This work was funded by Shriners Children&#39;s Boston (B. E. U., K.U., C.L.C.). L.C. is funded by &#34;La Bourse des Gueules Cass&#233;es&#34;, &#34;La Bourse Ann&#233;e Recherche&#34;, and &#34;La Bourse de l&#39;Amicale des Anciens Internes des H&#244;pitaux de Paris&#34;. Y.B. is funded by &#34;La Bourse des Gueules Cass&#233;es&#34;. Y.B. and I.F.v.R. are funded by the Shriners Hospitals for Children (Fellowships ID is #84308-BOS-22 #84302-BOS-21 respectively). This material is partially based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. EEC 1941543. Partial support from the US National Institutes of Health (R01EB028782, R56AI171958, and R01DK114506) is gratefully acknowledged.&#160;Figure 1 was created with BioRender.com.

The procedures were performed on 3 month old male Lewis rats, each weighing 300-400 g. A total of 24 animals were included, with three puncture conditions: 12 rats underwent tail vein puncture without anesthesia (group TV without anesthesia), and another 12 rats were anesthetized to undergo both tail vein puncture (group TV with anesthesia) and penile vein puncture (group PV with anesthesia). All the procedures were approved and respected the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) guidelines. All the animals...

Comparative Study of Blood Collection Techniques in Rats

<ol>
	<li>Lee, G., Goosens, K. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sampling+blood+from+the+lateral+tail+vein+of+the+rat.">Sampling blood from the lateral tail vein of the rat.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (99), e52766 (2015).</li><li>Beeton, C., Garcia, A., Chandy, K. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drawing+blood+from+rats+through+the+saphenous+vein+and+by+cardiac+puncture.">Drawing blood from rats through the saphenous vein and by cardiac puncture.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (7), 266 (2007).</li><li>Luzzi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collecting+blood+from+rodents:+A+discussion+by+the+Laboratory+Animal+Refinement+and+Enrichment+Forum.">Collecting blood from rodents: A discussion by the Laboratory Animal Refinement and Enrichment Forum.</a> Animal Technology and Welfare. 4 (2), 99-102 (2005).</li><li>Wang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repetitive+blood+sampling+from+the+subclavian+vein+of+conscious+rat.">Repetitive blood sampling from the subclavian vein of conscious rat.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (180), e63439 (2022).</li><li>Van Herck, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+sampling+from+the+retro-orbital+plexus,+the+saphenous+vein+and+the+tail+vein+in+rats:+Comparative+effects+on+selected+behavioural+and+blood+variables.">Blood sampling from the retro-orbital plexus, the saphenous vein and the tail vein in rats: Comparative effects on selected behavioural and blood variables.</a> Laboratory Animals. 35 (2), 131-139 (2001).</li><li>Harikrishnan, V. S., Hansen, A. K., Abelson, K. S., S&#248;rensen, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+various+methods+of+blood+sampling+in+mice+and+rats:+Effects+on+animal+welfare.">A comparison of various methods of blood sampling in mice and rats: Effects on animal welfare.</a> Laboratory Animals. 52 (3), 253-264 (2018).</li><li>Zeller, W., Weber, H., Panoussis, B., B&#252;rge, T., Bergmann, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Refinement+of+blood+sampling+from+the+sublingual+vein+of+rats.">Refinement of blood sampling from the sublingual vein of rats.</a> Laboratory Animals. 32 (4), 369-376 (1998).</li><li>Nightingale, C. H., Mouravieff, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliable+and+simple+method+of+intravenous+injection+into+the+laboratory+rat.">Reliable and simple method of intravenous injection into the laboratory rat.</a> Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 62 (5), 860-861 (1973).</li><li>Blood collection: The rat. IACUC Guideline. UCSF Office of Research Institutional Animal Care and Use Program Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://iacuc.ucsf.edu/sites/g/files/tkssra751/f/wysiwyg/guidelines%20-%20Blood%20Collection%20-%20Rat.pdf">https://iacuc.ucsf.edu/sites/g/files/tkssra751/f/wysiwyg/guidelines%20-%20Blood%20Collection%20-%20Rat.pdf</a> (2022)</li><li>Staszyk, C., Bohnet, W., Gasse, H., Hackbarth, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Blood+vessels+of+the+rat+tail:+A+histological+re-examination+with+respect+to+blood+vessel+puncture+methods.">Blood vessels of the rat tail: A histological re-examination with respect to blood vessel puncture methods.</a> Laboratory Animals. 37 (2), 121-125 (2003).</li><li>Constantinides, C., Mean, R., Janssen, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+isoflurane+anesthesia+on+the+cardiovascular+function+of+the+C57BL/6+mouse.">Effects of isoflurane anesthesia on the cardiovascular function of the C57BL/6 mouse.</a> ILAR Journal. 52 (3), e21-e31 (2011).</li><li>Hernaningsih, Y., Akualing, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+hemolysis+on+plasma+prothrombin+time+and+activated+partial+thromboplastin+time+tests+using+photo-optical+method.">The effects of hemolysis on plasma prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time tests using photo-optical method.</a> Medicine. 96 (38), 7976 (2017).</li><li>Powles-Glover, N., Kirk, S., Jardine, L., Clubb, S., Stewart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+haematological+and+clinical+pathology+effects+of+blood+microsampling+in+suckling+and+weaned+juvenile+rats.">Assessment of haematological and clinical pathology effects of blood microsampling in suckling and weaned juvenile rats.</a> Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology. 69 (3), 425-433 (2014).</li></ol>

