1. 준비 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 시작하려면 피사체의베이스 라인 해부 검사를 구하십시오. 이것은 실제 실험을하기 전에 며칠이 완료되어야합니다. </li><li> 다음, frameless stereotactic 소프트웨어 패키지로 검사를로드합니다. </li><li> 마지막으로 찾아와 자극의 좌표를 타겟팅할 수 있습니다. 이 경우, 우리는 왼쪽 열등한 정수리 lobule를 타겟팅하는 것입니다. </li></ol> 2. 초기 스캔 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 실험의 날, 당신의 주제는 다시 한번, MRI 기계에서 시작됩니다. </li><li> 해부 학적 검사와 함께 시작합니다. </li><li> 다음 세 기능성 실험의 실행을 실시합니다. 본 실험에서는, 작업은 매우 간단합니다 : 고정 지점이 비전의 제목의 중앙 필드에 제공하고, 그 / 그녀는 단순히 수동적으로 그것을 응시하는 것입니다. </li></ol> 3. TMS 준비 <ol class="lalpha"><li> rTMS의 효과는 일시적인 때문에 TMS와 fMRI 결합하면, 시간이 관건입니다. 그것은 당신이 자극을 정지 후 가능한 빨리 스캐너로 주제를 되찾을 필수적입니다. 이 때문에, 당신은 가능한 한 검색 - 베이로 가능한 또는 가까운 인접 공간에 주둔 휴대용 TMS 장치를 사용하는 것이 좋습니다. 이 경우, 우리는 스캐너에 휴대용 관찰 제품군에 셋업 옆집을 사용하고있는 것입니다. </li><li> stereotactic 소프트웨어 패키지에 주제의 사전 타겟 기준은 MRI로드합니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 링크 및 stereotaxy 장비를 사용하여 자극 코일을 보정 -이 경우, 우리는 코일 중심적 위치를 등록하는 적외선 센서의 집합을 정렬합니다. </li></ol> 4. TMS 매개 변수 결정 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 주제가 도착하면, 그녀는 의자에 편안하게 / 앉혀. </li><li> 다음 sterotaxy 장비 피사체의 머리를 보정. 이 경우, 우리는 여러 위치 앵커를 등록하는 적외선 센서를 사용합니다 : 두 귀, 코, nasion합니다. </li><li> 피사체의 쉬고있는 모터 한계를 결정합니다. </li><li> 우리가 피사체의 피질을 자극하고 싶다면, 우리는 110 %의 모터 임계값의 자극 능력 20 Hz로 TMS 시스템을 설정합니다. 우리가 피사체의 피질을 억제하려는 경우, 우리는 110 %의 모터 임계값 1 Hz로 TMS 시스템을 설정합니다. 당신은 전체 연구의 과정을 통해 두 매개 변수를 탐험하고자하더라도, 우리는이 문서에서 20 Hz에서 흥분성의 rTMS 체인 살펴볼 것입니다. </li><li> 마지막으로, 28초 휴식 기간과 이초 열차의 자극 패턴을 설정합니다. </li></ol> 5. TMS의 자극 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 이전 자극에, 스캐너 다음의 TMS에서 직접 갈 수있는 주제를 준비합니다. 이것은 금속의 제거 및 피사체가 화장실을 사용했습니다 보장을 포함합니다. </li><li> 두피에 접선 코일 개최, 주제의 자극 사이트를 찾아 대상에 stereotaxy 장비를 사용합니다. </li><li> 기계 코일 냉각 시스템을 켜십시오. </li><li> 자극을 시작! 이 프로토콜을 위해, 우리는 45 총 자극 열차를 실시합니다. 이초 28초 휴식과 기차에서, 우리는 23 분 총 stim 시간을 것입니다. </li></ol> 6. 위로 스캐너에 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 일단 자극이 완료, 그것은 가능한 빨리 스캐너에 다시 적용을하는 것이 중요합니다. 최대한 원활하게이 전환을하려면 스캐너가 준비하고 갈 준비가되어 있는지 확인하십시오. 우리의 조언은 신체 플랫폼을 인상하고, 최소한으로 localizer 검사의 수와 기간을 줄일 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 7. 최종 스캔 <ol class="lalpha"><li> rTMS의 효과는 일시적인이기 때문에, 최종 검사 세션 기능 실행 시작한다. 다시, 우리는 수동 고정 세, 6 분 실행을 실시합니다. </li><li> 실험 실행이 완료되면, 해부 학적 검사와 함께 마무리. </li></ol> 8. 대표 결과 <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2271/2271fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. 데이터는 왼쪽 열등한 정수리 lobule 20 Hz에서 rTMS의 자극은 지방 흥분을 촉진하지만, 기본 네트워크 내의 기능적 연결을 감소 역할을하는 것이 좋습니다.

