이 작품은 알렉산더 폰 훔볼트 재단 (5090371), 알레르기 연구 및 교육을위한 크리스틴 KUHNE 센터 (CK-CARE) 및 Bayerischen Staatsministerium (KD까지)에 의해 지원되었다.

1. 차 섬유 아세포 배양에서 SKP 분리 <ol><li> 세포 은행에서 직접 피부 생검에서 얻은 하나 섬유 아세포 배양 섬유 모세포 성장 배지 DMEM 15 % 태아 송아지 혈청, 2 MM의 글루타민, 10 MG / ML 페니실린, 10 MG / ML 스트렙토 마이신을 포함의 문화에 유지됩니다. </li></ol> 인간 섬유 아세포 GMO3349C 및 GMO8398A는 의료 연구를위한 Coriell 연구소 (캠든, NJ)에서 얻은 본 연구에 사용 하였다. <ol start="2"><li> 인구 계대에서 배양 (PPD가) 20 35 80 %의 confluency에에 SKP 문화를 위해 사용되었다. 한 10cm 조직 문화 접시 (BD 팔콘)는 약 1.5x10 6 셀이 포함되어 있습니다. </li><li> 37 1 시간 2 ML 트립신 용액 (0.25 %, Invitrogen 사) ° C.와 PBS와 부화와 세포를 씻으 </li><li> 5 ML PBS와 함께 접시에에서 세포를 수집하고 15 ML 팔콘 튜브에 세포 현탁액을 전송합니다. </li><li> 24 시간 동안 4 ° C에서 세포를 품어. </li><li> DMEM-F12 3:1 (V / V) 40 NG / ML FGF2 (BD Biosciences는, 20 NG / ML EGF (BD Biosciences의), B27 혈청 보충 2 % (Invitrogen 사), 1 μg으로 구성된 SKP 성장 매체를 준비합니다 / ㎖ Fungizone (Invitrogen 사) 및 25 μm의 / ㎖ 젠타 마이신 (Invitrogen 사). </li><li> 펠릿 5 분 동안 1,200 rpm으로 세포와 4 ML SKP 성장 매체에서 직접 세포 펠렛을 resuspend을. 25cm 2 조직 문화 플라스크 (BD 팔콘)에 세포 현탁액을 전송합니다. </li><li> 37 ° C에서 플라스크 배양하여 3 4 주 동안 매일 구체 형성의 문화를 모니터링합니다. </li></ol> 2. 구 배양 조건 <ol><li> 37 ° C, 5 % CO 2에서 25cm 2 플라스크 (BD 팔콘)에서 배양 세포. </li><li> 플라스크의 바닥에 부착하는 세포를 방지하기 위해 적극적으로 매일 플라스크를 흔들어. 필요한 경우, 자기편 세포를 분리하고 새 플라스크에 문화를 전송하는 2 ㎖ 멸균 피펫 아래로 피펫. </li><li> 첫 번째 분야는 3t에서 구축 시작오 사일. </li><li> 매체 매 3 일마다의 플라스크 변화의 절반 아래로 분야 침전물을 할 수 있습니다. 성장 인자의 동일한 최종 농도를 유지하려면 갓 준비 SKP 성장 매체에 배 성장 인자를 추가합니다. </li><li> 4 ML 최대 볼륨을 일정하게 유지. </li><li> 분야는 ~ 200mm의 크기에 도달하면 그들은 활발한는 2 ㎖ 피펫 아래로 피펫에 의해 작은 크기로 분야를 세분화하여 계대해야합니다. </li><li> 문화는 2.4 단계)에 설명 된대로 사료 두 25cm 2 플라스크 (BD 팔콘)와 분야 ​​문화로 분할됩니다. </li><li> 분야는 21 일 (16)에 의해 심사 줄기 세포 마커를 수집하고 있습니다. </li></ol> 2.6) 및 2.7)의 절차에 분야의 전파를 설명하는 것은 (1) SKP 매체에 포함 된 영양소와 성장 인자는 각 영역 내의 모든 셀에 액세스 할 수 있습니다 (2) 사전을 사용 SKP 구 문화를 확장 할 수 있습니다. 우리의 세제곱에 따라 일반적으로 구 문화lture 조건은 3 개월 기간을 통해 성장하는 능력을 유지하고 3 - 4 시간 사이 계대 있습니다. 3. 줄기 세포 마커에 대한 면역 세포 화학 <ol><li> 구 문화는 하루에 16 21에 PBS에 수확된다. 문화는 5 분 1,000 rpm으로 펠렛입니다. </li><li> 분야는 PBS의 작은 볼륨 현탁되어 있습니다. </li><li> 현미경 슬라이드 (피셔 브랜드)에 직경 약 0.5 ㎛의 DAKO 펜으로 두 개의 원을 그립니다. </li><li> 원에 구 현탁액의 50 μl를 추가합니다. </li><li> 각 드롭 분야의 존재를 광학 현미경으로 확인합니다. </li><li> 후드 방울 건조 시키십시오. </li><li> 어느 -80 ° C에서 슬라이드를 정지 또는 immunofluoresence 염색 프로토콜로 진행합니다. </li><li> 면역 염색에 대해, 10 분 -20 ° C에서 미리 냉각 메탄올 (100 %)로 슬라이드를 고정합니다. </li><li> PBS로 슬라이드를 씻으십시오. </li><li> PBS/10 % 태아 소 혈청 / 0.02 % 트리톤의 X100과 함께 슬라이드를 차단최소 1 시간 동안. </li><li> PBS/10 % 4에서 2 상온에서 시간 또는 밤새 FBS ° C. : 버퍼를 차단에 희석 일차 항체 (예 : 안티 스틴, 안티 OCT4, 안티 TG30, 반대로 나노 항체, 표 3)를 품다 </li><li> 차단 버퍼로 3 회 세척하고 실온에서 1 시간 동안 차 항체와 함께 배양한다. </li><li> PBS로 버퍼와 3 회를 차단로 3 번 씻으십시오. </li><li> Vectashield 장착 매체 (벡터 주식 회사)와 마운트 슬라이드. </li><li> 면역 형광 현미경으로 줄기 세포 마커의 발현에 대한 샘플을 분석합니다. </li></ol> 4. 줄기 세포 마커의 발현 수준의 실시간 PCR 분석 <ol><li> 21 일부터 18 약 2-3 ML 구 문화를 가져 가라. </li><li> 펠릿 5 분 동안 1,200 rpm에서 분야와 모든 매체를 대기음. </li><li> RNeasy Minikit (Qiagen의, 발렌시아, CA)를 사용하여 분야에서 RNA를 분리합니다. </li><li> 분광 아가로 오스 겔에 의해 RNA의 순도를 평가합니다. &lt;/ 리&gt; <li> 템플릿으로 전체 세포 RN​​A를 사용하여 (Omniscript의 역전사 효소 (Qiagen의)) cDNA를 합성. </li><li> 20 μL의 각 프라이머의 375 nm의 템플릿 50 NG의 농도 전원 SYBR 녹색 PCR Mastermix (적용되는 생물계)에있는 줄기 세포 마커 (표 1 참조)에 대한 실시간-PCR 이용하여 프라이머로 줄기 세포 마커를 검증 반응 볼륨입니다. GAPDH는 내생 컨트롤로 사용됩니다. </li><li> 증폭은 20 초 동안 5 초, 60 ° C에 대한 95 40주기에 따라 2.5 분 ° C에 대해 95에서 초기 변성 ° C를 사용하십시오. </li><li> 2 (ΔΔCT) 메서드를 8로 실행을 분석합니다. </li></ol> 5. 