1. 휴식 모터 임계값을 결정 : <ol class="lalpha"><li> 편안한 의자에 앉아 피사체를 시작합니다. </li><li> 다음 제목의 오른쪽의 첫 번째 지느러미 inerosseus 근육 이상 EMG 표면 전극을 적용합니다. (INSERT FIGURE1)이 근육을 찾는 데 문제가있다면, 곤란하게 운동을하거나 앞뒤로 그 / 그녀의 검지 손가락을 이동하는 피사체를 요청 -이 찾을 수있는 근육보다 쉽게​​ 할 수 있습니다. </li><li> 제목의 팔뚝의 고기 부분에 접지 전극을 배치합니다. </li><li> 제목의 왼쪽 모터 피질의 위치를​​ 결정합니다. 이 지역은 누구나 조금씩 차이가 있지만, 일반적으로 두개골의 정점 rostrolateral 주위에 3.5 ㎝ 것입니다. 이 지역 주위에 작은 격자를 탐구하고 모터 &quot;핫스팟&quot;를 찾을 때까지 자극의 각도를 조정하는 것을 두려워하지 마십시오. </li><li> 일단 50 %의 전력에서 시작, M1을 찾았는데,이 지역에 하나의 펄스 자극을 시작하고 결과 evoked MEPs를 측정합니다. </li><li> 당신이 10 연속 펄스의 정확히 5 밖으로 큰 50 μV의 MEP 생산 수있을 때까지 전원을 조정 또는 아래로. 이 전력 수준은 주제의 휴식 모터 한계입니다. </li></ol> 2. 액티브 모터 임계값을 결정 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 위에서 설명한대로 설정 같은 전극을 사용, 20 %의 압력에 대한 사용 함께 그 / 그녀의 오른쪽 집게손가락과 엄지손가락을 공략하기 피사체를 부탁드립니다. </li><li> 제목이 곤란하게 자리를 보유하고 있지만, M1 50 % 이상 전력에서 단일 펄스 자극을 시작하고 결과를 측정 MEPs. </li><li> 당신이 10 연속 펄스의 정확히 5 밖으로 큰 200 μV의 MEP 생산 수있을 때까지 전원을 조정 또는 아래로. 이 전력 수준은 주제의 적극적인 모터 한계입니다. </li></ol> 3. 베이스 라인 MEP를 결정 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 주제의 기본 MEP 진폭을 확인하려면, 10 단일 펄스와 120퍼센트 쉬고 모터 입구에서 모터 핫스팟을 자극. </li><li> 각 펄스 후 MEP를 측정. </li><li> 10 펄스 세 배치에서 평균 MEP는 값. </li></ol> 4. 설정 TMS 매개 변수 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 우리는 표준 세타 - 버스트 매개 변수를 이용한다 세 펄스를 50 Hz에서 200 MS 간격 80 % 활성 모터 임계값의 강도에. </li><li> 간헐 TBS를 관리하기 위해, 아니 자극의 여덟 초 뒤에 2 초짜리 stim 열차를 (상기 매개 변수에서) 생성합니다. 190초 (600 펄스 총)을 반복합니다. iTBS는 대뇌 피질의 활동을 촉진하기 위해 표시되었습니다. </li><li> 쎄타 - 버스트 지속적인 관리, 47 초 (600 펄스 총)을 중단 stim 열차를 (상기 매개 변수에서) 생성합니다. cTBS는 대뇌 피질의 활동을 억제하기 위해 표시되었습니다. </li></ol> 5. TMS의 자극 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 이 프로토콜은 이전의 설립 M1 모터 핫스팟을 통해 iTBS 또는 cTBS 중 하나를 관리할 수 있습니다. </li></ol> 6. 포스트 자극의 MEP를 결정 <ol class="lalpha"><li> TBS에 따라, 이전과, 10 단일 펄스와 1백20퍼센트 쉬고 모터 입구에서 모터 핫스팟을 자극. </li><li> 10 MEP 수준의 평균 배치. </li><li> 5 분 10 분 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 그리고 120분 후 자극에 새로운 10 펄스 배치 평균을 수집합니다. </li></ol> 7. 대표 결과 iTBS 패턴을 활용하면 소성의 제목의 자연 상태를 반영 기간 MEP 가치의 증가를 예고한다. 마찬가지로, cTBS 패턴을 활용하면, 당신은 소성의 제목의 자연 상태를 반영 기간 MEP 가치의 감소를 통지해야합니다. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2272/2272fig1.jpg" alt="그림 1" /> 그림 1. MEP 측정을위한 전극 배치 다이어그램. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2272/2272fig2.jpg" alt="그림 2" /> 그림 2. iTBS의 자극 패턴 다이어그램. <img src="/files/ftp_upload/2272/2272fig3.jpg" alt="그림 3" /> 그림 3. cTBS의 자극 패턴 다이어그램.

<ol>
	<li>Pfeiffer, B. E., Huber, K. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+state+of+synapses+in+fragile+x+syndrome.">The state of synapses in fragile x syndrome.</a> Neuroscientist. 15, 549-567 (2009).</li><li>O'Donnel, W. T., Warren, S. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+decade+of+molecular+studies+of+fragile+x+syndrome.">A decade of molecular studies of fragile x syndrome.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 25, 315-338 (2002).</li><li>Tassone, F., Hagerman, R. J., Taylor, A. K., Mills, J. B., Wood, S., Gane, L. W., Hagerman, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> American Journal of Human Genetics. 65, A493-A493 (1999).</li><li>Hagerman, R. J., Miller, L. J., McGrath-Clarke, J., Riley, K., Goldson, E., Harris, S. W., Simon, J., Church, K., Bonnell, J., Ognibene, T. C., McIntosh, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influence+of+stimulants+on+electrodermal+studies+in+fragile+x+syndrome.">Influence of stimulants on electrodermal studies in fragile x syndrome.</a> Microscopy Research and Technique. 57, 168-173 (2002).</li><li>Miller, L. J., McIntosh, D. N., McGrath, J., Shyu, V., Lampe, M., Taylor, A. K., Tassone, F., Neitzel, K., Stackhouse, T., Hagerman, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrodermal+response+to+sensory+stimuli+in+individuals+with+fragile+x+syndrome:+a+preliminary+report.">Electrodermal response to sensory stimuli in individuals with fragile x syndrome: a preliminary report.</a> American Journal of Medical Genetics. 83, 268-279 (1999).</li><li>Hagerman, R. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fragile+X:+perspectives+from+birth+through+aging.">Fragile X: perspectives from birth through aging.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 57, 73s-73s (2005).</li><li>Pascual-Leone, A., Davey, M., Wassermann, E. M., Rothwell, J., Puri, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Handbook of Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. , (2002).</li><li>Walsh, V., Pascual-Leone, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: A Neurochronometrics of Mind. , (2005).</li><li>Thickbroom, G. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+magnetic+stimulation+and+synaptic+plasticity:+experimental+framework+and+human+models.">Transcranial magnetic stimulation and synaptic plasticity: experimental framework and human models.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 180, 583-593 (2007).</li><li>Huang, Y. Z., Edwards, M. J., Rounis, E., Bhatia, K. P., Rothwell, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Theta+burst+stimulation+of+the+human+motor+cortex.">Theta burst stimulation of the human motor cortex.</a> Neuron. 45, 201-206 (2005).</li><li>Oberman, L., Eldaief, M. C., Gautam, S., Fecteau, S., Tormos, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+Cortical+Plasticity+in+Adults+with+Asperger's+Syndrome.">Abnormal Cortical Plasticity in Adults with Asperger's Syndrome.</a> , .</li></ol>

관심 없음 충돌 선언하지 않습니다.

- 효과 후 비정형 신경 소성 반영됩니다 TMS의 장시간 기간을 알고, 이와 같은 연구는 자폐증과 관련 장애에 대한보다 정확한 진단 프로토콜을 만드는 역할을 수 있습니다. 연약한 X 증후군을 포함하여 - 마찬가지로, 더 많은 데이터와 함께, 우리는 다른 신경 pathologies에 대한 시간적 생물 학적 마커를 찾을 수 있습니다. 아직 치료 치료 옵션이 아니지만이 경우에는, 조기 발견?...

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tms: using the theta-burst protocol to explore mechanism of plasticity in individuals with fragile x syndrome and autism

또한 마틴 - 벨 증후군으로 알려진 연약한 X 증후군 (FXS)는, X의 염색체에있는 유전자 이상이다 FMR1의 표현에 FXS 디스플레이 이상의 고통 1,2 개인 -. 전형적인, 건강한 신경계 발달에 필요한 단백질. 3 최근 데이터는이 단백질의 손실 피질은 신경 소성함으로써 전체의 패턴에 영향을 미치는 hyperexcitable으로 발생할 수 있습니다 것을 제안했습니다. 4,5 또한, 깨지기 쉬운 X는 자폐증과 강력한 comorbidity을 보여줍니다 : 사실에 FXS와 어린이의 30 %는 자폐증, 2 진단 있습니다 - 자폐증 아동의 5 % FXS에서 고통 6. Transcranial 자석 자극 (transiently 또는 lastingly화된 자기장 펄스 7,8의 응용을 통해 대뇌 피질의 흥분을 조절 수있는 비침습 neurostimulatory 및 neuromodulatory 기술)는 영향을받는 개인 내에서 소성 및 FXS의 발현을 탐험의 독특한 방법을 나타냅니다. 좀 더 구체적으로, 쎄타 - 버스트는 자극 (TBS), 최대 건강한 인구의 자극을 정지 후 30 분 동안 대뇌 피질의 소성을 조절하기 위해 표시된 특정 stimulatory 프로토콜은 이미 비정상 소성의 탐사에 효과 도구를 입증했다. 9,10 최근 연구는 자폐증 스펙트럼에 대한 개인의 상당히 더 오래 TBS의 효과를 보였습니다 -. 90까지 분 11이 연장 효과 - 기간은 자폐증 개인의 두뇌의 자연 소성 상태에서 기본 이상을 제시 - 연약한에 의해 유도된 hyperexcitability와 유사 X 증후군. 본 실험에서 이용한 단일 펄스 모터 evoked 잠재력이 (MEPs)의 벤치 마크로서, 우리는 FXS 및 자폐증 스펙트럼에서 개인의 고통 개인의 대뇌 피질의 소성에 대한 단속과 지속적인 두 TBS의 영향을 모색할 것입니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism at JoVE.com

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

이 문서에서는, 우리는 연약한 X 증후군과 자폐증 스펙트럼에서 개인의 고통 개인의 대뇌 피질의 소성에 세타 - 버스트 TMS의 자극의 효과를 검사합니다.

TMS : 연약한 X 증후군 및 자폐증과 개인의 소성의 Mechasnism를 탐험하는 세타 - 버스트 프로토콜을 사용하여

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

tms-using-theta-burst-protocol-to-explore-mechanism-plasticity

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16.8K 조회수.  Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. 이 문서에서는, 우리는 연약한 X 증후군과 자폐증 스펙트럼에서 개인의 고통 개인의 대뇌 피질의 소성에 세타 - 버스트 TMS의 자극의 효과를 검사합니다.

비디오: TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

The NeuroStar TMS Device: Conducting the FDA Approved Protocol for Treatment of Depression

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic fields. These rapidly alternating fields induce electrical currents within localized, targeted regions of the cortex which are associated with various physiological and functional brain changes.1,2,3
In 2007, O'Reardon et al., utilizing the NeuroStar device, published the results of an industry-sponsored, multisite, randomized, sham-stimulation controlled clinical trial in which 301 patients with major depression, who had previously failed to respond to at least one adequate antidepressant treatment trial, underwent either active or sham TMS over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). The patients, who were medication-free at the time of the study, received TMS five times per week over 4-6 weeks.4
The results demonstrated that a sub-population of patients (those who were relatively less resistant to medication, having failed not more than two good pharmacologic trials) showed a statistically significant improvement on the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and various other outcome measures. In October 2008, supported by these and other similar results5,6,7, Neuronetics obtained the first and only Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval for the clinical treatment of a specific form of medication-refractory depression using a TMS Therapy device (FDA approval K061053).
In this paper, we will explore the specified FDA approved NeuroStar depression treatment protocol (to be administered only under prescription and by a licensed medical profession in either an in- or outpatient setting).

In this article, we examine the methodology and considerations relevant to the FDA approved depression treatment protocol using the Neuronetics NeuroStar TMS device.

NeuroStar TMS 장치 : FDA를 실시는 우울증 치료 프로토콜을 승인

The Neuronetics NeuroStar Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) System is a class II medical device that produces brief duration, pulsed magnetic ...

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신경과학

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic development and axonal wiring. Recently the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system (PNS) have become powerful genetic models in which to elucidate both general and class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation.
There are four main DA neuron classes (I-IV)1. They are named in order of increasing dendrite arbor complexity, and have class-specific differences in the genetic control of their differentiation2-10. The DA sensory system is a practical model to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind the control of dendritic morphology11-13 because: 1) it can take advantage of the powerful genetic tools available in the fruit fly, 2) the DA neuron dendrite arbor spreads out in only 2 dimensions beneath an optically clear larval cuticle making it easy to visualize with high resolution in vivo, 3) the class-specific diversity in dendritic morphology facilitates a comparative analysis to find key elements controlling the formation of simple vs. highly branched dendritic trees, and 4) dendritic arbor stereotypical shapes of different DA neurons facilitate morphometric statistical analyses.
DA neuron activity modifies the output of a larval locomotion central pattern generator14-16. The different DA neuron classes have distinct sensory modalities, and their activation elicits different behavioral responses14,16-20. Furthermore different classes send axonal projections stereotypically into the Drosophila larval central nervous system in the ventral nerve cord (VNC)21. These projections terminate with topographic representations of both DA neuron sensory modality and the position in the body wall of the dendritic field7,22,23. Hence examination of DA axonal projections can be used to elucidate mechanisms underlying topographic mapping7,22,23, as well as the wiring of a simple circuit modulating larval locomotion14-17.
We present here a practical guide to generate and analyze genetic mosaics24 marking DA neurons via MARCM (Mosaic Analysis with a Repressible Cell Marker)1,10,25 and Flp-out22,26,27 techniques (summarized in Fig. 1).

Morphological Analysis of Drosophila Larval Peripheral Sensory Neuron Dendrites and Axons Using Genetic Mosaics

The dendritic arborization sensory neurons of the Drosophila larval peripheral nervous system are useful models to elucidate both general and neuron class-specific mechanisms of neuron differentiation. We present a practical guide to generate and analyze dendritic arborization neuron genetic mosaics.

의 형태학의 분석 Drosophila</em유전 모자이크 사용하기> 애벌레 주변 감각 신경 세포의 Dendrites 및 Axons

Nervous system development requires the correct specification of neuron position and identity, followed by accurate neuron class-specific dendritic ...

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval body wall contains several cell types that are models to study cell and tissue morphogenesis. For example tracheae are used to examine tube morphogenesis1, and the dendritic arborization (DA) sensory neurons of the Drosophila larva have become a primary system for the elucidation of general and neuron-class-specific mechanisms of dendritic differentiation2-5 and degeneration6.
The shape of dendrite branches can vary significantly between neuron classes, and even among different branches of a single neuron7,8. Genetic studies in DA neurons suggest that differential cytoskeletal organization can underlie morphological differences in dendritic branch shape4,9-11. We provide a robust immunological labeling method to assay in vivo microtubule organization in DA sensory neuron dendrite arbor (Figures 1, 2, Movie 1). This protocol illustrates the dissection and immunostaining of first instar larva, a stage when active sensory neuron dendrite outgrowth and branching organization is occurring 12,13.
In addition to staining sensory neurons, this method achieves robust labeling of microtubule organization in muscles (Movies 2, 3), trachea (Figure 3, Movie 3), and other body wall tissues. It is valuable for investigators wishing to analyze microtubule organization in situ in the body wall when investigating mechanisms that control tissue and cell shape.

Immunohistological Labeling of Microtubules in Sensory Neuron Dendrites, Tracheae, and Muscles in the Drosophila Larva Body Wall

To understand how complex cell shapes, such as neuronal dendrites, are achieved during development, it is important to be able to accurately assay microtubule organization. Here we describe a robust immunohistological labeling method to examine microtubule organization of dendritic arborization neuron sensory dendrites, trachea, muscle, and other Drosophila larva body wall tissues.

Immunohistological 감각 신경 세포의 Dendrites에 Microtubules의 라벨링, Tracheae, 그리고 근육에 Drosophila 유충 바디 벽

To understand how differences in complex cell shapes are achieved, it is important to accurately follow microtubule organization. The Drosophila larval ...

Lateral Diffusion and Exocytosis of Membrane Proteins in Cultured Neurons Assessed using Fluorescence Recovery and Fluorescence-loss Photobleaching

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This directed trafficking is of fundamental importance to deliver, maintain or remove synaptic proteins.
Super-ecliptic pHluorin (SEP) is a pH-sensitive derivative of eGFP that has been extensively used for live cell imaging of plasma membrane proteins1-2. At low pH, protonation of SEP decreases photon absorption and eliminates fluorescence emission. As most intracellular trafficking events occur in compartments with low pH, where SEP fluorescence is eclipsed, the fluorescence signal from SEP-tagged proteins is predominantly from the plasma membrane where the SEP is exposed to a neutral pH extracellular environment. When illuminated at high intensity SEP, like every fluorescent dye, is irreversibly photodamaged (photobleached)3-5. Importantly, because low pH quenches photon absorption, only surface expressed SEP can be photobleached whereas intracellular SEP is unaffected by the high intensity illumination6-10. 
FRAP (fluorescence recovery after photobleaching) of SEP-tagged proteins is a convenient and powerful technique for assessing protein dynamics at the plasma membrane. When fluorescently tagged proteins are photobleached in a region of interest (ROI) the recovery in fluorescence occurs due to the movement of unbleached SEP-tagged proteins into the bleached region. This can occur via lateral diffusion and/or from exocytosis of non-photobleached receptors supplied either by de novo synthesis or recycling (see Fig. 1). The fraction of immobile and mobile protein can be determined and the mobility and kinetics of the diffusible fraction can be interrogated under basal and stimulated conditions such as agonist application or neuronal activation stimuli such as NMDA or KCl application8,10. 
We describe photobleaching techniques designed to selectively visualize the recovery of fluorescence attributable to exocytosis. Briefly, an ROI is photobleached once as with standard FRAP protocols, followed, after a brief recovery, by repetitive bleaching of the flanking regions. This 'FRAP-FLIP' protocol, developed in our lab, has been used to characterize AMPA receptor trafficking at dendritic spines10, and is applicable to a wide range of trafficking studies to evaluate the intracellular trafficking and exocytosis.

This report describes the use of live cell imaging and photobleach techniques to determine the surface expression, transport pathways and trafficking kinetics of exogenously expressed, pH-sensitive GFP-tagged proteins at the plasma membrane of neurons.

교양 뉴런의 막 단백질의 측면 보급과 Exocytosis은 형광 복구 및 형광 손실 Photobleaching를 사용하여 평가

Membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels undergo active trafficking in neurons, which are highly polarised and morphologically complex. This ...

A Proboscis Extension Response Protocol for Investigating Behavioral Plasticity in Insects: Application to Basic, Biomedical, and Agricultural Research

Insects modify their responses to stimuli through experience of associating those stimuli with events important for survival (e.g., food, mates, threats). There are several behavioral mechanisms through which an insect learns salient associations and relates them to these events. It is important to understand this behavioral plasticity for programs aimed toward assisting insects that are beneficial for agriculture. This understanding can also be used for discovering solutions to biomedical and agricultural problems created by insects that act as disease vectors and pests. The Proboscis Extension Response (PER) conditioning protocol was developed for honey bees (Apis mellifera) over 50 years ago to study how they perceive and learn about floral odors, which signal the nectar and pollen resources a colony needs for survival. The PER procedure provides a robust and easy-to-employ framework for studying several different ecologically relevant mechanisms of behavioral plasticity. It is easily adaptable for use with several other insect species and other behavioral reflexes. These protocols can be readily employed in conjunction with various means for monitoring neural activity in the CNS via electrophysiology or bioimaging, or for manipulating targeted neuromodulatory pathways. It is a robust assay for rapidly detecting sub-lethal effects on behavior caused by environmental stressors, toxins or pesticides.
We show how the PER protocol is straightforward to implement using two procedures. One is suitable as a laboratory exercise for students or for quick assays of the effect of an experimental treatment. The other provides more thorough control of variables, which is important for studies of behavioral conditioning. We show how several measures for the behavioral response ranging from binary yes/no to more continuous variable like latency and duration of proboscis extension can be used to test hypotheses. And, we discuss some pitfalls that researchers commonly encounter when they use the procedure for the first time.

The Proboscis Extension Response (PER) conditioning protocol, developed for the honey bee (Apis mellifera), provides an ecologically-relevant and easily quantifiable means for studying several different mechanisms of learning in many insect species.

코 확장 응답 곤충의 행동 소성을 조사하기위한 프로토콜 : 기본, 바이오 메디컬에 응용 프로그램, 및 농업 연구

Insects modify their responses to stimuli through experience of associating those stimuli with events important for survival (e.g., food, mates, threats). ...

Inducing Plasticity of Astrocytic Receptors by Manipulation of Neuronal Firing Rates

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be stimulated by neuronally-released transmitter. However, the ability of astrocytic receptors to exhibit plasticity in response to changes in neuronal activity has received little attention. Here we describe a model system that can be used to globally scale up or down astrocytic group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in acute brain slices. Included are methods on how to prepare parasagittal hippocampal slices, construct chambers suitable for long-term slice incubation, bidirectionally manipulate neuronal action potential frequency, load astrocytes and astrocyte processes with fluorescent Ca2+ indicator, and measure changes in astrocytic Gq GPCR activity by recording spontaneous and evoked astrocyte Ca2+ events using confocal microscopy. In essence, a &#8220;calcium roadmap&#8221; is provided for how to measure plasticity of astrocytic Gq GPCRs. Applications of the technique for study of astrocytes are discussed. Having an understanding of how astrocytic receptor signaling is affected by changes in neuronal activity has important implications for both normal synaptic function as well as processes underlying neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.

Here we describe an adaptation of protocols used to induce homeostatic plasticity in neurons for the study of plasticity of astrocytic G protein-coupled receptors. Recently used to examine changes in astrocytic group I mGluRs in juvenile mice, the method can be applied to measure scaling of various astrocytic GPCRs, in tissue from adult mice in situ and in vivo, and to gain a better appreciation of the sensitivity of astrocytic receptors to changes in neuronal activity.

신경 발사 환율의 조작에 의해 성상 세포 수용체의 가소성을 유도

Close to two decades of research has established that astrocytes in situ and in vivo express numerous G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that can be ...

Developing HiPSC Derived Serum Free Embryoid Bodies for the Interrogation of 3-D Stem Cell Cultures Using Physiologically Relevant Assays

Although a number of in vitro disease models have been developed using hiPSCs, one limitation is that these two-dimensional (2-D) systems may not represent the underlying cytoarchitectural and functional complexity of the affected individuals carrying suspected disease variants. Conventional 2-D models remain incomplete representations of in vivo-like structures and do not adequately capture the complexity of the brain. Thus, there is an emerging need for more 3-D hiPSC-based models that can better recapitulate the cellular interactions and functions seen in an in vivo system.
Here we report a protocol to develop a 3-D system from undifferentiated hiPSCs based on the serum free embryoid body (SFEB). This 3-D model mirrors aspects of a developing ventralized neocortex and allows for studies into functions integral to living neural cells and intact tissue such as migration, connectivity, communication, and maturation. Specifically, we demonstrate that the SFEBs using our protocol can be interrogated using physiologically relevant and high-content cell based assays such as calcium imaging, and multi-electrode array (MEA) recordings without cryosectioning. In the case of MEA recordings, we demonstrate that SFEBs increase both spike activity and network-level bursting activity during long-term culturing. This SFEB protocol provides a robust and scalable system for the study of developing network formation in a 3-D model that captures aspects of early cortical development.

Here we report a protocol to develop a three-dimensional (3-D) system from human induced-pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) called the serum free embryoid body (SFEB). This 3-D model can be used like an organotypic slice culture to model human cortical development and for the physiological interrogation of developing neural circuits.

생리 학적으로 적합한 분석법을 사용하여 3 차원 줄기 세포 배양 물의 심문을위한 HiPSC 파생 혈청 무 세포 배아 체 개발

Although a number of in vitro disease models have been developed using hiPSCs, one limitation is that these two-dimensional (2-D) systems may not ...

Screening of Axonal Degeneration in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Using Ultrasonography and Nerve Conduction Studies

Axonal degeneration, indicative of surgical decompression, may coexist in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as the disease progresses. However, the current diagnostic and severity gradation system cannot clearly indicate its coexistence, resulting in&#160;confusion of appropriate treatment prescription. There are also constraints in conventional methods for&#160;differentiation as well. This study aims at introducing an innovative, efficient, and quick screening protocol to differentiate axonal degeneration associated with CTS, using ultrasound and nerve conduction studies (NCS). It starts by using NCS to perform orthodromic stimulation at the wrist, to obtain the sensory conduction of the median and the ulnar nerves respectively. Meanwhile, the motor conduction&#160;of the median nerve is collected by stimulating the palm, wrist, and elbow, followed by the stimulation of the ulnar nerve at the wrist,&#160;below and above the elbow. Then, an ultrasound assessment is performed, using a linear array transducer, with cross-sectional area (CSA) and perimeter (P) at the wrist and at the one-third distal forearm calipered. Ratios (R-CSA, R-P) and changes from wrist to one-third distal forearm (&#916;CSA and &#916;P) are calculated according to a standard format. Potential axonal degeneration coexisting in CTS will be screened according to the criteria of NCS and cut-off values of ultrasound measurements established in a previous study. In terms of its noninvasiveness, low cost, convenience, and efficiency, it is easy to apply ultrasound complimentarily in clinical practice to prescreen patients with potential coexisting axonal degeneration. Nevertheless, the ultrasonographic imaging cannot directly reflect axonal degeneration. It still relies on conventional but invasive methods&#160;such as electromyography (EMG) and biopsy&#160;for confirmation if needed.

Here we present a protocol using nerve conduction studies and ultrasound to screen potential axonal degeneration associated with carpal tunnel syndrome. The criteria for differentiation are established. Compared to conventional approaches, this method is noninvasive, convenient, and efficient, with an overall satisfactory accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity.

초음파 검사 및 신경 유도 학문을 사용 하 여 수 근 관 증후군에서 Axonal 변성의 심사

Axonal degeneration, indicative of surgical decompression, may coexist in carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) as the disease progresses. However, the current ...

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

We describe a rapid tissue donation program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) that requires scientists and technicians to be on-call 24/7, 365 days a year. Participants consent to donate their brain and spinal cord. Most patients were followed by neurologists at the Cleveland Clinic Mellen Center for MS Treatment and Research. Their clinical courses and neurological disabilities are well-characterized. Soon after death, the body is transported to the MS Imaging Center, where the brain is scanned in situ by 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The body is then transferred to the autopsy room, where the brain and spinal cord are removed. The brain is divided into two hemispheres. One hemisphere is immediately placed in a slicing box and alternate 1 cm-thick slices are either fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for two days or rapidly frozen in dry ice and 2-methylbutane. The short-fixed brain slices are stored in a cryopreservation solution and used for histological analyses and immunocytochemical detection of sensitive antigens. Frozen slices are stored at -80 &#176;C and used for molecular, immunocytochemical, and in situ hybridization/RNA scope studies. The other hemisphere is placed in 4% paraformaldehyde for several months, placed in the slicing box, re-scanned in the 3 T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner and sliced into centimeter-thick slices. Postmortem in situ MR images (MRIs) are co-registered with 1 cm-thick brain slices to facilitate MRI-pathology correlations. All brain slices are photographed and brain white-matter lesions are identified. The spinal cord is cut into 2 cm segments. Alternate segments are fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde or rapidly frozen. The rapid procurement of postmortem MS tissues allows pathological and molecular analyses of MS brains and spinal cords and pathological correlations of brain MRI abnormalities. The quality of these rapidly-processed postmortem tissues (usually within 6 h of death) is of great value to MS research and has resulted in many high-impact discoveries.

Multiple sclerosis is an inflammatory demyelinating disease with no cure. Analysis of brain tissue provides important clues to understanding the pathogenesis of the disease. Here we discuss the methodology and downstream analysis of MS brain tissue collected through a unique rapid autopsy program in operation at the Cleveland Clinic.

다발성 경화증을 가진 개별을 위한 포괄적인 부검 프로그램

We describe a rapid tissue donation program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) that requires scientists and technicians to be on-call 24/7, 365 ...

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

Computational modeling of diffusion and reaction of chemical species in a three-dimensional (3D) geometry is a fundamental method to understand the mechanisms of synaptic plasticity in dendritic spines. In this protocol, the detailed 3D structure of the dendrites and dendritic spines is modeled with meshes on the software Blender with CellBlender. The synaptic and extrasynaptic regions are defined on the mesh. Next, the synaptic receptor and synaptic anchor molecules are defined with their diffusion constants. Finally, the chemical reactions between synaptic receptors and synaptic anchors are included and the computational model is solved numerically with the software MCell. This method describes the spatiotemporal path of every single molecule in a 3D geometrical structure. Thus, it is very useful to study the trafficking of synaptic receptors in and out of the dendritic spines during the occurrence of synaptic plasticity. A limitation of this method is that the high number of molecules slows the speed of the simulations. Modeling of dendritic spines with this method allows the study of homosynaptic potentiation and depression within single spines and heterosynaptic plasticity between neighbor dendritic spines.

The protocol develops a three-dimensional (3D) model of a dendritic segment with dendritic spines for modeling synaptic plasticity. The constructed mesh can be used for computational modeling of AMPA receptor trafficking in the long-term synaptic plasticity using the software program Blender with CellBlender and MCell.

시냅스 가소성을 가진 수지상 척추의 3D 모델링

Computational modeling of diffusion and reaction of chemical species in a three-dimensional (3D) geometry is a fundamental method to understand the ...