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Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination

Contamination of platelet units by bacteria has long been acknowledged as a significant transfusion risk due to their post-donation storage conditions. ...

Scientific Affairs

Concerns over the risk of bacterial contamination of platelet products have led to implementation of bacteria culture and other screening methods. New approaches for dealing with this issue have also been proposed.

A laboratory comparison of pathogen reduction technology treatment and culture of platelet products for addressing bacterial contamination concerns.

The title compound, C(15)H(14)O(2), was obtained by Friedel-Crafts acyl-ation between 2,5-dimethyl-phenol and benzoyl chloride in the presence of aluminium chloride as a catalyst. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 61.95 (4)°. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding and C-H⋯O weak inter-actions lead to polymeric C(6), C(8) and C(11) chains along the a, b and c-axis directions, respectively.

(4-Hydr-oxy-2,5-dimethyl-phen-yl)phenyl-methanone.

In the title salt, C(3)H(5)N(2) (+)·C(7)H(6)NO(2) (-), the carboxyl-ate group of the 4-amino-benzoate anion forms a dihedral angle of 13.23 (17)° with respect to the benzene ring. There are N-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions between the anion and cation, and weak inter-molecular C-H⋯O contacts with carboxyl-ate O-atom acceptors of the 4-amino-benzoate anion result in extended three-dimensional R(4) (4)(22) and R(5) (6)(30) edge-fused rings along the [100], [010] and [001] directions.

Imidazolium 4-amino-benzoate.

In the title furan-carboxamide derivative, C11H8N2O4, the benzene and furan rings are rotated from the mean plane of the central fragment by 2.68 (5) and 7.03 (4)°, respectively. The nitro group forms a dihedral angle of 10.15 (5)° with the adjacent benzene ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O inter-actions, forming helical chains running along [010].

N-(2-Nitro-phen-yl)furan-2-carboxamide.

Cobalt-chromium (CoCr) particles in the nanometre size range and their concomitant release of Co and Cr ions into the patients' circulation are produced by wear at the articulating surfaces of metal-on-metal (MoM) implants. This process is associated with inflammation, bone loss and implant loosening and led to the withdrawal from the market of the DePuy ASR™ MoM hip replacements in 2010. Ions released from CoCr particles derived from a resurfacing implant in vitro and their subsequent cellular up-take were measured by ICP-MS. Moreover, the ability of such metal debris and Co ions to induce both apoptosis was evaluated with both FACS and immunoblotting. qRT-PCR was used to assess the effects on the expression of lymphotoxin alpha (LTA), BCL2-associated athanogene (BAG1), nitric oxide synthase 2 inducible (NOS2), FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog (FOS), growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible alpha (GADD45A). ICP-MS showed that the wear debris released significant (p<0.05) amounts of Co and Cr ions into the culture medium, and significant (p<0.05) cellular uptake of both ions. There was also an increase (p<0.05) in apoptosis after a 48h exposure to wear debris. Analysis of qRT-PCR results found significant up-regulation (p<0.05) particularly of NOS2 and BAG1 in Co pre-treated cells which were subsequently exposed to Co ions+debris. Metal debris was more effective as an inducer of apoptosis and gene expression when cells had been pre-treated with Co ions. This suggests that if a patient receives sequential bilateral CoCr implants, the second implant may be more likely to produce adverse effects than the first one.

CoCr wear particles generated from CoCr alloy metal-on-metal hip replacements, and cobalt ions stimulate apoptosis and expression of general toxicology-related genes in monocyte-like U937 cells.

Multilayered blood safety programs reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted diseases; however, there remains a risk of window period transmission of screened viruses and transmission of unscreened and emerging viruses from asymptomatic donors. To reduce this risk, a riboflavin-and-UV-light-based pathogen reduction process was evaluated against eight viral agents.

Denise Gilmour

Terumo BCT

Scientific Affairs

Treatment of Platelet Products with Riboflavin and UV Light: Effectiveness Against High Titer Bacterial Contamination