<ol>
	<li>Raichle, M. E., MacLeod, A. M., Snyder, A. Z., Powers, W. J., Gusnard, D. A., Shulman, G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+default+mode+of+brain+function.">A default mode of brain function.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 98 (2), 676-682 (2001).</li><li>Buckner, R. L., Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Schacter, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+brain's+default+network:+anatomy,+function+and+relevance+to+disease.">The brain's default network: anatomy, function and relevance to disease.</a> Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1124, 1-38 (2008).</li><li>Raichle, M. E., Snyder, A. Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+default+mode+of+brain+function:+a+brief+history+of+an+evolving+idea.">A default mode of brain function: a brief history of an evolving idea.</a> Neuroimage. 37 (4), 1083-1090 (2007).</li><li>Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Thermenos, H. W., Milanovic, S., Tsuang, M. T., Faraone, S. V., McCarley, R. W., Shenton, M. E., Green, A. I., Nieto-Castanon, A., LaViolette, P., Wojcik, J., Gabrieli, J. D., Sidman, L. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hyperactivity+and+hyperconnectivity+of+the+default+network+in+schizophrenia+and+in+first-degreerelatives+of+persons+with+schizophrenia.">Hyperactivity and hyperconnectivity of the default network in schizophrenia and in first-degreerelatives of persons with schizophrenia.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 106 (4), 1279-1284 (2009).</li><li>Pomarol-Clotet, E., Salvardor, R., Sarro, S., Gomar, J., Vila, F., Martinez, A., Guerrrero, A., Ortiz-Gil, J., Sans-Sansa, B., Capdevila, A., Cebamanos, J. M., McKenna, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failure+to+deactivate+the+prefrontal+cortex+in+schizophrenia:+dysfunction+of+the+default+mode+network?.">Failure to deactivate the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia: dysfunction of the default mode network?.</a> Psychol Med. 38 (8), 1185-1193 (2008).</li><li>Garrity, A. G., Pearlson, G. D., McKiernan, K., Lloyd, D., Kiehl, K. A., Calhoun, V. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aberrant+"default+mode"+functional+connectivity+in+schizophrenia.">Aberrant "default mode" functional connectivity in schizophrenia.</a> American Journal of Psychiatry. 164, 450-457 (2007).</li><li>Kennedy, D. P., Redcay, E., Courchesne, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Failing+to+deactivate:+Resting+functional+abnormalities+in+autism.">Failing to deactivate: Resting functional abnormalities in autism.</a> Proc. Nat. Acad. Sciences. 103 (21), 8275-8280 (2007).</li><li>c Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Shannon, B. J., LaRossa, G., Sachs, R., Fotenos, A. F., Sheline, Y. I., Klunk, W. E., Mathis, C. A., Morris, J. C., Mintun, M. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular,+structural,+and+functional+characterizations+of+Alzheimer's+disease:+evidence+for+a+relationship+between+default+activity,+amyloid,+and+memory.">Molecular, structural, and functional characterizations of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a relationship between default activity, amyloid, and memory.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 34, 7709-7717 (2005).</li><li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

<p class="jove_content"&gt; 오프라인 TMS / MRI 실험, 거의 틀림없이 가장 중요한 고려 사항은 자극의 사이트에서 MRI를 베이에 신속하고 손쉽게 전환을 포함을 실시하는 경우. 따라서,이 전환에 도움을 제안 상기 아이디어 몇 가지를 다시 방문 가치가있을 것입니다. 첫째 가능한 MRI 베이에 가까운 위치에 설치 휴대용 TMS 시스템을 사용합니다. 둘째, MRI 장비에 프로그래밍된 모든 자동 독립 또는 이에 상응하는 메커니즘을 우?...

<ul><li> MRI는 fMRI (필립스가 동영상에 그림)을 갖추고 </li><li> 반복 자극 가능한 TMS 장치는 (비디오에서 그림 Magstim입니다) </li><li> Frameless Stereotaxy 장비 (Brainsight이 동영상 그림) </li><li> 이어 플러그 </li><li> 자극 중에 제목을위한 의자 </li><li> 백 프로젝션 화면이나 MRI 호환 고글 </li><li> 빈 자극 화면 </li></ul>

combining transcranial magnetic stimulation and fmri to examine the default mode network

기본 모드 네트워크는 개인이 외부 세계에 초점과 두뇌에 있습니다 않을 때 활성화된 뇌의 영역의 그룹입니다 &quot;반쯤 남은.&quot;1,2,3 이것은 기본 모드 네트워크가 자기 참조에 해당하는 생각입니다 또는 &quot;내부 정신 작용.&quot;2,3 그것은 인간의 기본 모드 네트워크에서 활동이 특정 pathologies (예를 들어와 상관이며, 그 가상되었습니다 하이퍼 활성화는 정신 분열증 4,5,6과 네트워크의 7 반면 하이포 정품 인증이 가진 자폐증 스펙트럼 장애에 연결되어 있습니다 알츠하이머 병 및 기타 neurodegenerative 질병 8)에 연결되어되었습니다. 이 네트워크의 등, 비침 투 변조는 비정상적인 네트워크 활성화에 연결된 신경 및 정신과 pathologies의 여러 가지 잠재적인 치료 개입을 대표 있습니다. 이 변조를 적용하는 한 가지 도구는 Transcranial 자석 자극입니다 transiently 또는 lastingly화된 자기장 펄스의 응용을 통해 대뇌 피질의 흥분을 (중 증가 또는 감소) 변조 수있는 비침습 neurostimulatory 및 neuromodulatory 기술 9. 기본 모드 네트워크 향해 성향과 변조의 오차를 탐험하기 위해, 우리는 기능적인 자기 공명 영상 (fMRI)로 (왼쪽 하부 정수리 엽)를 TMS를​​ 결합합니다. 이 문서를 통해, 우리는 성공적으로이 두 neuroscientific 도구를 결합하는 데 필요한 프로토콜 및 고려 사항을 검토합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network at JoVE.com

Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

이 문서에서는, 우리는 기본 네트워크에 뇌 자극의 효과를 조사하기 위해 TMS와 fMRI의 조합과 관련된 방법론과 고려 사항을 검토하십시오.

기본 모드 네트워크를 검사하기 위해 Transcranial 자석 자극과 fMRI를 결합

The default mode network is a group of brain regions that are active when an individual is not focused on the outside world and the brain is at "wakeful ...

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

12.8K 조회수.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 기본 네트워크에 뇌 자극의 효과를 조사하기 위해 TMS와 fMRI의 조합과 관련된 방법론과 고려 사항을 검토하십시오.

비디오: Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex, but also by non-invasive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)1 of the same cortical regions. The intensity at which a phosphene is induced (phosphene threshold) is a well established measure of visual cortical excitability and is used to study cortico-cortical interactions, functional organization 2, susceptibility to pathology 3,4 and visual processing 5-7. Phosphenes are typically defined by three characteristics: they are observed in the visual hemifield contralateral to stimulation; they are induced when the subject s eyes are open or closed, and their spatial location changes with the direction of gaze 2. Various methods have been used to document phosphenes, but a standardized methodology is lacking. We demonstrate a reliable procedure to obtain phosphene threshold values and introduce a novel system for the documentation and analysis of phosphenes. We developed the Laser Tracking and Painting system (LTaP), a low cost, easily built and operated system that records the location and size of perceived phosphenes in real-time. The LTaP system provides a stable and customizable environment for quantification and analysis of phosphenes.

Phosphenes are transient percepts of light that can be induced by applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to visually sensitive regions of cortex. We demonstrate a standard protocol for determining the phosphene threshold value and introduce a novel method for quantifying and analyzing perceived phosphenes.

Transcranial 자석 자극에 의​​해 유도된 Phosphenes을 문서화에 대한 새로운 접근 방식

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

연구

신경과학

Extracting Visual Evoked Potentials from EEG Data Recorded During fMRI-guided Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological effects. Specifically, by creating a transient interference with the normal activity of a target region and measuring changes in an electrophysiological signal, we can establish a causal link between the stimulated brain area or network and the electrophysiological signal that we record. If target brain areas are functionally defined with prior fMRI scan, TMS could be used to link the fMRI activations with evoked potentials recorded. However, conducting such experiments presents significant technical challenges given the high amplitude artifacts introduced into the EEG signal by the magnetic pulse, and the difficulty to successfully target areas that were functionally defined by fMRI. Here we describe a methodology for combining these three common tools: TMS, EEG, and fMRI. We explain how to guide the stimulator&#39;s coil to the desired target area using anatomical or functional MRI data, how to record EEG during concurrent TMS, how to design an ERP study suitable for EEG-TMS combination and how to extract reliable ERP from the recorded data. We will provide representative results from a previously published study, in which fMRI-guided TMS was used concurrently with EEG to show that the face-selective N1 and the body-selective N1 component of the ERP are associated with distinct neural networks in extrastriate cortex. This method allows us to combine the high spatial resolution of fMRI with the high temporal resolution of TMS and EEG and therefore obtain a comprehensive understanding of the neural basis of various cognitive processes.

This paper describes a method for collecting and analyzing electroencephalography (EEG) data during concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) guided by activations revealed with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). A method for TMS artifact removal and extraction of event related potentials is described as well as considerations in paradigm design and experimental setup.

fMRI를 유도 경 두개 자기 자극하는 동안 기록 된 EEG 데이터에서 시각 유발 전위를 추출

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is an effective method for establishing a causal link between a cortical area and cognitive/neurophysiological ...

The Use of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy as a Tool for the Measurement of Bi-hemispheric Transcranial Electric Stimulation Effects on Primary Motor Cortex Metabolism

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders such as stroke and depression. Yet, the mechanisms underlying its ability to modulate brain excitability to improve clinical symptoms remains poorly understood 33. To help improve this understanding, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) can be used as it allows the in vivo quantification of brain metabolites such as &#947;-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate in a region-specific manner 41. In fact, a recent study demonstrated that 1H-MRS is indeed a powerful means to better understand the effects of tDCS on neurotransmitter concentration 34. This article aims to describe the complete protocol for combining tDCS (NeuroConn MR compatible stimulator) with 1H-MRS at 3 T using a MEGA-PRESS sequence. We will describe the impact of a protocol that has shown great promise for the treatment of motor dysfunctions after stroke, which consists of bilateral stimulation of primary motor cortices 27,30,31. Methodological factors to consider and possible modifications to the protocol are also discussed.

This article aims to describe a basic protocol for combining transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) measurements to investigate the effects of bilateral stimulation on primary motor cortex metabolism.

일차 운동 피질 대사에 양성 반구 경 두개 전기 자극 효과의 측정을위한 도구로 자기 공명 분광학의 사용

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a neuromodulation technique that has been increasingly used over the past decade in the treatment of ...

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific frequency and in turn modulate ongoing cortical oscillatory activity. This neurotool allows the establishment of a causal link between endogenous oscillatory activity and behavior. Most of the tACS studies have shown online effects of tACS. However, little is known about the underlying action mechanisms of this technique because of the AC-induced artifacts on Electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Here we show a unique approach to investigate online physiological frequency-specific effects of tACS of the primary motor cortex (M1) by using single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) to probe cortical excitability changes. In our setup, the TMS coil is placed over the tACS electrode while Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) are collected to test the effects of the ongoing M1-tACS. So far, this approach has mainly been used to study the visual and motor systems. However, the current tACS-TMS setup can pave the way for future investigations of cognitive functions. Therefore, we provide a step-by-step manual and video guidelines for the procedure.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) allows the modulation of cortical excitability in a frequency-specific fashion. Here we show a unique approach which combines online tACS with single pulse Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) in order to "probe" cortical excitability by means of Motor Evoked Potentials.

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic field pulses. The initiation of cortical activation or its modulation depends on the background activation of the neurons of the cortical region activated, the characteristics of the coil, its position and its orientation with respect to the head. TMS combined with simultaneous electrocephalography (EEG) and neuronavigation (nTMS-EEG) allows for the assessment of cortico-cortical excitability and connectivity in almost all cortical areas in a reproducible manner. This advance makes nTMS-EEG a powerful tool that can accurately assess brain dynamics and neurophysiology in test-retest paradigms that are required for clinical trials. Limitations of this method include artifacts that cover the initial brain reactivity to stimulation. Thus, the process of removing artifacts may also extract valuable information. Moreover, the optimal parameters for dorsolateral prefrontal (DLPFC) stimulation are not fully known and current protocols utilize variations from the motor cortex (M1) stimulation paradigms. However, evolving nTMS-EEG designs hope to address these issues. The protocol presented here introduces some standard practices for assessing neurophysiological functioning from stimulation to the DLPFC that can be applied in patients with treatment resistant psychiatric disorders that receive treatment such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST) or electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

The protocol presented here is for TMS-EEG studies utilizing intracortical excitability test-retest design paradigms. The intent of the protocol is to produce reliable and reproducible cortical excitability measures for assessing neurophysiological functioning related to therapeutic interventions in the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases such as major depression.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

Bilateral Assessment of the Corticospinal Pathways of the Ankle Muscles Using Navigated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans and can be assessed using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Given the role of distal leg muscles in upright postural and dynamic tasks, such as walking, a growing research interest in the assessment and modulation of the corticospinal tracts relative to the function of these muscles has emerged in the last decade. However, methodological parameters used in previous work have varied across studies making the interpretation of results from cross-sectional and longitudinal studies less robust. Therefore, use of a standardized TMS protocol specific to the assessment of leg muscles&#39; corticomotor response (CMR) will allow for direct comparison of results across studies and cohorts. The objective of this paper is to present a protocol that provides the flexibility to simultaneously assess the bilateral CMR of two main ankle antagonistic muscles, the tibialis anterior and soleus, using single pulse TMS with a neuronavigation system. The present protocol is applicable while the examined muscle is either fully relaxed or isometrically contracted at a defined percentage of maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Using each subject&#39;s structural MRI with the neuronavigation system ensures accurate and precise positioning of the coil over the leg cortical representations during assessment. Given the inconsistency in CMR derived measures, this protocol also describes a standardized calculation of these measures using automated algorithms. Though this protocol is not conducted during upright postural or dynamic tasks, it&#160;can be used to assess bilaterally any pair of leg muscles, either antagonistic or synergistic, in both neurologically intact and impaired subjects.

The present protocol describes the simultaneous, bilateral assessment of the corticomotor response of the tibialis anterior and soleus during rest and tonic voluntary activation using a single pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and neuronavigation system.

사용 하 여 발목 근육의 Corticospinal 통로의 양측 평가 Transcranial 자석 자극 탐색

Distal leg muscles receive neural input from motor cortical areas via the corticospinal tract, which is one of the main motor descending pathway in humans ...

Measuring and Manipulating Functionally Specific Neural Pathways in the Human Motor System with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has provided important insights into fundamental processes of the brain like cognition, learning, and motor control. However, this approach cannot provide causal evidence for the involvement of brain areas of interest. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a powerful, noninvasive tool for studying the human brain that can overcome this limitation by transiently modifying brain activity. Here, we highlight recent advances using a paired-pulse, dual-site TMS method with two coils that causally probes cortico-cortical interactions in the human motor system during different task contexts. Additionally, we describe a dual-site TMS protocol based on cortical paired associative stimulation (cPAS) that transiently enhances synaptic efficiency in two interconnected brain areas by applying repeated pairs of cortical stimuli with two coils. These methods can provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying cognitive-motor function as well as a new perspective on manipulating specific neural pathways in a targeted fashion to modulate brain circuits and improve behavior. This approach may prove to be an effective tool to develop more sophisticated models of brain-behavior relations and improve diagnosis and treatment of many neurological and psychiatric disorders.

This article describes new approaches to measure and strengthen functionally specific neural pathways with transcranial magnetic stimulation. These advanced noninvasive brain stimulation methodologies can provide new opportunities for the understanding of brain-behavior relations and development of new therapies to treat brain disorders.

경두개 자기 자극을 통해 인간 모터 시스템의 기능적으로 특정신경 경로 측정 및 조작

Understanding interactions between brain areas is important for the study of goal-directed behavior. Functional neuroimaging of brain connectivity has ...

Employing Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in a Resource Limited Environment to Establish Brain-Behavior Relationships

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited resources have historically contributed significantly to the field of neuroscience, including neuroimaging. In the study of self-deception, we have successfully employed single-pulse TMS to determine the brain correlates of abilities including overclaiming and self-enhancement. Even without the use of neuro-navigation, methods provided here lead to successful outcomes. For example, it was discovered that decreases in self-deceptive responding lead to a decrease in affect. These methods provide data that are reliable and valid, and such methods provide research opportunities otherwise unavailable.&#160;Through the use of these methods, the overall knowledge base in the field of neuroscience is expanded, providing research opportunities to students such as those at our institution&#160;(Montclair State University is a Hispanic-Serving Institute) who are often denied such research experiences.

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) and low-frequency TMS (lfTMS) have&#160;been demonstrated to be major contributors to brain literature. Here we highlight the methods for investigating the cortical correlates of self-deception using TMS.

자원이 제한된 환경에서 경두개 자기 자극을 사용하여 뇌 - 행동 관계를 수립합니다.

Neuroimaging is typically perceived as a resource demanding discipline. While this is the case in certain circumstances, institutions with limited ...

Conventional and Threshold-Tracking Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Tests for Single-handed Operation

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used to examine corticospinal excitability. Paired-pulse TMS paradigms (e.g., short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI/LICI), short-interval intracortical facilitation (SICF), and short- and long-latency afferent inhibition (SAI/LAI)) provide information about intracortical inhibitory and facilitatory networks. This has long been done by the conventional TMS method of measuring changes in the size of the motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to stimuli of constant intensity. An alternative threshold-tracking approach has recently been introduced whereby the stimulus intensity for a target amplitude is tracked. The diagnostic utility of threshold-tracking SICI in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been shown in previous studies. However, threshold-tracking TMS has only been used in a few centers, in part due to the lack of readily available software but also perhaps due to uncertainty over its relationship to conventional single- and paired-pulse TMS measurements.
A menu-driven suite of semi-automatic programs has been developed to facilitate the broader use of threshold-tracking TMS techniques and to enable direct comparisons with conventional amplitude measurements. These have been designed to control three types of magnetic stimulators and allow recording by a single operator of the common single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols.
This paper shows how to record a number of single- and paired-pulse TMS protocols on healthy subjects and analyze the recordings. These TMS protocols are fast and easy to perform and can provide useful biomarkers in different neurological disorders, particularly neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS.

We present a suite of standardized single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) recording protocols, with options for conventional amplitude measurements and threshold-tracking. This program can control three different types of magnetic stimulators and is designed to enable all tests to be performed conveniently by a single operator.

한 손 작업에 대한 종래및 임계값 추적 경두개 자기 자극 테스트

Most single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) parameters (e.g., motor threshold, stimulus-response function, cortical silent period) are used ...

말초 신경 자극 및 제어 가능한 맥박 매개변수 TMS 결합

Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable tool to probe the procedural and declarative influence over sensorimotor integration during skilled motor actions. This manuscript describes the methodology and contributions of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) for understanding sensorimotor integration. SAI quantifies the effect of a convergent afferent volley on the corticospinal motor output evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The afferent volley is triggered by the electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. The TMS stimulus is delivered to a location over the primary motor cortex that elicits a reliable motor-evoked response in a muscle served by that afferent nerve. The extent of inhibition in the motor-evoked response reflects the magnitude of the afferent volley converging on the motor cortex and involves central GABAergic and cholinergic contributions. The cholinergic involvement in SAI makes SAI a possible marker of declarative-procedural interactions in sensorimotor performance and learning. More recently, studies have begun manipulating the TMS current direction in SAI to tease apart the functional significance of distinct sensorimotor circuits in the primary motor cortex for skilled motor actions. The ability to control additional pulse parameters (e.g., the pulse width) with state-of-the-art controllable pulse parameter TMS (cTMS) has enhanced the selectivity of the sensorimotor circuits probed by the TMS stimulus and provided an opportunity to create more refined models of sensorimotor control and learning. Therefore, the current manuscript focuses on SAI assessment using cTMS. However, the principles outlined here also apply to SAI assessed using conventional fixed pulse width TMS stimulators and other forms of afferent inhibition, such as long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI).

저자 스포트라이트: Combined peripheral nerve stimulation and controllable pulse parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning  

Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to probe sensorimotor integration. This article describes how SAI can be used to study the convergent sensorimotor loops in the motor cortex during sensorimotor behavior.

말초 신경 자극 및 제어 가능한 펄스 매개변수 경두개 자기 자극을 결합하여 감각 운동 제어 및 학습을 조사합니다.

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable ...