments.

Response Surface Methodology (RSM) for Processing Technology Optimization of Zanba-Stir-Fried Tiebangchui (TBC)

To perform the Box-Behnken in response surface design for optimization of Zanba-Stir-Fried Tiebangchui or TBC processing technology. Use the range of sliced thickness the amount of Zanba, the processing temperature and the processing time determined by preliminary experiments using single factor tests. On the homepage.Click on new design, and in the left panel of the design page, click on response surface. Then click Box-Behnken and set the parameters for the four factors in the table. Click on next, set the response names and click on finish.To generate the response surface design. Complete the experiment based on the 29 scenarios designed for the response surface, using high performance liquid chromatography or HPLC. Record the peak areas and determine the quality of the MDA and DDAs in the Zanba Stir-fried TBC test samples.Then input the comprehensive scores obtained via the critic method for the 29 trials into the computer and analyze it using the referenced software, to perform the statistical validation of the polynomial equations in the left navigation pane. Under analysis plus, click on R1 and then click on start analysis. In the configure window, click on ANOVA in the top menu and observe the results table displaying variance analysis.Next in the top menu, click on model graphs and then 3D surface to obtain the response surface plots reflecting the effects of processing parameters on the synthetic scores. Go to the left navigation pane and under optimization click on numerical to validate the response surface model in triplicate under the predicted optimum conditions. Then in the top menu, click on solutions observe the predicted optimal conditions to verify the stability of the processing technology.The response surfaces and contour plots demonstrated the changes in synthetic scores as a function of four variables, on the basis of the experimental results. The adjusted optimal processing conditions were a slice thickness of two centimeters, three times more Zanba than TBC, a processing temperature of 125 degrees Celsius and a processing time of 60 minutes. The reliability of the model was proven through three tests that were conducted according to the obtained processing parameters.

Enhancing Pulmonary Nodule Diagnosis Using Whole-Lung 3D Reconstruction

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction for the Whole Lung with Early Multiple Pulmonary Nodules

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, and relationship with surrounding lung tissue of these nodules throughout the entire lung. This is crucial for identifying the primary lesion and developing more scientifically grounded treatment plans for doctors. However, pattern recognition methods based on machine vision are susceptible to false positives and false negatives and, therefore, cannot fully meet clinical demands in this regard. Visualization methods based on maximum intensity projection (MIP) can better illustrate local and individual pulmonary nodules but lack a macroscopic and holistic description of the distribution and spatial features of multiple pulmonary nodules.
Therefore, this study proposes a whole-lung 3D reconstruction method. It extracts the 3D contour of the lung using medical image processing technology against the background of the entire lung and performs 3D reconstruction of the lung, pulmonary artery, and multiple pulmonary nodules in 3D space. This method can comprehensively depict the spatial distribution and radiological features of multiple nodules throughout the entire lung, providing a simple and convenient means of evaluating the diagnosis and prognosis of multiple pulmonary nodules.

Author Spotlight: Advancing 3D Modeling for Enhanced Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Nodules in Early-Stage Lung Cancer 

This study introduces a three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction method for the entire lung in patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules. It offers a comprehensive visualization of nodule distribution and their interplay with lung tissue, simplifying the assessment of diagnosis and prognosis for these patients.

For patients with early multiple pulmonary nodules, it is essential, from a diagnostic perspective, to determine the spatial distribution, size, location, ...

Establishment of the KOA Model in Rabbits Using the Modified Videman Method

Application of Acupotomy in a Knee Osteoarthritis Model in Rabbit

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in the orthopedic department, which seriously reduces the quality of life of people with KOA. Among several pathogenic factors, the biomechanical imbalance of the knee joint is one of the main causes of KOA. Acupotomology believes that restoring the mechanical balance of the knee joint is the key to treating KOA. Clinical studies have shown that acupotomy can effectively reduce pain and improve knee mobility by reducing adhesion, contracture of soft tissues, and stress concentration points in muscles and tendons around the knee joint. 
In this protocol, we used the modified Videman method to establish a KOA model by immobilizing the left hindlimb in a straight position. We have outlined the method of operation and the precautions related to acupotomy in detail and evaluated the efficacy of acupotomy in conjunction with the theory of "Modulating Muscles and Tendons to Treat Bone Disorders" through the detection of the mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris and tendon, as well as cartilage mechanics and morphology. The results show that acupotomy has a protective effect on cartilage by adjusting the mechanical properties of the soft tissues around the knee joint, improving the cartilage stress environment, and delaying cartilage degeneration.

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupotomy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

In this protocol, a knee osteoarthritis model was prepared using the modified Videman method, and the operation procedures and precautions of acupotomy are detailed. The effectiveness of acupotomy has been demonstrated by testing the mechanical properties of quadriceps femoris and tendon and the mechanical and morphological properties of cartilage.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most frequently encountered diseases in the orthopedic department, which seriously reduces the quality of life of ...