이 연구는 SLB에 간질 (치료)의 연구에 대한 시민 연합에서 부여에 의해 지원되었다.

<p class="jove_title"&gt; 1. 건설 재료</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; 경정맥 정맥 카테 테르를 한 끝에 beveled PE - 50 폴리에틸렌 튜빙의 조각 (100 ㎜)에서 구축하고 헤파린 식염수 (50 U 헤파린 / ML 호수)로 가득 차 있습니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; ECG 기록 전극은 절연 실버 와이어 (30AWG)의 두 100mm 길이로 구성되어 있습니다. 두 전선의 한쪽 끝을는 옷을 벗긴 채 microconnector에 납땜하고 절연은 접지로 사용됩니다 삼분의 일 전선을 형성 트위스트입니다. 절연의 다섯 - mm은 전선의 말초 끝에서 제거하고 삭제합니다.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 2. 경정맥 베인 카테터를 이온 주입</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; 우레탄의 관리에 의해 동물, IP를 (1.2 g / kg) 마취.</li&gt;<li&gt; 정기적으로 페달 탈퇴 응답 및 / 또는 안구 반사를 평가하여 (10 분 간격) 마취의 심도를 확인하십시오. 필요한 경우 마취를 보완.</li&gt;<li동물 마취의 해당 비행기에 있습니다&gt; 후, 쇄골에서 턱에 목의 오른쪽 면도.</li&gt;<li&gt; 경동맥 위의 피부에 세로 절개 (10~15mm)을 확인하고 절개를 엽니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 무딘 절개 기법을 사용하여 오른쪽 경정맥 정맥을 찾아 분리 기본 근육을 전파.</li&gt;<li&gt; 경정맥 정맥에 따라 플레이스 수술 비단 두 조각 (# 2)와 절개의 주동이의와 꼬리 부분에 대부분의 위치에 봉합합니다. 정맥을 통해 흐름을 중지할 수있는 주동이의 끈을 묶어.</li&gt;<li&gt; 기본 조직에서 혈관을 들고 작은 상처를 확인하기 위해 꼬리 묶인을 철회. 다음 헤파린 - 가득한 (50 U / ML 호수) PE - 50 폴리에틸렌 카테터 (길이 100mm)의 beveled 끝을 삽입하고 오른쪽 아트리움의 수준에 대한 팁을 약 8mm를 사전.</li&gt;<li카테 테르를 확보하기&gt; 위해, 선박 및 카테 테르 모두 주변의 꼬리 묶인를 묶어. 마지막으로, 상처 클립이나 봉합사 중으로 상처를 닫습니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 카테 테르의 주입 동안 노출된 끝을 중 hemostat로 고정되어 또는 사전 주입 펌프에 부착하기 위해 혈액의 흐름을 방지하기 위해 다시 연결합니다.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 3. CG의 전극을 이온 주입</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt;의 뒷면에있는 동물을 플레이스와 가슴 면도.</li&gt;<li&gt; 전극의 배치에 대한 두 개의 세로 incisions (≈ 10mm), 오른쪽 상단에 하나 가슴의 왼쪽 하단 quadrants 한과 흉부 근육을 노출 무료 overlying 피부합니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 봉합사 노출 영역의 각 흉부 근육에 은색 와이어 전극의 노출 5 mm 팁 중 하나 subcutaneously 접지 전극을 배치.</li&gt;<li&gt; 상처 클립 incisions을 닫고 녹음 장치에 microconnector를 꽂습니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 절차를 수행하는 동안 체온을 유지하기 위해 수건을 느슨하게 동물을 바꿈.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 4. 녹음 ECG</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; 녹음 Powerlab 데이터 수집 시스템 및 Macintosh 컴퓨터 또는 유사한 하드웨어 / 소프트웨어 (; 필터링, 1에서 1,000 사이 Hz에서, 50X 증폭)를 사용하여 만들어집니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 20 분 20-30 분 평균 기간, 기록 ECG를 따라.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 5. 심실 Arrhythmias를 유도</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; 프로그램 주입 펌프에 배치 원격 주사기로 경정맥 정맥 카테터를 연결합니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 5 UG / 7 분 ㎏ / 분 지속적인 복용을 제공하는 속도 aconitine 주입을 개시.</li&gt;<li&gt; 다음과 심실세동 또는 주입 기간의 끝은 승인 절차를 사용하여 동물을 안락사.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 6. ECG 분석</p&gt;<ol&gt;<li&gt; QT 간격은 심실 전기 활동의 총 시간을 나타냅니다. 그림. 1 모델 ECG 기록과 QT 간격의 시간을 보여줍니다. 20 분 녹음 기간 동안 얻은 다섯 분 간격 전역 기록된 심장이 뛰는에 대한 T - 파도의 Q - 파 및 종료의 개시 사이의 말은 시간을 계산합니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; 심장 박동 (QTc)의 차이에 대한 QT 간격을 수정하려면 바젯의 공식을 사용 QTc = QT / (RR)<sup&gt; ½</sup&gt; 어디 RR은 심장이 뛰는 사이의 평균 간격입니다. RR 간격은 분석 기간 동안 얻은 연속 Q - 파도 사이의 기간으로 계산됩니다.</li&gt;<li&gt; QT 분산 (QTd)는 각 동물에 대해 기록된 최대 QT에서 최소 QT을 빼서 계산합니다.</li&gt;</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 7. 심장 박동의 변화 분석</p&gt;<ol<li분석 기간 동안 얻은 RR 간격의 변화를 분석&gt; 소프트웨어 프로그램 (예 : LabChart 7 ADInstruments 주식 회사)는 심장 박동의 시간적 및 / 또는 스펙트럼 모두 변화의 자동 계산에 사용됩니다.</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 8. 심실 Arrhythmias에 자화율 분석</p&gt;<ol<li&gt; 첫 번째 조기 심실 수축 (PVC, 그림. 2, 패널 1), 심실빈맥 이라는데요 (VT, 그림, 2, 패널 2) 심실 세동 (VF, 그림 2. 패널 3 aconitine 주입의 개시에서 대기 시간을 계산 ).</li</ol&gt;<p class="jove_title"&gt; 9. 대표 결과</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"&gt; 그림. 3 제어 쥐 및 사전 테스트로 일주 SE를 받았습니다 동물의 스펙트럼 도메인 (루트는 RR 간격의 표준 편차의 제곱 뜻 RMSSD)에 HRV 중 하나 측정을 보여줍니다. 심장 기능의 parasympathetic 컨트롤의 변경을 나타냅니다 HRV의 측정,<sup&gt; 26</sup&gt;, 크게 상태 epilepticus에 따라 동물의 감소이다. 그림. 모두 수정 QT 간격 (QTc, 패널 A)과 QT 분산은 (QTd, 패널 B) 크게 이주 증가하는 네 쇼 SE에 따라<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;. 함께 촬영이 데이터는 SE는 심실 arrhythmias의 위험을 증가시킬 수있다는 것을 예측했다. 이 예측은 이러한 연구에서 관찰 실험 arrhythmias를 (PVC, VT, VF) 유도하는 데 필요한 aconitine 주입의 기간은 다음과 동물 SE 크게 작게다고 연구 결과에 의해 확인된다 (그림 5)<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig1.jpg" alt="figure 1" /<br /<strong&gt; 그림 1.</strongP, QRS, 그리고 T 파도를 보여주는 정상적인 심장 박동의&gt; 모델 ECG 녹음. QT 간격은 점선 라인 사이의 시간 계산됩니다.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig2.jpg" alt="figure 2" /<br /<strong&gt; 그림 2. 패널 1)</strong&gt; 너무 빨리 심실​​ 수축 (PVCs)은 고립되어 정상적인 심장이 뛰는 사이에 발생하는 심실의 수축 (B) (A). PVC 레코딩은 P와 T 파도의 부재가 특징입니다.<strong&gt; 패널이</strong&gt; 다량의 강심 (VT)은없고 개입 정상 심장이 뛰는 (A)과 함께 발생하는 여러 심실의 수축이 일련의 (C)입니다.<strong&gt; 패널 3</strong&gt; 심실세동 (VF)은 뚜렷한 리듬 및 QRS와 P 파도 (D) 사이에 협회의 부족이다.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig3.jpg" alt="figure 3" /<br /<strong&gt; 그림 3.</strong제어 쥐 및 사전 테스트로 상태 epilepticus (SE) 1 주를 겪고 동물 관찰 심장이 뛰는 사이의 간격;&gt; 루트는 표준 편차 (밀리초 RMSSD)의 제곱 의미합니다. ** P &lt;0.01가 컨트롤에 비해.</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig4.jpg" alt="figure 4" /<br /<strong&gt; 그림 4.</strong&gt; QT 간격 (패널 A) 및 제어 동물 (컨트)에서하고 테스트하기 전에 상태 epilepticus (SE) 2 주 겪고 쥐에서 얻은 ECG 녹음으로부터 계산 QT 분산을 (패널 B) 수정 의미합니다. * P &lt;0.05는 컨트에 비해. (멧켈프, 외., 암. J. Physiol. 심장과 서크, 2009의 허가와 함께 사용 Physiol 소크, 오전<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;<p class="jove_content"<img src="/files/ftp_upload/2726/2726fig5.jpg" alt="figure 5" /<br /<strong&gt; 그림 5.</strongaconitine 주입의 개시 및 이전 상태 epilepticus (SE) 2 주 진행 1 조기 심실 수축 (PVC), 심실빈맥 이라는데요 (VT) 및 심실세동 (VF) 제어 동물 (컨트)와 쥐 사이&gt; 대기 시간 (초) 테스트합니다. * P &lt;0.05, ** P &lt;0.01가 컨트에 비해. (멧켈프, 외., 암. J. Physiol. 심장과 서크, 2009의 허가와 함께 사용 Physiol 소크, 오전<sup&gt; 27</sup&gt;).</p&gt;

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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Finding+the+missing+link+between+ictal+bradyarrhythmia,+ictal+asystole,+and+sudden+unexpected+death+in+epilepsy.">Finding the missing link between ictal bradyarrhythmia, ictal asystole, and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy.</a> Epilepsy and Behavior. 9, 19-30 (2006).</li><li>Nei, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EEG+and+ECG+in+sudden+unexplained+death+in+epilepsy.">EEG and ECG in sudden unexplained death in epilepsy.</a> Epilepsia. 45, 338-345 (2004).</li><li>Dudek, F. E., Clark, S., Williams, P. A., Grabenstatter, H. L., Pitkanen, A., Schwartzkroin, P. A., Moshe, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Models of Seizures and Epilepsy. , 415-432 (2006).</li><li>Turski, W. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limbic+seizures+produced+by+pilocarpine+in+rats:+behavioral+electroencephalographic,+and+neuropathological+study.">Limbic seizures produced by pilocarpine in rats: behavioral electroencephalographic, and neuropathological study.</a> Behav. Brain Res. 9, 315-335 (1989).</li><li>Kulkarni, S. K., George, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lithium-pilocarpine+neurotoxicity:+a+potential+model+of+status+epilepticus.">Lithium-pilocarpine neurotoxicity: a potential model of status epilepticus.</a> Methods Find. Exp. Clin. Pharamacol. 17, 551-567 (1995).</li><li>Stein, P. K., Bosner, M. S., Kleiger, R. E., Conger, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hart+rate+variability:+a+measure+of+cardiac+autonomic+tone.">Hart rate variability: a measure of cardiac autonomic tone.</a> Am. Heart J. 127, 1376-1381 (1994).</li><li>Metcalf, C. S., Poelzing, S., Little, J. G., Bealer, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Status+epilepticus+induces+cardiac+myofilament+damage+and+increased+susceptibility+to+arrhythmias+in+rat.">Status epilepticus induces cardiac myofilament damage and increased susceptibility to arrhythmias in rat.</a> Am. J. Physiol. 297, H2120-H2127 (2009).</li></ol>

설명 절차의 두 측면은 매우 중요합니다. 첫째, 심장으로 aconitine 행정의 비율은 동물에 걸쳐 동일해야합니다. 이것은 마음에 상대적으로 경정맥 정맥 카테 테르 팁의 일관된 배치 및 주입 속도에주의 조정이 필요합니다. 마음을 aconitine 전달의 속도는 적절하게 변경 자화율에 비해 심실 arrhythmias의 증상을 평가하기 위해서는 동일해야합니다. aconitine 배달 다릅니다면 arrhythmias에게 지연 심장 기능의 약물 농도의 차이가 아니라 변경으로 인해 발생했을 수 있습니다. 둘째, 준비 및 ECG 기록 전극의 배치 분명 뚜렷한 P, QRS, 그리고 T 파도와 함께 유물을 무료 녹음를 얻을 수 있어야합니다. 심실 arrhythmias의 심장 박동, HRV, 그리고 사건이 혼자 QRS 파에서 결정할 수 있지만, QTc 및 QTd는 명확 Q - 파의 발병하고, T - 파도 종료를 포함하는 기록으로부터 계산해야합니다. 이러한 기술 중 하나는 분명 한계는 그들이 anesthetized 동물 실시되는 것입니다. 그러나,이 두 가지 이유 때문에 필요합니다. ECG 전극은 골격 근육 조직에 이식하기 때문에 1), 그들은 의식 쥐에서 운동하는 동안 생산 유물이 적용됩니다. 이 아닌 심장 신호는 자주 심장 기능의 적절한 분석에 필요한 ECG 활동을 흐릿하게. 의식 동물 evoked 경우 2) Aconitine 유도 arrhythmias는 잠재적인 윤리 문제를 제기. 이러한 절차는 같은 동물에 심실 arrhythmias에 느끼기 쉬운 상태의 직접적인 분석과 함께, SCD 여러 가지 잘 접수 전조 지표 부량을 허용합니다. 이 기술은 발작 장애에 상대적인 심장 위험뿐만 아니라, cardioprotective 요법의 효능을 결정하는 가치이며, 모든 병리 현상은 설치류에 모델 수있는 치명적인 심실 arrhythmias과 관련된.

methods for ecg evaluation of indicators of cardiac risk, and susceptibility to aconitine-induced arrhythmias in rats following status epilepticus

치명적인 심장 arrhythmias은 병적인 조건 수가 사망률에 기여한다. 비침습 쉽게 얻은 심전도 (ECG)에서 얻은 몇 가지 매개 변수가 설립 cardiomyopathies의 번호에서 고통 환자 심장병 위험 전조 지표를 잘 확인하고 있습니다. 증가 심장 박동이 심장 박동의 변화 (HRV)를 감소, 모든 향상된 심장 위험 1-4 나타내는 아르 기간 및 심장 심실 전기 활동의 다양성을 (QT 간격) 증가했다. 동물 모델에서, 그것은 실험적으로 유도된 arrhythmias 이러한 ECG - 파생 변수와 자화율을 비교하는 가치가있다. arrhythmogenic 에이전트 aconitine의 정맥 주입은 널리 운동 7 대기 오염 물질 8 노출뿐만 아니라, antiarrhythmic 결정 다음, 우울증 5 고혈압 6 동물 모델을 포함하여 실험 조건의 범위에서 arrhythmias을 느끼기 쉬운 상태를 평가하기 위해 사용되었습니다 약리 대리인 9,10의 효능. 그것은 인간 QT 분산은 표준 12 리드 ECG에서 리드의 전체 집합 전체 QT 간격의 변화를 측정하는 것을 주목하여야한다. 따라서,이 프로토콜에 설명된 쥐에서 2 리드 ECG에서 QT 분산의 측정은 인간의 ECG 기록으로부터 계산보다 다릅니다. 이것은 인간의 임상 의학에 설치류에서 얻은 데이터의 번역에 한계를 나타냅니다. 상태 epilepticus (SE)은 13 가지 경우 20 % 이상의 사망률 30 분 11,12 11,12, 그리고 결과를 지속 지속적으로 반복 발작의 단일 발작 또는 시리즈입니다. 많은 개인은 SE 생존하지만, 삼십일 14,15 이내에 죽어. 이 지연 사망률의 메커니즘 (들)은 완전히 이해되지 않습니다. 이것은 치명적인 심실 arrhythmias이 죽음 14-17 많은 기여 것을 제안했습니다. SE뿐만 아니라, 저절로 반복 발작, 즉 간질을 경험 환자는 간질 (SUDEP) 18과 관련된 조기 갑자기 예기치 않은 죽음의 위험이 있습니다. SE와 마찬가지로, SUDEP을 중재 정확한 메커니즘은 알려져 있지 않습니다. 이것은 심실 이상과 결과 arrhythmias가 중요한 공헌 18-22을 만드는 것이 제안되었습니다. 발작과 관련된 심장 죽음과 cardioprotective 요법의 효능의 메커니즘을 조사하기 위해서는 위험 ECG - 파생 지표를 모두 취득하고 발작 장애 23-25의 동물 모델에서 심장 arrhythmias을 느끼기 쉬운 상태를 평가하는 것이 필요합니다. 여기 SE, 수집과 분석 ECG 레코딩, 그리고 aconitine의 IV 주입하는 동안 arrhythmias의 유도에 따라 스프 라그 - 돌리 실험실 쥐 (Rattus norvegicus)의 ECG 전극을 이온 주입에 대한 방법을 설명합니다. 이러한 절차를 직접 사이의 관계를 결정하는 데 사용할 수있는 ECG - 파생 발작 질환의 쥐 모델에서 심실 arrhythmias에 심장 전기 활동과 자화율 조치, 또는 갑작스런 심장 사망의 증가 위험과 관련된 병리학합니다.

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus at JoVE.com

Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

심전도 (ECG)에 의해 심장의 전기 활동을 측정하고, 쥐의 상태 epilepticus (SE) 다음과 같은 심장병 위험 요인과 arrhythmias을 느끼기 쉬운 상태의 분석에 대한 기술이 설명되어 있습니다.

ECG의 심장병 위험의 지표의 평가, 그리고 쥐의 Aconitine 유발 Arrhythmias을 느끼기 쉬운 상태에 대한 방법은 상태 Epilepticus을 따라

Lethal cardiac arrhythmias contribute to mortality in a number of pathological conditions. Several parameters obtained from a 
non-invasive, easily ...