평활근 세포로 직접 분화 <ol><li> 하루 21 ~ 26 구체 SKP 배지에서 6 잘 배양 접시 (BD 팔콘)로 도금 하였다. </li><li> 세포는 72 시간 동안 SKP 매체 분야에서 준수하고 빨리 성장하는 것이 허용되었다. </li><li> 평활근 세포 (SMCS) differentiat이온은 5 % FBS, 10 NG / ML PDGF-BB (Invitrogen 사), 2.5 ML / NG TGF-B1 (Invitrogen 사)를 포함하는 높은 포도당 Dulbecco의 수정 이글 배지 (Invitrogen 사)로 구성된 SMC 차별화 매체와 매체를 교체하여 시작 시작 . </li><li> 매체는 문화 3-4주의 기간 동안 갓 준비 SMC 분화 배지로 3 일마다 변경되었습니다. </li><li> SMC 마커에 대한 심사는 면역 조직 화학 염색으로 3으로 4 주 후에 시행 하였다. </li><li> 세포는 10 분 동안 PBS에서 4 % 파라 포름 알데히드 용액에 고정 하였다. </li><li> 세포를 PBS는 30 분 동안 0.3 % 트리톤 X-100을 함유 투과 하였다. </li><li> 세포는 실온에서 1 시간 및 추가가 같은 3.15) 3.12에 설명 된 처리)에 대한 αSMA (MO851, DAKO, 1:100) 또는 calponin (M3556, DAKO, 1:100)에 대한 항체와 함께 배양 하였다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Jahoda, C. A., Whitehouse, J., Reynolds, A. J., Hole, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hair+follicle+dermal+cells+differentiate+into+adipogenic+and+osteogenic+lineages.">Hair follicle dermal cells differentiate into adipogenic and osteogenic lineages.</a> Exp. Dermatol. 12, 849 (2003).</li><li>Watt, F. M., Celso, L. o., C, V., Silva-Vargas, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidermal+stem+cells:+an+update.">Epidermal stem cells: an update.</a> Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 16, 518 (2006).</li><li>Blanpain, C., Horsley, V., Fuchs, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epithelial+stem+cells:+turning+over+new+leaves.">Epithelial stem cells: turning over new leaves.</a> Cell. 128, 445 (2007).</li><li>Hunt, D. P., Jahoda, C., Chandran, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipotent+skin-derived+precursors:+from+biology+to+clinical+translation.">Multipotent skin-derived precursors: from biology to clinical translation.</a> Vurr. Opin. Biotechnol. 20, 522 (2009).</li><li>Toma, J. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+multipotent+adult+stem+cells+from+the+dermis+of+mammalian+skin.">Isolation of multipotent adult stem cells from the dermis of mammalian skin.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 778 (2001).</li><li>Fernandes, K. J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+dermal+niche+for+multipotent+adult+skin-derived+precursor+cells.">A dermal niche for multipotent adult skin-derived precursor cells.</a> Nat. Cell Biol. 6, 1082 (2004).</li><li>Wenzel, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Na&#239;ve+adult+stem+cells+from+patients+with+Hutchinson-Gilford+progeria+syndrome+express+low+levels+of+progerin+in+vivo.">Na&#239;ve adult stem cells from patients with Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome express low levels of progerin in vivo.</a> Bio. Open. 1, (2012).</li><li>Livak, K. J., Schmittgen, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+relative+gene+expression+data+using+real-time+quantitative+PCR+and+the+2(-Delta+Delta+C(T))+Method.">Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) Method.</a> Methods. 25, 402 (2001).</li><li>Biernaskie, J. A., McKenzie, I. A., Toma, J. T., Miller, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+skin-derived+precursors+(SKPs)+and+differentiation+and+enrichment+of+their+Schwann+cell+progeny.">Isolation of skin-derived precursors (SKPs) and differentiation and enrichment of their Schwann cell progeny.</a> Nature Protocol. 1, 2803 (2006).</li><li>Toma, J. G., McKenzie, I., Bagli, D., Miller, F. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+multipotent+skin-derived+precursors+from+human+skin.">Isolation and characterization of multipotent skin-derived precursors from human skin.</a> Stem Cells. 23, 727 (2005).</li><li>Fernandes, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+neurogenic+potential+of+multipotent+skin-derived+precursors.">Analysis of the neurogenic potential of multipotent skin-derived precursors.</a> Electrophoresis. 201, 32 (2006).</li><li>Hill, l. K. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+embryonic+stem+cell-derived+vascular+progenitor+cells+capable+of+endothelial+and+smooth+muscle+cell+function.">Human embryonic stem cell-derived vascular progenitor cells capable of endothelial and smooth muscle cell function.</a> Exp. Hematol. 38, 246 (2010).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 아무것도 없어.

