Building stones, essential materials for construction, are extracted from natural rock deposits and processed into specific forms and dimensions suitable for various building applications. These stones are broadly classified into three types based on their geological formation: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.

Igneous rocks are formed from the solidification of magma or lava. An example is granite, known for its durability and resistance to weathering, making it ideal for parts of buildings that are exposed to severe weather conditions.

Sedimentary rocks develop through the accumulation of sediments. These sediments are compressed over time by water or overlying deposits. Common types include limestone and sandstone, which vary from severely stratified to homogeneous forms. These stones are often used for more decorative elements, such as windowsills and lintels, due to their easier workability and aesthetic qualities.

Metamorphic rocks are originally igneous or sedimentary but have changed their characteristics due to intense heat and pressure. Examples include slate, which splits easily into sheets, making it suitable for roofing, paving, and wall facing. Marble, another metamorphic rock, is favored for its ability to be polished and carved, and used in high-end finishes like wall panels, column facings, window stools, and flooring.

Quartzite, often used as gravel or aggregate in concrete, and travertine, a form of limestone deposited by mineral springs, are also notable. Other less common stones like alabaster, greenstone, schist, serpentine, and soapstone are grouped together for their unique properties and use in specialized applications. Each type of building stone offers unique characteristics that make it suitable for specific uses in construction, from structural components to decorative details.