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17.6K 조회수.  University of Utah. 심전도 (ECG)에 의해 심장의 전기 활동을 측정하고, 쥐의 상태 epilepticus (SE) 다음과 같은 심장병 위험 요인과 arrhythmias을 느끼기 쉬운 상태의 분석에 대한 기술이 설명되어 있습니다.

비디오: Methods for ECG Evaluation of Indicators of Cardiac Risk, and Susceptibility to Aconitine-induced Arrhythmias in Rats Following Status Epilepticus

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson's Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease (PD) pathogenesis are less understood. Gene-environment interaction models have utility in unmasking the impact of specific cellular pathways in toxicity that may not be observed using a solely genetic or toxicant disease model alone.&#160;To evaluate if distinct LOX isozymes selectively contribute to PD-related neurodegeneration, transgenic (i.e. 5-LOX and 12/15-LOX deficient) mice can be challenged with a toxin that mimics cell injury and death in the disorder.&#160;Here we describe the use of a neurotoxin, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), which produces a nigrostriatal lesion to elucidate the distinct contributions of LOX isozymes to neurodegeneration related to PD. The use of MPTP in mouse, and nonhuman primate, is well-established to recapitulate the nigrostriatal damage in PD.&#160;The extent of MPTP-induced lesioning is measured by HPLC analysis of dopamine and its metabolites and semi-quantitative Western blot analysis of striatum for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of dopamine. To assess inflammatory markers, which may demonstrate LOX isozyme-selective sensitivity, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Iba-1 immunohistochemistry are performed on brain sections containing substantia nigra, and GFAP Western blot analysis is performed on striatal homogenates.&#160;This experimental approach can provide novel insights into gene-environment interactions underlying nigrostriatal degeneration and PD.

Gene-environment Interaction Models to Unmask Susceptibility Mechanisms in Parkinson&#039;s Disease

Lipoxygenase (LOX) isozymes can generate products that may increase or decrease neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.&#160;A gene-environment interaction study could identify LOX isozyme-specific effects. Using the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) model of nigrostriatal damage in two LOX isozyme-deficient transgenic lines allows for comparison of the contribution of LOX isozymes on dopaminergic integrity and inflammation.

파킨슨 병에서 감수성 메커니즘을 마스크를 해제하는 유전자 환경 상호 작용 모델

Lipoxygenase (LOX) activity has been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer&#39;s disease, but its effects in Parkinson&#39;s disease ...

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Ascending Aortic Constriction in Rats for Creation of Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy Model

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Here, we describe a detailed surgical procedure for creating pressure overload and cardiac hypertrophy in rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. After anesthesia, the trachea is intubated by inserting a cannula through a half way incision made between two cartilage rings of trachea. Then a skin incision is made at the level of the second intercostal space on the left chest wall and muscle layers are cleared to locate the ascending portion of aorta. The ascending aorta is constricted to 50&#8211;60% of its original diameter by application of a small sized titanium clip. Following aortic constriction, the second and third ribs are approximated with prolene sutures. The tracheal cannula is removed once spontaneous breathing was re-established. The animal is allowed to recover on the heating pad by gradually lowering anesthesia. The intensity of pressure overload created by constriction of the ascending aorta is determined by recording the pressure gradient using trans-thoracic two dimensional Doppler-echocardiography. Overall this protocol is useful to study the remodeling events and contractile properties of the heart during the gradual onset and progression from compensated cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure stage.

We describe a stepwise procedure for creating pressure overload and left ventricular hypertrophy in Wistar rats by constriction of the ascending aorta using a small metallic clip. This model is extensively used for studying remodeling changes during cardiac hypertrophy and for identifying and evaluating strategies for regression of such changes.

압력 과부하 심장 비대 모델의 창조를위한 쥐의 대동맥 수축 오름차순

Ascending aortic constriction is the most common and successful surgical model for creating pressure overload induced cardiac hypertrophy and heart ...

Early Detection of Drug-Induced Renal Hemodynamic Dysfunction Using Sonographic Technology in Rats

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is estimated to contribute to 19- 25% of all clinical cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients. AKI detection has historically relied on metrics such as serum creatinine (sCr) or blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are demonstrably inadequate in full assessment of nephrotoxicity in the early phase of renal dysfunction. Currently, there is no robust diagnostic method to accurately detect hemodynamic alteration in the early phase of AKI while such alterations might actually precede the rise in serum biomarker levels. Such early detection can help clinicians make an accurate diagnosis and help in in decision making for therapeutic strategy. Rats were treated with Cisplatin to induce AKI. Nephrotoxicity was assessed for six days using high-frequency sonography, sCr measurement and upon histopathology of kidney. Hemodynamic evaluation using 2D and Color-Doppler images were used to serially study nephrotoxicity in rats, using the sonography. Our data showed successful drug-induced kidney injury in adult rats by histological examination. Color-Doppler based sonographic assessment of AKI indicated that resistive-index (RI) and pulsatile-index (PI) were increased in the treatment group; and peak-systolic velocity (mm/s), end-diastolic velocity (mm/s) and velocity-time integral (VTI, mm) were decreased in renal arteries in the same group. Importantly, these hemodynamic changes evaluated by sonography preceded the rise of sCr levels. Sonography-based indices such as RI or PI can thus be useful predictive markers of declining renal function in rodents. From our sonography-based observations in the kidneys of rats that underwent AKI, we showed that these noninvasive hemodynamic measurements may consider as an accurate, sensitive and robust method in detecting early stage kidney dysfunction. This study also underscores the importance of ethical issues associated with animal use in research.

Early stage hemodynamic dysfunction is critical to the development of kidney disease. Yet, detection methodologies are limited. Recent advances in sonography provide a noninvasive, accurate option for early detection of kidney injury. This study outlines a step-by-step, sonographic methodology for detecting kidney dysfunction using a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model.

쥐에서 초음파 기술을 사용하여 약물 유발 신장 혈역학 적 부전의 조기 발견

The kidney normally functions to maintain hemodynamic homeostasis and is a major site of damage caused by drug toxicity. Drug-induced nephrotoxicity is ...

A Model of Cardiac Remodeling Through Constriction of the Abdominal Aorta in Rats

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and fluid retention. Changes in myocardial structure, electrical conduction, and energy metabolism develop with heart failure, leading to contractile dysfunction, increased risk of arrhythmias, and sudden death. Hypertensive heart disease is one of the key contributing factors of cardiac remodeling associated with heart failure. The most commonly-used animal model mimicking hypertensive heart disease is created via surgical interventions, such as by narrowing the aorta. Abdominal aortic constriction is a useful experimental technique to induce a pressure overload, which leads to heart failure. The surgery can be easily performed, without the need for chest opening or mechanical ventilation. Abdominal aortic constriction-induced cardiac pathology progresses gradually, making this model relevant to clinical hypertensive heart failure. Cardiac injury and remodeling can be observed 10 weeks after the surgery. The method described here provides a simple and effective approach to produce a hypertensive heart disease animal model that is suitable for studying disease mechanisms and for testing novel therapeutics.

A rat model of abdominal aortic constriction that induces cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling is described. An efficient, highly-reproducible, and minimally-invasive method is used to provide a simple yet useful platform for research in myocardial hypertrophy and dysfunction.

쥐의 복부 대동맥의 수축을 통해 심장 리모델링의 모델

Heart failure is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. It is a complex clinical syndromethat includes fatigue, dyspnea, exercise intolerance, and ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance for the Evaluation of Suspected Cardiac Thrombus: Conventional and Emerging Techniques

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The appearance of a mass on certain magnetic resonance (MR) sequences can help differentiate a thrombus from competing diagnoses such as a tumor. T1 and T2 signal characteristics of a thrombus are related to the evolution of hemoglobin properties. A thrombus typically does not enhance following contrast administration, which also helps differentiation from a tumor. We also highlight the emerging role of T1 mapping in the evaluation of a thrombus, which can add another level of support in diagnosis. Prior to any CMR exam, patient screening and interviews are critical to ensure safety and to optimize patient comfort. Effective communication during the exam between the technologist and the patient promotes proper breath holding technique and higher quality images. Volumetric post processing and structured reporting are helpful to ensure that the radiologist answers the ordering services&#39; question and communicates these results effectively. Optimal pre-MR safety evaluation, CMR exam execution, and post exam processing and reporting allow for delivery of high quality radiological service in the evaluation of a suspected cardiac thrombus.

The goal of this article is to describe how cardiac magnetic resonance can be used for the evaluation and diagnosis of a suspected cardiac thrombus. The method presented will describe data acquisition as well as the pre-procedure and post-procedure protocol.

의심되는 심장 혈전의 평가를 위한 심장 자기 공명: 기존 및 신흥 기술

We present the conventional cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) protocol for evaluating a suspected thrombus and highlight emerging techniques.&#160;The ...

Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Anatomy and Function in Adult Rats

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional imaging to study the cardiac anatomy of the left ventricle and M-mode echo to assess its dimensions. However, this could limit a comprehensive study. Herein, we describe a protocol that allows an assessment of the heart chamber size, left ventricular function (systolic and diastolic) and valvular function. A conventional medical ultrasound machine was used in this protocol and different echo views were obtained through left parasternal, apical and suprasternal windows. In the left parasternal window, the long and short axis were acquired to analyze left chamber dimensions, right ventricle and pulmonary artery dimensions, and mitral, pulmonary and aortic valve function. The apical window allows the measurement of heart chamber dimensions and evaluation of systolic and diastolic parameters. It also allows Doppler assessment with detection and quantification of heart valve disturbances (regurgitation or stenosis). Different segments and walls of the left ventricle are visualized throughout all views. Finally, the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta can be imaged through the suprasternal window. A combination of ultrasound imaging, Doppler flow and tissue Doppler assessment have been obtained to study cardiac morphology and function. This represents an important contribution to improve the assessment of cardiac function in adult rats with impact for research using these animal models.

A non-invasive protocol for transthoracic echocardiography assessment of cardiac anatomy and function for adult rats is presented in the current study. The heart valves, all four cardiac chambers and the ascending aorta, aortic arch and descending aorta are studied in detail.

성인 쥐에서 심장 해부학 및 기능의 심초음파 평가

The use of experimental animal models has become crucial in cardiovascular science. Most studies using rodent models are focused on two-dimensional ...

Semi-Minimal Invasive Method to Induce Myocardial Infarction in Rats and the Assessment of Cardiac Function by an Isolated Working Heart System

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily and highly reproducible MI induction procedure is required to obtain further insight and better understanding of the underlying pathological changes. This procedure can also be used to evaluate the effects or potency of new and promising treatments (as drugs or interventions) in acute MI, subsequent remodeling and heart failure (HF). After intubation and pre-operative preparation of the animal, an anesthetic protocol with isoflurane was performed, and the surgical procedure was conducted&#160;quickly. Using a minimally invasive approach, the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was located and occluded by a ligature. The occlusion can be performed acutely for subsequent reperfusion (ischemia/reperfusion injury). Alternatively, the vessel can be ligated permanently to investigate the development of chronic MI, remodeling or HF. Despite common pitfalls, the drop-out rates are minimal. Various treatments such as remote ischemic conditioning can be examined for their cardioprotective potential pre-, peri- and post-operatively. The post-operative recovery was quick as the anesthesia was precisely controlled and the duration of the operation was short. Post-operative analgesia was administered for three days. The minimally invasive procedure reduces the risk of infection and inflammation. Furthermore, it facilitates rapid recovery. The &#8220;working heart&#8221; measurements were performed ex vivo and enabled precise control of preload, afterload and flow. This procedure requires specific equipment and training for adequate performance. This manuscript provides a detailed step-by-step introduction for conducting these measurements.

This article presents an efficient method to perform myocardial ischemia and subsequent chronic reperfusion in rats using a minimally invasive approach. In addition, left ventricular hemodynamic function of rats is assessed by echocardiography and isolated working heart methods.&#160;

쥐의 심근 경색과 격리 된 작업 심장 시스템에 의한 심장 기능 평가를 유도하는 반 최소 침습 적 방법

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains the main contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on this topic is mandatory. An easily ...

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training physicians&#39; wire-skills as well as improving planning of interventional procedures. The aim of this study was to develop a manufacturing process of patient-specific 3D-printed models for cardiovascular interventions.
To create a 3D-printed elastic phantom, different 3D-printing materials were compared to porcine biological tissues (i.e., aortic tissue) in terms of mechanical characteristics. A fitting material was selected based on comparative tensile tests and specific material thicknesses were defined. Anonymized contrast-enhanced CT-datasets were collected retrospectively. Patient-specific volumetric models were extracted from these datasets and subsequently 3D-printed. A pulsatile flow loop was constructed to simulate the intraluminal blood flow during interventions. Models&#39; suitability for clinical imaging was assessed by x-ray imaging, CT, 4D-MRI and (Doppler) ultrasonography. Contrast medium was used to enhance visibility in x-ray-based imaging. Different catheterization techniques were applied to evaluate the 3D-printed phantoms in physicians&#39; training as well as for pre-interventional therapy planning.
Printed models showed a high printing resolution (~30 &#181;m) and mechanical properties of the chosen material were comparable to physiological biomechanics. Physical and digital models showed high anatomical accuracy when compared to the underlying radiological dataset. Printed models were suitable for ultrasonic imaging as well as standard x-rays. Doppler ultrasonography and 4D-MRI displayed flow patterns and landmark characteristics (i.e., turbulence, wall shear stress) matching native data. In a catheter-based laboratory setting, patient-specific phantoms were easy to catheterize. Therapy planning and training of interventional procedures on challenging anatomies (e.g., congenital heart disease (CHD)) was possible.
Flexible patient-specific cardiovascular phantoms were 3D-printed, and the application of common clinical imaging techniques was possible. This new process is ideal as a training tool for catheter-based (electrophysiological) interventions and can be used in patient-specific therapy planning.

Here we present development of a mock circulation setup for multimodal therapy evaluation, pre-interventional planning, and physician-training on cardiovascular anatomies. With the application of patient-specific tomographic scans, this setup is ideal for therapeutic approaches, training, and education in individualized medicine.

중재 계획 및 교육을 위한 3D 인쇄 심장 혈관 팬텀의 개발 및 평가

Catheter-based interventions are standard treatment options for cardiovascular pathologies. Therefore, patient-specific models could help training ...

Analyzing Long-Term Electrocardiography Recordings to Detect Arrhythmias in Mice

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ineffective in many patients. To improve patient care, novel and innovative therapeutic concepts causally targeting arrhythmia mechanisms are needed. To study the complex pathophysiology of arrhythmias, suitable animal models are necessary, and mice have been proven to be ideal model species to evaluate the genetic impact on arrhythmias, to investigate fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms, and to identify potential therapeutic targets.
Implantable telemetry devices are among the most powerful tools available to study electrophysiology in mice, allowing continuous ECG recording over a period of several months in freely moving, awake mice. However, due to the huge number of data points (&gt;1 million QRS complexes per day), analysis of telemetry data remains challenging. This article describes a step-by-step approach to analyze ECGs and to detect arrhythmias in long-term telemetry recordings using the software, Ponemah, with its analysis modules, ECG Pro and Data Insights, developed by Data Sciences International (DSI). To analyze basic ECG parameters, such as heart rate, P wave duration, PR interval, QRS interval, or QT duration, an automated attribute analysis was performed using Ponemah to identify P, Q, and T waves within individually adjusted windows around detected R waves. 
Results were then manually reviewed, allowing adjustment of individual annotations. The output from the attribute-based analysis and the pattern recognition analysis was then used by the Data Insights module to detect arrhythmias. This module allows an automatic screening for individually defined arrhythmias within the recording, followed by a manual review of suspected arrhythmia episodes. The article briefly discusses challenges in recording and detecting ECG signals, suggests strategies to improve data quality, and provides representative recordings of arrhythmias detected in mice using the approach described above.

Here we present a step-by-step protocol for a semiautomated approach to analyze murine long-term electrocardiography (ECG) data for basic ECG parameters and common arrhythmias. Data are obtained by implantable telemetry transmitters in living and awake mice and analyzed using Ponemah and its analysis modules.

마우스의 부정맥을 감지하기 위한 장기 심전도 기록 분석

Arrhythmias are common, affecting millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant side effects and remain ...

Analysis of Raw and Processed Cyperi Rhizoma Samples Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Rats with Primary Dysmenorrhea

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is enhanced after processing with vinegar, CR processed with vinegar (CRV) is generally used clinically. However, the mechanism by which the analgesic effect is enhanced by vinegar processing is unclear. In this study, the ultra-high pressure liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) technique was used to examine changes in the blood levels of the exogenous constituents and metabolites between CR-treated and CRV-treated rats with dysmenorrhea. The results revealed differing levels of 15 constituents and two metabolites in the blood of these rats. Among them, the levels of (-)-myrtenol and [(1R,2S,3R,4R)-3-hydroxy-1,4,7,7-tetramethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl]acetic acid in the CRV group were considerably higher than in the CR group. CRV reduced the level of 2-series prostanoids and 4-series leukotrienes with proinflammatory, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction activities and provided analgesic effects by modulating arachidonic acid and linoleic acid metabolism and the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids. This study revealed that vinegar processing enhances the analgesic effect of CR and contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of action of CRV.

Here, a comparative analysis of raw and processed Cyperi rhizoma (CR) samples is presented using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in rats with primary dysmenorrhea. The changes in blood levels of the metabolites and the sample constituents were examined between rats treated with CR and CR processed with vinegar (CRV).

원발성 월경통이 있는 쥐에서 액체 크로마토그래피-탠덤 질량 분석법을 사용한 원시 및 처리된 Cyperi Rhizoma 샘플 분석

Cyperi rhizoma (CR) is widely used in gynecology and is a general medicine for treating women's diseases in China. Since the analgesic effect of CR is ...