The tail vein puncture is an efficient method to obtain blood from a conscious rat. However, when an animal is under anesthesia, the effect of isoflurane can lead to vessel spasms and make tail vein puncture unsuitable11. As shown in this study, an alternative in this situation is to collect blood from the penile vein, which is more successful and yields a significantly greater volume of blood in less time. It is important to remember that in the case of failure with this method on the first try, ...

Blood sampling is necessary for most animal studies, both in vivo and in vitro. In rats, as the frequency and amount of blood sampling can be significant, it is helpful to have different alternatives for collection. Various methods have been described in previous studies.
The most commonly used techniques are tail vein puncture and saphenous vein blood draw. Tail vein sampling is suitable for all rat strains. With proper training, the procedure is simple to perform and causes minimal distress to the animal1. Similarly, the saphenous vein blood draw, provided it is done properly, is also a quick and simple collection method. Neither method requires anesthesia, and both allow for repeated draws of small amounts of blood. However, the saphenous vein puncture usually yields a lower blood volume1 and requires the presence of two people to leave one hindlimb exposed for puncture2.
If large amounts of blood need to be collected from a single animal, cardiac puncture or puncture of the vena cava may be used (up to 10 mL of blood can be drawn from a 150 g rat with cardiac puncture2). These techniques require anesthesia and are terminal procedures. The animal must be euthanized after any of these two techniques2. The jugular stick is an alternative that can be used if large amounts of blood need to be collected in a study that has not yet reached its endpoint. However, this technique also requires significant technical skills to avoid harm to the animal; hence, its use should be limited3.
Other techniques, such as the subclavian vein blood draw, do not need the use of anesthetics before blood collection and allow for repeated sampling of small volumes of blood. However, restrained handling and appropriate needle incision are required for this technique. An improper operation may result in animal pain or even mortality, and the training for this method may be fastidious4. 
Other anecdotal procedures include the orbital puncture and the sublingual vein puncture, both of which require an anesthetic, and neither are recommended nor widely used. Though previous studies have shown faster blood collection by orbital puncture than by tail vein puncture, it was found that orbital puncture under diethyl-ether anesthesia was less well tolerated than the latter method (based on the animals' excitation scores and urine production)5. Moreover, this method is highly influenced by the skill of the person who performs the procedure and is mainly performed by experienced veterinarians. Comparably, the sublingual vein puncture is less distressing and is recommended for repeated blood sampling6. However, this technique presents severe adverse effects such as reduced food and water intake, which can lead to the animal's death7. 
This study describes two methods used in our laboratory for repeated blood sampling. Tail vein puncture can be performed on a conscious animal, and the tissue damage and adverse effects are minimal. The modification of this technique in this study includes stabilizing the tail with the index and middle finger, which allows a single operator to perform the blood collection. The dorsal penile vein puncture has already been described for simple intravenous injections. This technique is performed under anesthesia and allows for a reliable blood source in case of difficulties with other methods (e.g., during the immediate postoperative period, with a small animal, when performing perioperative blood draw under anesthesia). Similar to tail vein sampling, the injury at the puncture site will have a minor overall effect on the animal compared to the techniques mentioned above8. The aim of this methods paper is to offer inexperienced researchers simple and reliable blood sampling alternatives according to the context (e.g., for procedures done under anesthesia, for studies including male rats, for animals with thin tail veins).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mL | 28 G &#189;&#160; Insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>329424</td>
			<td>for tail vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.5 mL | 30 G x 5/16 Insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>320468</td>
			<td>for penile vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>250 L&#160; Microtainer blood collection tubes with K2EDTA</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>365974</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gauze Sponges</td>
			<td>Curity</td>
			<td>6939</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane Auto-Flow Anesthesia Machine</td>
			<td>E-Z Systems</td>
			<td>EZ-190F</td>
			<td>for penile vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane, USP</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>1403-704-06</td>
			<td>for penile vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nosecone for Anesthesia</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>EZ-112</td>
			<td>for penile vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Restraint Cone</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>ST2 52-95-86</td>
			<td>for tail vein puncture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Heated Operating Table (Adjustable)</td>
			<td>Peco Services Ltd</td>
			<td>69023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Webcol Alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Simply Medical</td>
			<td>5110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modified tail vein and penile vein puncture for blood sampling in the rat model

