The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. ...

When a fluid encounters a solid surface, a boundary layer forms due to the interaction between the fluid's motion and the stationary surface. This ...

Drag is a resistive force opposing an object’s motion through a fluid, resulting from surface pressure and shear forces. It comprises two components: a ...

Lift is a fundamental aerodynamic force that acts perpendicular to the direction of airflow. It plays a central role in achieving and sustaining flight ...

Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments ...