Red Cell Physiology Laboratory
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Identification of a functional role for lipid asymmetry in biological membranes: Phosphatidylserine-skeletal protein interactions modulate membrane stability.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Feb, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 11830646
Shear-response of the spectrin dimer-tetramer equilibrium in the red blood cell membrane.
The Journal of biological chemistry Aug, 2002 | Pubmed ID: 12105217
Ribosomal protein S19 expression during erythroid differentiation.
Blood Jan, 2003 | Pubmed ID: 12393682
Phosphatidylserine binding sites in erythroid spectrin: location and implications for membrane stability.
Biochemistry Jan, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 14717584
Red blood cell blood group antigens: structure and function.
Seminars in hematology Apr, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15071789
Phosphatidylserine binding sites in red cell spectrin.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases May-Jun, 2004 | Pubmed ID: 15121103
Phospholipid binding by proteins of the spectrin family: a comparative study.
Biochemical and biophysical research communications Feb, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15649416
Blood group antigens in health and disease.
Current opinion in hematology Mar, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15725904
The hydration state of human red blood cells and their susceptibility to invasion by Plasmodium falciparum.
Blood Jun, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15728121
Evidence for a protective role of the Gardos channel against hemolysis in murine spherocytosis.
Blood Aug, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15855279
Nuclear substructure reorganization during late-stage erythropoiesis is selective and does not involve caspase cleavage of major nuclear substructural proteins.
Blood Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 15933051
Structural and functional studies of interaction between Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) and erythrocyte spectrin.
The Journal of biological chemistry Sep, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16006556
Identification and functional characterization of protein 4.1R and actin-binding sites in erythrocyte beta spectrin: regulation of the interactions by phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate.
Biochemistry Aug, 2005 | Pubmed ID: 16060676
High frequency of alternative first exons in erythroid genes suggests a critical role in regulating gene function.
Blood Mar, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16293607
Mammalian alpha I-spectrin is a neofunctionalized polypeptide adapted to small highly deformable erythrocytes.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Jan, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16407147
Conformational stabilities of the structural repeats of erythroid spectrin and their functional implications.
The Journal of biological chemistry Apr, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16476728
A Maurer's cleft-associated protein is essential for expression of the major malaria virulence antigen on the surface of infected red blood cells.
The Journal of cell biology Mar, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16520384
Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-biphosphate (PIP2) differentially regulates the interaction of human erythrocyte protein 4.1 (4.1R) with membrane proteins.
Biochemistry May, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16669616
Targeted gene deletion demonstrates that the cell adhesion molecule ICAM-4 is critical for erythroblastic island formation.
Blood Sep, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16690966
Rac GTPases regulate the morphology and deformability of the erythrocyte cytoskeleton.
Blood Dec, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 16882712
Tropomyosin modulates erythrocyte membrane stability.
Blood Feb, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17008534
Thermal stabilities of brain spectrin and the constituent repeats of subunits.
Biochemistry Nov, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17087521
Dusty protein kinases: primary structure, gene evolution, tissue specific expression and unique features of the catalytic domain.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Nov-Dec, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17123648
Erythrocyte G protein as a novel target for malarial chemotherapy.
PLoS medicine Dec, 2006 | Pubmed ID: 17194200
The ring-infected erythrocyte surface antigen (RESA) of Plasmodium falciparum stabilizes spectrin tetramers and suppresses further invasion.
Blood Aug, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17468340
Cytoplasmic remodeling of erythrocyte raft lipids during infection by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum.
Blood Sep, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17526861
Interactions of Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3 with the red blood cell membrane skeleton.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Sep, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17570341
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 3 (PfEMP3) destabilizes erythrocyte membrane skeleton.
The Journal of biological chemistry Sep, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17626011
The Laminin 511/521-binding site on the Lutheran blood group glycoprotein is located at the flexible junction of Ig domains 2 and 3.
Blood Nov, 2007 | Pubmed ID: 17638854
Intrasplicing coordinates alternative first exons with alternative splicing in the protein 4.1R gene.
The EMBO journal Jan, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18079699
Fluctuations of the red blood cell membrane: relation to mechanical properties and lack of ATP dependence.