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood collection in rats: the lateral tail vein puncture and the dorsal penile vein puncture, which offer significant advantages over other previously described techniques. This study shows that these two procedures allow for fast sampling (under 10 min) and yield sufficient blood volumes for most assays (202 &#956;L &#177; 67.7 &#956;L). The dorsal penile vein puncture must be done under anesthesia, whereas the lateral tail vein puncture can be done on a conscious, restrained animal.
Alternating these two techniques, therefore, enables blood draw in any situation. While it is always recommended for an operator to be assisted during a procedure to ensure animal welfare, these techniques require only a single operator, unlike most blood sampling methods that require two. Moreover, whereas these previously described methods (e.g., jugular stick, subclavian vein blood draw) require extensive prior training to avoid harm to or death of the animal, tail vein and dorsal penile vein puncture are rarely fatal. For all these reasons, and according to the context (e.g., for studies including male rats, during the perioperative or immediate postoperative period, for animals with thin tail veins), both techniques can be used alternately to enable repeated blood draws.

Author Spotlight: Context Dependent Blood Collection Methods in Rats 

Modified Tail Vein and Penile Vein Puncture for Blood Sampling in the Rat Model

The issue of repeated blood collection methods needs to be addressed since the majority of studies on rats require them. It's important to take into account that a sampling method can be very efficient in a certain context, but become unsuitable for another study. This protocol aims to offer simple and reliable blood sampling alternatives to researchers.Both methods can be done by a single operator and require no extensive prior training, which allows for standardized procedure. When an animal is under anesthesia, the effect of isoflurane can lead to vessel spasm and make the tail vein puncture unsuitable for blood collection. Our protocol offers an alternative in this situation, the penile vein puncture, which presents a better success rate and yields significantly more amounts of blood in less time.

Success was defined as a blood draw yielding at least 100 &#181;L of blood in under 10 min (from the puncture time to the end of the blood collection), and failure was defined as a blood draw yielding less than 100 &#181;L of blood or taking more than 10 min to retrieve the required blood volume. A maximum of 250 &#181;L of blood per sample was allowed. The statistical analyses were conducted using a one-way ANOVA test for multiple comparisons and the chi-squared test. The data were presented as mean value &#177; standar...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Context Dependent Blood Collection Methods in Rats at JoVE.com

Here, we present a protocol to offer rapid, easy, and reliable blood collection alternatives for the rat model. We describe three different blood sampling methods according to the context: tail vein puncture under anesthesia or on a conscious animal, and dorsal penile vein puncture under anesthesia.

Blood samples are required in most experimental animal designs to assess various hematological parameters. This paper presents two procedures for blood ...

modified-tail-vein-penile-vein-puncture-for-blood-sampling-rat