Recall that descriptive statistics uses a basic summary statistic, such as measures of central tendency and standard deviation, to describe what given data show.

Inferential statistics or inductive statistics, on the other hand, helps to draw conclusions based on such measures of the given data.

It is, however, often impossible to collect data on a parameter of the entire population.

Instead, we draw samples that would accurately represent the population and collect data on the desired parameter using these samples.

The parameter value obtained from this collected data from the samples is the estimate of that population parameter.

Studying the estimates—such as proportion, mean, or variance—uses the standard scores, which are more commonly known as the z scores.

Estimates are quite crucial in hypothesis-testing and all the associated statistical operations.

Methods of estimation also provide a scientific framework to design experiments more precisely and conduct meta-analyses.