Biophysical journal May, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18234829
Disorders of red cell membrane.
British journal of haematology May, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18341630
Morphological and functional platelet abnormalities in Berkeley sickle cell mice.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases Jul-Aug, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18374611
Integral protein linkage and the bilayer-skeletal separation energy in red blood cells.
Biophysical journal Aug, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18390600
In vivo studies support the role of trafficking and cytoskeletal-binding motifs in the interaction of MESA with the membrane skeleton of Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells.
Molecular and biochemical parasitology Aug, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18482775
Protein 4.1R-dependent multiprotein complex: new insights into the structural organization of the red blood cell membrane.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Jun, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18524950
Erythroblastic islands: niches for erythropoiesis.
Blood Aug, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18650462
Characterization of glycolytic enzyme interactions with murine erythrocyte membranes in wild-type and membrane protein knockout mice.
Blood Nov, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18698006
Targeted deletion of alpha-adducin results in absent beta- and gamma-adducin, compensated hemolytic anemia, and lethal hydrocephalus in mice.
Blood Nov, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18723693
Adhesive activity of Lu glycoproteins is regulated by interaction with spectrin.
Blood Dec, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18815288
Functional alteration of red blood cells by a megadalton protein of Plasmodium falciparum.
Blood Jan, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 18832660
Red cell membrane: past, present, and future.
Blood Nov, 2008 | Pubmed ID: 18988878
Cytoskeletal protein 4.1R negatively regulates T-cell activation by inhibiting the phosphorylation of LAT.
Blood Jun, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19190245
A Golgi-associated protein 4.1B variant is required for assimilation of proteins in the membrane.
Journal of cell science Apr, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19299464
Protein 4.1R links E-cadherin/beta-catenin complex to the cytoskeleton through its direct interaction with beta-catenin and modulates adherens junction integrity.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Jul, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19376086
Targeted deletion of the gamma-adducin gene (Add3) in mice reveals differences in alpha-adducin interactions in erythroid and nonerythroid cells.
American journal of hematology Jun, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19425068
Adducin forms a bridge between the erythrocyte membrane and its cytoskeleton and regulates membrane cohesion.
Blood Aug, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19567882
The water channel aquaporin-1 partitions into exosomes during reticulocyte maturation: implication for the regulation of cell volume.
Blood Oct, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19724054
Resolving the distinct stages in erythroid differentiation based on dynamic changes in membrane protein expression during erythropoiesis.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Oct, 2009 | Pubmed ID: 19805084
Malaria, erythrocytic infection, and anemia.
Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program , 2009 | Pubmed ID: 20008186
Membrane remodeling during reticulocyte maturation.
Blood Mar, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20038785
Altered phosphorylation of cytoskeleton proteins in sickle red blood cells: the role of protein kinase C, Rac GTPases, and reactive oxygen species.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases Jun, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20231105
Hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis: aberrant protein sorting during erythroblast enucleation.
Blood Jul, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20339087
Control of erythrocyte membrane-skeletal cohesion by the spectrin-membrane linkage.
Biochemistry Jun, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20433199
A transgenic mouse model demonstrates a dominant negative effect of a point mutation in the RPS19 gene associated with Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
Blood Oct, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20606162
The erythroid niche: molecular processes occurring within erythroblastic islands.
Transfusion clinique et biologique : journal de la Societe francaise de transfusion sanguine Sep, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20655267
ATP-dependent mechanism protects spectrin against glycation in human erythrocytes.
The Journal of biological chemistry Oct, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20724481
Similarities and differences in the structure and function of 4.1G and 4.1R135, two protein 4.1 paralogues expressed in erythroid cells.
The Biochemical journal Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20812914
Comprehensive characterization of expression patterns of protein 4.1 family members in mouse adrenal gland: implications for functions.
Histochemistry and cell biology Oct, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20890708
"Capping": necessary for graduation.
Blood Oct, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 20930081
Hepcidin as a therapeutic tool to limit iron overload and improve anemia in β-thalassemic mice.
The Journal of clinical investigation Dec, 2010 | Pubmed ID: 21099112
Efficient in vivo manipulation of alternative pre-mRNA splicing events using antisense morpholinos in mice.
The Journal of biological chemistry Feb, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21156798
The sensing of poorly deformable red blood cells by the human spleen can be mimicked in vitro.
Blood Feb, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21163923
Inter-subunit interactions in erythroid and non-erythroid spectrins.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Mar, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21215336
Erythroblastic islands, terminal erythroid differentiation and reticulocyte maturation.
International journal of hematology Feb, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21293952
Congenital erythropoietic porphyria: characterization of murine models of the severe common (C73R/C73R) and later-onset genotypes.
Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.) , 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21365124
Membrane assembly during erythropoiesis.
Current opinion in hematology May, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21372707
Lack of protein 4.1G causes altered expression and localization of the cell adhesion molecule nectin-like 4 in testis and can cause male infertility.
Molecular and cellular biology Jun, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21482674
Cysteine shotgun-mass spectrometry (CS-MS) reveals dynamic sequence of protein structure changes within mutant and stressed cells.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America May, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21527722
Phosphorylation-dependent perturbations of the 4.1R-associated multiprotein complex of the erythrocyte membrane.
Biochemistry May, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21542582
The spectrin-based membrane skeleton stabilizes mouse megakaryocyte membrane systems and is essential for proplatelet and platelet formation.
Blood Aug, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21566095
Protein 4.1R regulates cell adhesion, spreading, migration and motility of mouse keratinocytes by modulating surface expression of beta1 integrin.
Journal of cell science Jul, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21693581
Erythrocyte membrane changes of chorea-acanthocytosis are the result of altered Lyn kinase activity.
Blood Nov, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21951684
"Baby" red cells to the rescue.
Blood Sep, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 21960678
Native ultrastructure of the red cell cytoskeleton by cryo-electron tomography.
Biophysical journal Nov, 2011 | Pubmed ID: 22098732
Exit strategy: one that works.
Blood Jan, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22282491
Deep intron elements mediate nested splicing events at consecutive AG dinucleotides to regulate alternative 3' splice site choice in vertebrate 4.1 genes.
Molecular and cellular biology Jun, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22473990
Therapeutic hemoglobin levels after gene transfer in β-thalassemia mice and in hematopoietic cells of β-thalassemia and sickle cells disease patients.
PloS one , 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22479321
Quantitative assessment of sensing and sequestration of spherocytic erythrocytes by the human spleen.
Blood Jul, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22510876
Novel aspects of Kindlin-3 function in humans based on a new case of leukocyte adhesion deficiency III.
Journal of thrombosis and haemostasis : JTH Jul, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22564402
Identification of a novel role for dematin in regulating red cell membrane function by modulating spectrin-actin interaction.
The Journal of biological chemistry Oct, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22927433
Malaria and human red blood cells.
Medical microbiology and immunology Nov, 2012 | Pubmed ID: 22965173
The 4.1B cytoskeletal protein regulates the domain organization and sheath thickness of myelinated axons.
Glia Feb, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23109359
Quantitative analysis of murine terminal erythroid differentiation in vivo: novel method to study normal and disordered erythropoiesis.
Blood Feb, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23287863
Erythrocyte NADPH oxidase activity modulated by Rac GTPases, PKC, and plasma cytokines contributes to oxidative stress in sickle cell disease.
Blood Mar, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23349388
Isolation and functional characterization of human erythroblasts at distinct stages: implications for understanding of normal and disordered erythropoiesis in vivo.
Blood Apr, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23422750
Impaired intestinal calcium absorption in protein 4.1R-deficient mice due to altered expression of plasma membrane calcium ATPase 1b (PMCA1b).
The Journal of biological chemistry Apr, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23460639
To shrink or not to shrink.
Blood May, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23660856
A bacterial phosphatase-like enzyme of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum possesses tyrosine phosphatase activity and is implicated in the regulation of band 3 dynamics during parasite invasion.
Eukaryotic cell Sep, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23825180
Membrane peroxidation and methemoglobin formation are both necessary for band 3 clustering: mechanistic insights into human erythrocyte senescence.
Biochemistry Aug, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 23889086
Identification of binding domains on red blood cell glycophorins for Babesia divergens.
Transfusion Apr, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 23944874
Resveratrol accelerates erythroid maturation by activation of FoxO3 and ameliorates anemia in beta-thalassemic mice.
Haematologica Feb, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 23975182
Interaction of Plasmodium falciparum knob-associated histidine-rich protein (KAHRP) with erythrocyte ankyrin R is required for its attachment to the erythrocyte membrane.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Jan, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24090929
Significant biochemical, biophysical and metabolic diversity in circulating human cord blood reticulocytes.
PloS one , 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24116088
An open-and-shut case?
Blood Oct, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24159165
Racial differences in human platelet PAR4 reactivity reflect expression of PCTP and miR-376c.
Nature medicine Dec, 2013 | Pubmed ID: 24216752
A 130-kDa protein 4.1B regulates cell adhesion, spreading, and migration of mouse embryo fibroblasts by influencing actin cytoskeleton organization.
The Journal of biological chemistry Feb, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24381168
A dynamic alternative splicing program regulates gene expression during terminal erythropoiesis.
Nucleic acids research Apr, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24442673
Lineage and species-specific long noncoding RNAs during erythro-megakaryocytic development.
Blood Mar, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24497530
Abnormal red cell features associated with hereditary neurodegenerative disorders: the neuroacanthocytosis syndromes.
Current opinion in hematology May, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24626044
Global transcriptome analyses of human and murine terminal erythroid differentiation.
Blood Mar, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24637361
KLF1 mutations are relatively more common in a thalassemia endemic region and ameliorate the severity of β-thalassemia.
Blood Jul, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24829204
Dissecting the transcriptional phenotype of ribosomal protein deficiency: implications for Diamond-Blackfan Anemia.
Gene Jul, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24835311
The iron fist: malaria and hepcidin.
Blood May, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24855192
Inactivation of Rb and E2f8 synergizes to trigger stressed DNA replication during erythroid terminal differentiation.
Molecular and cellular biology Aug, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24865965
Glucose and glutamine metabolism regulate human hematopoietic stem cell lineage specification.
Cell stem cell Aug, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 24953180
Isolation and transcriptome analyses of human erythroid progenitors: BFU-E and CFU-E.
Blood Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25339359
Abnormal erythroid maturation leads to microcytic anemia in the TSAP6/Steap3 null mouse model.
American journal of hematology Mar, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25515317
Altered chromatin occupancy of master regulators underlies evolutionary divergence in the transcriptional landscape of erythroid differentiation.
PLoS genetics Dec, 2014 | Pubmed ID: 25521328
Malaria induces anemia through CD8+ T cell-dependent parasite clearance and erythrocyte removal in the spleen.
mBio Jan, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25604792
Human and murine erythropoiesis.
Current opinion in hematology May, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25719574
A molecular mechanism of artemisinin resistance in Plasmodium falciparum malaria.
Nature Apr, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25874676
Interactions between Plasmodium falciparum skeleton-binding protein 1 and the membrane skeleton of malaria-infected red blood cells.
Biochimica et biophysica acta Jul, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25883090
Jekyll and Hyde: the role of heme oxygenase-1 in erythroid biology.
Haematologica May, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 25944635
The Interplay Between Peroxiredoxin-2 and Nuclear Factor-Erythroid 2 Is Important in Limiting Oxidative Mediated Dysfunction in β-Thalassemic Erythropoiesis.
Antioxidants & redox signaling Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26058667
More than one way to shrink.
Blood Sep, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26359428
The erythroblastic island as an emerging paradigm in the anemia of inflammation.
Immunologic research Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26376896
The human Kell blood group binds the erythroid 4.1R protein: new insights into the 4.1R-dependent red cell membrane complex.
British journal of haematology Dec, 2015 | Pubmed ID: 26455906
A dynamic intron retention program enriched in RNA processing genes regulates gene expression during terminal erythropoiesis.
Nucleic acids research Jan, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26531823
Diagnostic tool for red blood cell membrane disorders: Assessment of a new generation ektacytometer.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases Jan, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26603718
Protein 4.1G Regulates Cell Adhesion, Spreading, and Migration of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts through the β1 Integrin Pathway.
