This study is supported by the American Venous Forum (AVF) 2023 Basic Science research grant and Surmodics, Inc.

The following protocol follows the University of Michigan (UMICH) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) policies and guidelines, the U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training, and the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0. The UMICH Animal Welfare Assurance agreement is compliant with OLAW and USDA and is fully accredited by AAALAC International. This protocol was approved with the ID number PRO00010841. Male outbred Sprague Dawley rats from Charle...

Rodent Venoplasty Balloon Model for Deep Vein Treatment Studies

<ol>
	<li>Prandoni, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+long-term+clinical+course+of+acute+deep+venous+thrombosis.">The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis.</a> Ann Inter Med. 125 (1), 1-7 (1996).</li><li>Prandoni, P., Kahn, S. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Post-thrombotic+syndrome:+prevalence,+prognostication+and+need+for+progress.">Post-thrombotic syndrome: prevalence, prognostication and need for progress.</a> Br J Haematol. 145 (3), 286-295 (2009).</li><li>Gloviczki, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+2023+Society+for+Vascular+Surgery,+American+Venous+Forum,+and+American+Vein+and+Lymphatic+Society+clinical+practice+guidelines+for+the+management+of+varicose+veins+of+the+lower+extremities.+Part+II.">The 2023 Society for Vascular Surgery, American Venous Forum, and American Vein and Lymphatic Society clinical practice guidelines for the management of varicose veins of the lower extremities. Part II.</a> J Vas Surg Venous Lymph Diso. 12 (1), 101670 (2024).</li><li>Henke, P., Sharma, S., Wakefield, T., Myers, D., Obi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Insights+from+experimental+post-thrombotic+syndrome+and+potential+for+novel+therapies.">Insights from experimental post-thrombotic syndrome and potential for novel therapies.</a> Transl Res. 225, 95-104 (2020).</li><li>Diaz, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choosing+a+mouse+model+of+venous+thrombosis:+A+consensus+assessment+of+utility+and+application.">Choosing a mouse model of venous thrombosis: A consensus assessment of utility and application.</a> Arterioscl Thrombo Vasc Biol. 39 (3), 311-318 (2019).</li><li>Lee, Y. U., Lee, A. Y., Humphrey, J. D., Rausch, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Histological+and+biomechanical+changes+in+a+mouse+model+of+venous+thrombus+remodeling.">Histological and biomechanical changes in a mouse model of venous thrombus remodeling.</a> Biorheology. 52 (3), 235-245 (2015).</li><li>Xie, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correspondence+of+ultrasound+elasticity+imaging+to+direct+mechanical+measurement+in+aging+DVT+in+rats.">Correspondence of ultrasound elasticity imaging to direct mechanical measurement in aging DVT in rats.</a> Ultrasound Med Biol. 31 (10), 1351-1359 (2005).</li><li>Moini, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venoplasty+and+stenting+in+post-thrombotic+syndrome+and+non-thrombotic+iliac+vein+lesion.">Venoplasty and stenting in post-thrombotic syndrome and non-thrombotic iliac vein lesion.</a> Minim Invasive Ther Allied Technol. 29 (1), 35-41 (2020).</li><li>Chaitidis, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Management+of+post-thrombotic+syndrome:+A+comprehensive+review.">Management of post-thrombotic syndrome: A comprehensive review.</a> Curr Pharma Des. 28 (7), 550-559 (2022).</li><li>Dangas, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-stent+restenosis+in+the+drug-eluting+stent+era.">In-stent restenosis in the drug-eluting stent era.</a> J Am Coll Cardiol. 56 (23), 1897-1907 (2010).</li><li>Negl&#233;n, P., Berry, M. A., Raju, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endovascular+surgery+in+the+treatment+of+chronic+primary+and+post-thrombotic+iliac+vein+obstruction.">Endovascular surgery in the treatment of chronic primary and post-thrombotic iliac vein obstruction.</a> Euro J Vas Endovas Surg. 20 (6), 560-571 (2000).</li><li>Sharifi, M., Mehdipour, M., Bay, C., Smith, G., Sharifi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endovenous+therapy+for+deep+venous+thrombosis:+The+TORPEDO+trial.">Endovenous therapy for deep venous thrombosis: The TORPEDO trial.</a> Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 76 (3), 316-325 (2010).</li><li>Nicklas, J. M., Gordon, A. E., Henke, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolution+of+deep+venous+thrombosis:+Proposed+immune+paradigms.">Resolution of deep venous thrombosis: Proposed immune paradigms.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 21 (6), 2080 (2020).</li><li>Li, J., Kim, S. G., Blenis, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapamycin:+One+drug,+many+effects.">Rapamycin: One drug, many effects.</a> Cell Metabol. 19 (3), 373-379 (2014).</li><li>Chen, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapamycin+regulates+Akt+and+ERK+phosphorylation+through+mTORC1+and+mTORC2+signaling+pathways.">Rapamycin regulates Akt and ERK phosphorylation through mTORC1 and mTORC2 signaling pathways.</a> Mol Carcinogen. 49 (6), 603-610 (2010).</li><li>Diaz, J. A., Farris, D. M., Wrobleski, S. K., Myers, D. D., Wakefield, T. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inferior+vena+cava+branch+variations+in+C57BL/6+mice+have+an+impact+on+thrombus+size+in+an+IVC+ligation+(stasis)+model.">Inferior vena cava branch variations in C57BL/6 mice have an impact on thrombus size in an IVC ligation (stasis) model.</a> J Thromb Haemo. 13 (4), 660-664 (2015).</li><li>Sch&#246;nfelder, T., J&#228;ckel, S., Wenzel, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+of+deep+vein+thrombosis.">Mouse models of deep vein thrombosis.</a> Gef&#228;sschirurgie. 22 (1), 28-33 (2017).</li><li>de Barros, R. S. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Morphometric+analysis+of+rat+femoral+vessels+under+a+video+magnification+system.">Morphometric analysis of rat femoral vessels under a video magnification system.</a> J Vasc Bras. 16 (1), 73-76 (2017).</li></ol>

