Traditional finance assumes that investors make rational decisions based on available information, optimizing returns while minimizing risks. However, behavioral finance challenges this assumption by demonstrating how psychological biases influence individual investor trading, often leading to suboptimal financial outcomes. Emotions, cognitive distortions, and social influences can cloud judgment, prompting decisions that deviate from purely rational investment strategies.

Overconfidence bias is one of the most common psychological influences on investor behavior. Traders who overestimate their knowledge and predictive abilities tend to engage in excessive trading, believing they can outperform the market. This overtrading increases transaction costs and exposes investors to unnecessary risks. Loss aversion, another key bias, causes individuals to experience the pain of losses more intensely than the satisfaction of equivalent gains. As a result, investors may hold onto declining stocks longer than they should, hoping to recover their initial investment rather than making rational exit decisions. Herd mentality further exacerbates irrational trading behavior by leading investors to follow popular trends without conducting independent analysis. The fear of missing out or the comfort of aligning with the majority often results in inflated asset prices and speculative market bubbles.

Understanding these biases can help individual investors make more disciplined and informed trading decisions. Strategies such as setting predefined exit points, diversifying portfolios, and applying fundamental analysis can mitigate the influence of emotions on trading behavior. Additionally, maintaining a long-term investment perspective rather than reacting impulsively to short-term market movements can improve financial outcomes. By recognizing and addressing behavioral biases, investors can enhance their decision-making processes and achieve more sustainable investment success.