The Journal of biological chemistry Jan, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26644476
Human STEAP3 mutations with no phenotypic red cell changes.
Blood Feb, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26675350
Pomalidomide reverses γ-globin silencing through the transcriptional reprogramming of adult hematopoietic progenitors.
Blood Mar, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26679864
Long-term follow-up of subtotal splenectomy for hereditary spherocytosis: a single-center study.
Blood Mar, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26773041
No evidence for cell activation or brain vaso-occlusion with plerixafor mobilization in sickle cell mice.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases Mar, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26852658
ATP11C is a major flippase in human erythrocytes and its defect causes congenital hemolytic anemia.
Haematologica 05, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26944472
A dynamic intron retention program in the mammalian megakaryocyte and erythrocyte lineages.
Blood Mar, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 26962124
Malaria Parasite Proteins and Their Role in Alteration of the Structure and Function of Red Blood Cells.
Advances in parasitology , 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27015947
An Unrecognized Function of Cholesterol: Regulating the Mechanism Controlling Membrane Phospholipid Asymmetry.
Biochemistry 06, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27267274
Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of Human Erythropoiesis.
Cell reports 08, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27452463
Sustained treatment of sickle cell mice with haptoglobin increases HO-1 and H-ferritin expression and decreases iron deposition in the kidney without improvement in kidney function.
British journal of haematology Nov, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27507623
The road not taken?
Blood Aug, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27539995
Exome sequencing results in successful diagnosis and treatment of a severe congenital anemia.
Cold Spring Harbor molecular case studies Jul, 2016 | Pubmed ID: 27551681
Unexpected role for p19INK4d in posttranscriptional regulation of GATA1 and modulation of human terminal erythropoiesis.
Blood Jan, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 27879259
Characterization, regulation, and targeting of erythroid progenitors in normal and disordered human erythropoiesis.
Current opinion in hematology May, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28099275
Decreasing TfR1 expression reverses anemia and hepcidin suppression in β-thalassemic mice.
Blood Mar, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28151426
Distinct roles for TET family proteins in regulating human erythropoiesis.
Blood Apr, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28167661
Measurements of red cell deformability and hydration reflect HbF and HbA2 in blood from patients with sickle cell anemia.
Blood cells, molecules & diseases Jun, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28472705
Confounding in ex vivo models of Diamond-Blackfan anemia.
Blood Aug, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28615220
Circulating primitive erythroblasts establish a functional, protein 4.1R-dependent cytoskeletal network prior to enucleating.
Scientific reports Jul, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28701737
Peroxiredoxin-2: A Novel Regulator of Iron Homeostasis in Ineffective Erythropoiesis.
Antioxidants & redox signaling Jan, 2018 | Pubmed ID: 28793778
Enhancing diversity in the hematology biomedical research workforce: A mentoring program to improve the odds of career success for early stage investigators.
American journal of hematology 12, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28857249
Unraveling Macrophage Heterogeneity in Erythroblastic Islands.
Frontiers in immunology , 2017 | Pubmed ID: 28979259
Case series supporting heme detoxification via therapeutic plasma exchange in acute multiorgan failure syndrome resistant to red blood cell exchange in sickle cell disease.
Transfusion Nov, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29193101
Developmental Differences Between Neonatal and Adult Human Erythropoiesis.
American journal of hematology Dec, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29274096
The severe phenotype of Diamond-Blackfan anemia is modulated by heat shock protein 70.
Blood advances Oct, 2017 | Pubmed ID: 29296843
Nermi L. Parrow*,1,
Pierre-Christian Violet*,2,
Hongbin Tu2,
James Nichols3,
Corinne A. Pittman4,
Courtney Fitzhugh4,
Robert E. Fleming1,5,
Narla Mohandas6,
John F. Tisdale3,
Mark Levine2
1Department of Pediatrics, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,
2Molecular and Clinical Nutrition Section, Digestive Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
3Molecular and Clinical Hematology Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases,
4Sickle Cell Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health,
5Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine,
6Red Cell Physiology Laboratory, New York Blood Center
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