The VBM can be performed on rats &#8805; 250 g using balloons in the 2.5-3.5 mm range. For rats exceeding 750 g, the technique is limited by a higher amount of adipose tissue in the abdominal cavity and organ size rather than changes in IVC diameter. From our experience, we have found that 10 or more animals per group are needed to obtain statistical significance between the groups for vein wall protein analysis or activity assays and histology. Periodic temperature control and respiration rate surveillance during surgic...

Deep vein obstructions from unresolved thrombi are a common consequence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and are one of the causes of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), costing billions of dollars in healthcare and significantly impacting the quality of life1,2,3. PTS is a unique inflammatory pathology with consequent vein wall fibrosis4 not fully captured in small animal DVT models5,6,7, and more importantly, previous models cannot evaluate the response to therapeutic interventions. Thrombotic venous obstructions are often treated by stenting and balloon venoplasty8,9; such interventions are hampered by a high reintervention rate due to restenosis and occlusion10,11,12.
Despite the availability of drug-coated balloons to address arterial-specific stenosis/occlusions, none exist for deep veins. The molecular mechanism behind restenosis is poorly understood in veins and has no direct therapy4. Therefore, our goal is to present an animal model that can test locally delivered therapeutics via venoplasty balloons simulating deep vein post-thrombotic obstructions. This model reproduces the post-thrombotic condition and evaluates how different types of venoplasty balloons affect the vein wall in vivo.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
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			<td>3-0 DemeCRYL</td>
			<td>DemeTech</td>
			<td>G183019F4P</td>
			<td>12 per box</td>
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			<td>5-0 DemeCRYL</td>
			<td>DemeTech</td>
			<td>G285017B0P</td>
			<td>12 per box</td>
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			<td>7-0 DemeLENE</td>
			<td>DemeTech</td>
			<td>PM197011F13M</td>
			<td>12 per box</td>
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			<td>8-0 DemeLON</td>
			<td>DemeTech</td>
			<td>NL868007C7P</td>
			<td>12 per box</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Angled Clip Applier</td>
			<td>SCANLAN</td>
			<td>3795-01A</td>
			<td>7-1/4&#8243; (18.5 cm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Baxter 0.9% Sodium Chloride Irrigation Bottle</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>SKU: 195-7124</td>
			<td>1000mL Bottle</td>
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		<tr>
			<td>Bovie Cautery Low Temperature Fine Tip</td>
			<td>Symmetry Surgical Inc</td>
			<td>AA00</td>
			<td>10/bx</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Fidelis Animal Health</td>
			<td>SKU- 099114</td>
			<td>1.3mg/mL, 3mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD (Sprague Dawley) Rats</td>
			<td>Charles River</td>
			<td>Strain Code 001</td>
			<td>Male, 400 gm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Clip-It Traceable Timer</td>
			<td>TRACEABLE PRODUCTS</td>
			<td>Cat. No. 5046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton-Tip Applicator 3&#34;</td>
			<td>Dukal Corporation</td>
			<td>922-00037BX100</td>
			<td>1000/BOX</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Enzymatic Surgical Instrument Detergent and Presoak</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDS88000B9</td>
			<td>1 Gal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eye Lube</td>
			<td>Optixcare</td>
			<td>SKU-065441</td>
			<td>20gm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gaymar T/Pump Stryker Localized Warming/Cooling Therapy System</td>
			<td>Stryker</td>
			<td>TP700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heifetz Microclips 12mmx2.25mm</td>
			<td>SCANLAN</td>
			<td>3795-20</td>
			<td>Straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heifetz Microclips 12mmx2.25mm</td>
			<td>SCANLAN</td>
			<td>3795-28</td>
			<td>Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heifetz Microclips 8mmx1.75mm&#160;</td>
			<td>SCANLAN</td>
			<td>3795-14</td>
			<td>Straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heifetz Microclips 8mmx1.75mm&#160;</td>
			<td>SCANLAN</td>
			<td>3795-18</td>
			<td>Curved</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Inflation device&#160;</td>
			<td>Merit Medical</td>
			<td>IN4130</td>
			<td>BasixCOMPAK with Analog Display</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>MFR VETONE</td>
			<td>SKU-501017</td>
			<td>100mL, Liquid for Inhalation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microsurgery kit containing tweezers and forceps</td>
			<td>Customized</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen, E-tank</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>MDM1630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sharpened Guidewire</td>
			<td>Customized</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Glad Press-n-Seal</td>
			<td>Glad</td>
			<td>SKU # PSS-140</td>
			<td>ETO Exposed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Nonwoven Gauze Sponges 2s 4ply 4x4&#160;</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>SKU PRM21444H</td>
			<td>100Ct</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Zeiss</td>
			<td>S100 / OPMI pico</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scrub &#38; Handwash</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td>NDC: 17030-003-16</td>
			<td>16 oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound Gel</td>
			<td>Medline</td>
			<td>CTR001305</td>
			<td>8.5 oz, 12/CS</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound system</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>ACUSON Antares</td>
			<td>3-D, Color, Continuous wave (CW), Pulsed wave (PW), Power CW/CW Spectral</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Venoplasty Balloon</td>
			<td>Customized</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rodent inferior vena cava venoplasty balloon model

Balloon venoplasty is a commonly used clinical technique to treat deep vein stenosis and occlusion as a consequence of trauma, congenital anatomic abnormalities, acute deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or stenting. Chronic deep venous obstruction is histopathologically characterized by thrombosis, fibrosis, or both. Currently, no direct treatment is available to target these pathological processes. Therefore, a reliable in vivo animal model to test novel interventions is necessary. The rodent survival inferior vena cava (IVC) venoplasty balloon model (VBM) allows the study of balloon venoplasty in non-thrombotic and post-thrombotic conditions across multiple time points. The local and systemic effect of coated and uncoated venoplasty balloons can be quantified via tissue, thrombus, and blood assays such as real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), zymography, vein wall and thrombus cellular analysis, whole blood and plasma assays, and histological analysis. The VBM is reproducible, replicates surgical human interventions, can identify local vein wall-thrombi protein changes, and allows multiple analyses from the same sample, decreasing the number of animals required per group.

Author Spotlight: Utilizing Venoplasty Balloon Model in Rodents to Simulate Surgical Interventions for Deep Veins

Rodent Inferior Vena Cava Venoplasty Balloon Model

In our laboratory, led by Dr.Andrea Obi, we study a type of abnormal blood clotting, venous thrombosis. In fact, we're one of the very few laboratories in the world working in this promising discovery area. Our goal is to take our findings and translate them into new, safer, more effective approaches to treat venous thrombosis.Our work has led us to look more closely at the role of the immune system, including the presence of infection in thrombus formation, as well as the pathways leading to clot resolution, venous fibrosis, including vein wall scarring and post-thrombotic syndrome. No previous animal model has been able to replicate the complex immune interactions that occur in venous thromboembolism in humans. Additionally, no model has been able to characterize the response to endovascular treatments followed by ultrasound.We are making important contributions to understand how different types of immune cells interact with environment around a blood clot, and how those interactions can lead to changes in the expression of cell's genetics code, a process now as epigenetic regulation. We believe that Inferior Vena Cava Venoplasty Balloon Model will accelerate the development of novel balloon angioplasty prototypes for the treatment of venous thrombosis, and the possibility for prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome.

The VBM is a model that evaluates the effect of venoplasty balloons in complete hemostasis control. First, we quantified the IVC (mid-infrarenal section) diameter, as shown in Figure 1, for correct balloon sizing. Second, the developed step-by-step microsurgical technique is illustrated in Figure 2, and we also show examples of the critical steps in Figure 3. Notice the retrograde approach used for the IVC canulation with the sharpe...

The protocol presents a survival rodent model to test venoplasty balloon (VB) interventions in non-thrombotic, thrombotic, and post-thrombotic deep veins.

Balloon venoplasty is a commonly used clinical technique to treat deep vein stenosis and occlusion as a consequence of trauma, congenital anatomic ...

rodent-inferior-vena-cava-venoplasty-balloon-model

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

319 ビュー.  University of Michigan. 私たちの研究室では、アンドレア・オビ博士が率いる研究室で、血液凝固の異常の一種である静脈血栓症について研究しています。実際、私たちはこの有望な発見分野で活動している世界でも数少ない研究所の1つです。私たちの目標は、調査結果を静脈血栓症を治療するための新しく、より安全で、より効果的なアプローチに変換することです...

ビデオ: 著者スポットライト:げっ歯類の静脈形成術バルーンモデルを利用して、深部静脈の外科的介入をシミュレートする

The protocol presents a survival rodent model to test venoplasty balloon (VB) interventions in non-thrombotic, thrombotic, and post-thrombotic deep...

https://cloudfront.jove.com/CDNSource/teasers/66820_b.jpg

developing a rodent venoplasty balloon model for researching deep vein stenosis treatments

Developing a Rodent Venoplasty Balloon Model for Researching Deep Vein Stenosis Treatments

deep brain stimulation with simultaneous fmri in rodents

Deep Brain Stimulation with Simultaneous fMRI in Rodents

This protocol describes a standard method for simultaneous functional magnetic resonance imaging and deep brain stimulation in the rodent. The combined use of these experimental tools allows for the exploration of global downstream activity in response to electrical stimulation at virtually any brain...

balloon tag manufacturing technique for sensor fish and live fish recovery

Author Spotlight: Developing Cost-Effective and Customizable Balloon Tags for Fish Passage Studies 

A protocol is presented for designing and manufacturing balloon tags to recover Sensor Fish and live fish, allowing assessment of their physical condition and biological performance in hydraulic structures. The method optimizes balloon tag performance by considering factors such as balloon volume, inflation/deflation times, component selection, and the characteristics of the injected...

Optimizing Balloon Tag Assembly to Recover Sensor Fish and Live Fish

a model to simulate clinically relevant hypoxia in humans

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Hypoxia simulation in humans has usually been performed by inhaling hypoxic gas mixtures. For this study, apneic divers were used to simulate dynamic hypoxia in humans. Additionally, physiological changes in desaturation and re-saturation kinetics were evaluated with non-invasive tools such as Near-Infrared-Spectroscopy (NIRS) and peripheral oxygenation saturation...

postoperative ileus murine model

Author Spotlight: Optimizing Mouse Models for Investigating Postoperative Ileus

We describe a murine model of postoperative ileus generated via intestinal manipulation. Gastrointestinal transit function, pathologic changes, and immune cell activation were assessed 24 h after...

Murine Model for Studying Postoperative Ileus through Intestinal Manipulation

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a preterm rat model for pain studies

A Preterm Rat Model for Pain Studies

Here, we present a concise protocol for creating a preterm rat model, facilitating research on early postnatal pain management. The method involves performing a cesarean section three days before the expected birth, extracting preterm rat pups via hysterectomy, and integrating them with the biological offspring of a surrogate dam.

Creating a Preterm Rat Model for Early Postnatal Pain Research

utilizing a reconfigurable maze system to enhance the reproducibility of spatial navigation tests in rodents

Utilizing a Reconfigurable Maze System to Enhance the Reproducibility of Spatial Navigation Tests in Rodents

The present protocol describes a reconfigurable maze, a unique system for testing spatial navigation and behavioral phenotypes in rodents. The adaptability of this maze system enables the execution of various experiments in a single physical environment. The ease of structural rearrangement generates reliable and reproducible experimental...

swin-psaxialnet: an efficient multi-organ segmentation technique

Author Spotlight: Advancing Medical AI by Innovations in Deep Learning and Multimodal Algorithms

The present protocol describes an efficient multi-organ segmentation method called Swin-PSAxialNet, which has achieved excellent accuracy compared to previous segmentation methods. The key steps of this procedure include dataset collection, environment configuration, data preprocessing, model training and comparison, and ablation...

Swin-PSAxialNet: A Streamlined Approach for Segmenting Multiple Organs

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advanced abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling in mice by combination of topical elastase and oral &#223;-aminopropionitrile

Author Spotlight: Enhanced Murine AAA Model Using Elastase to Mimic Human Aneurysms

This protocol describes a methodical surgical approach to modeling advanced abdominal aortic aneurysms in mice by a combination of directly applying elastase to the infrarenal aorta and administering &#223;-aminopropionitrile through drinking water.

Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Development in Mice Using the Elastase and BAPN Method

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cerebral ischemic coma model induced by modified four-vessel occlusion

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Cerebral Ischemia Research with a Simplified Rat Model

This protocol describes the process for inducing a cerebral ischemic coma model using a modified four-vessel occlusion...

Single-Step Surgery for Inducing Cerebral Ischemic Coma in Rats

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observational fear as a model of affective empathy in mice

Author Spotlight: Evaluating Empathy-Like Traits in Rodents to Study the Generation of Emotional Contagion by Brain

The observational fear paradigm assesses vicarious freezing in rodents as a model for affective empathy. This procedure entails exposing observer rodents to conspecific demonstrators receiving aversive foot shocks to elicit empathic freezing responses. By employing observational fear assays, researchers can investigate the neural mechanisms underlying affective...

Assessing Rodent Empathy: Observational Fear and Vicarious Freezing Method

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microdissection and immunofluorescence staining of myocardial sleeves in murine pulmonary veins

Author Spotlight: Developing a Translational Model for Atrial Fibrillation Research Across Species 

This protocol demonstrates microscopy-guided isolation and immunofluorescence staining of murine pulmonary veins. We prepare tissue samples containing the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and the corresponding lungs and stain them for cardiac Troponin T and Connexin...

Revealing Murine Pulmonary Veins Myocardial Architecture

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microscopic varicocelectomy under local anesthesia as the treatment of varicocele

Author Spotlight: Advancing Varicocele Treatment Through Enhanced Surgical Techniques

Varicocele accounts for 35%-40% of infertility cases among men of reproductive age. The international standard treatment method is microscopic varicocelectomy, typically performed under general anesthesia. This study proposes and implements microscopic varicocelectomy under local anesthesia, which provides more humane care for patients and reduces the economic...

Microsurgical Varicocele Removal Under Local Anesthesia

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pioneering patient-specific approaches for precision surgery using imaging and virtual reality

Author Spotlight: Segmentation and VR for Advanced Neurovascular Interventions

Advancements in endovascular treatment have replaced complex open surgical procedures with minimally invasive options, like valve replacement and aneurysm repair. This paper proposes using three-dimensional (3D) modeling and virtual reality to aid in C-arm positioning, angle measurements, and roadmap generation for neuro-interventional catheterization lab procedural planning, minimizing procedure time.

Virtual Reality-3D Modeling for Minimally Invasive Neuro-Interventional Planning

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a mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm model by periadventitial calcium chloride and elastase infiltration

Author Spotlight: Development and Characterization of a Mouse Model for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

This manuscript presents a protocol for establishing a mouse abdominal aortic aneurysm model using calcium chloride and elastase, combining the advantages of previous modeling methods. This model can be utilized to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying abdominal aortic...

Investigating the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Murine Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm

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oxygen-induced retinopathy model for ischemic retinal diseases in rodents

Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy Model for Ischemic Retinal Diseases in Rodents

Oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR) can be used to model ischemic retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity and proliferative diabetic retinopathy and to serve as a model for proof-of-concept studies in evaluating antiangiogenic drugs for neovascular diseases. OIR induces robust and reproducible neovascularization in the retina that can be...

bulk electroacupuncture operation for mice or young rats

Author Spotlight: Using a 3D-Printed Holder for Simultaneous Multiple Electroacupuncture Operation

Here, we present a protocol for efficient and rapid electroacupuncture (EA) in mice or young rats using a three-dimensional (3D) printed holder. This technique allows simultaneous operation on multiple animals, saving time and increasing experimental...

Using a 3D Printed Holder for Bulk Electroacupuncture in Small Animals

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a simplified model for heterotopic heart valve transplantation in rodents

A Simplified Model for Heterotopic Heart Valve Transplantation in Rodents

This protocol describes a simple and efficient method for the transplantation of aortic valve leaflets under the renal capsule to allow for the study of alloreactivity of heart...

To begin, position the anesthetized rat for the ultrasound scanning of the inferior vena cava or IVC. Apply a conducting gel to the abdomen and orient the transducer in a transverse position. Using two-dimensional imaging mode or B mode, lower the 10 megahertz linear probe on the center of the abdomen.When the abdominal vessels come into view, differentiate the IVC from the abdominal aorta with compressibility and flow assessment. Once the IVC is located, identify the midsection in the middle third portion inferior to the renal veins and superior to the IVC bifurcation. At the midsection IVC, measure the wall to wall diameter in the transverse view using the cross-sectional B mode image, recording the widest diameter of the vessel.Store the data using compact disks as DICOM files. Clean the abdomen with gauze-soaked chlorhexidine scrub and chlorhexidine solution three times. Place the sterilized cling film as a surgical wrap to cover the rat thorax and abdominal area.Using iris scissors, make a three centimeter ventral midline incision approximately two centimeters below the xiphoid process through the skin and abdominal wall. With a sterile saline-soaked gauze, reflect the intestines to the animal's right side. Place a wire speculum in the incision to allow IVC visualization.Then using a sterile cotton tipped applicator, perform a blunt dissection. Employing a low temperature fine tip cautery, cauterize all IVC lumbar branches from the renal veins to the iliac bifurcation, and ligate side branches with 7-0 non-absorbable polypropylene sutures. Place a proximal curved vascular micro clip on the IVC, which is separated from the aorta and is inferior to the renal veins.Place a straight micro clip on the distal IVC superior to the iliac bifurcation. Place an 8-0 nylon U-stitch suture caudal to the left renal vein centered on the anterior surface of the IVC. Insert a 0.014 millimeter sharpened guide wire with the venoplasty balloon backloaded retrograde to blood flow into the infrarenal IVC caudal to the curved micro clip.Advance the balloon into the mid IVC using the Seldinger technique. Remove the sharpened guidewire and using a 20 milliliter inflation syringe, inflate the venoplasty balloon for three minutes with a 10 to 15%IVC overstretch. Flush sterile saline to all the systems before IVC cannulation to avoid air embolism.Tighten the U-stitch upon venoplasty balloon deflation and removal. Then remove the micro clips and close the laparotomy site in a two-layer fashion using a 3-0 polyglactin absorbable synthetic suture. Close both the abdominal wall and skin in a continuous pattern.Recover the rat in an individual cage and observe it for 30 minutes under a heating lamp placed 24 inches away from the cage before returning it to its original housing unit. Average pulsed wave doppler flow velocity in the inferior vena cava of the rats after clip placement of the vessel was significantly reduced.