방법을 사용하여 여기에 설명, 순진 피부 줄기 세포는 기본 피부 섬유 아세포 배양에서 분리 할 수​​ 있습니다. 이 방법을 사용하여, 우리는 최근 희귀 유전 증후군, 허친슨 - 길 포드 조로증 증후군 7 명에서 유래 섬유 아세포 배양에서 성체 줄기 세포의 분리 및 특성을보고했다. 로 그 전구체 세포 표현 줄기 세포 마커 자기 갱신 할 수 있으며 (자세한 벤첼 등.에 의해 그림 4...

<table border="1">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Name of the reagent</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalogue number</td>
			<td>Comments (optional)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM high glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>31966-047</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM low glucose</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>21885-108</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25030-024</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 200 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/ Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15140-122</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 10 mg/ml /10 mg /ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trypsin solution (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F-12 Nutrient Mixture (Ham)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>21765-029</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FGF2</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>4114-TC-01M</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 40 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EGF</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>236-EG-200</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 20 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDGFBB</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG0043</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 5 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TGF-b1</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>PHG9204</td>
			<td>Final conc.: 2.5 ng/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 cm2 flask</td>
			<td>Omnilab</td>
			<td>FALC353109</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS w/o CaMg</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>14190-169</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B27</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17504-044</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol</td>
			<td>Roth</td>
			<td>8388.2</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vectashield mounting medium</td>
			<td>Vector Inc.</td>
			<td>H-1200</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RNeasy Minikit</td>
			<td>Qiagen, Valencia, CA</td>
			<td>74104</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Omniscript Reverse Transcriptase</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>205113</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SsoFast EvaGreen Supermix</td>
			<td>BioRad</td>
			<td>172-5201</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fungizone</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15290-018</td>
			<td>Final conc.:1 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>&nbsp;</td>
			<td>Table 2. Specific reagents and equipment.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

na&iuml;ve adult stem cells isolation from primary human fibroblast cultures

지난 십 년간, 여러 성체 줄기 세포 집단은 인간의 피부 1-4에서 발견되었습니다. 능성 성인 피부 전구체의 분리가 처음 밀러 F. D 연구소 5, 6에 의해보고되었다. 이러한 초기 연구는 성인 포유류의 진피 5에서 다 능성 전구 세포 인구를 설명했다. 이러한 세포 -라고 SKPs, 피부 파생 된 전구체는 - 격리와 설치류와 인간의 피부에서 확장하고 뉴런 5와 같은 피부 발견되지 않았다 세포 유형 등 신경과 중배엽 모두 자손,로 분화되었다. 배양 SKPs에 면역 세포 연구는 세포가 피브로넥틴 및 다 능성 줄기 세포 마커 6에 추가 vimentin에와 스틴, 신경과 골격 근육의 전구체로 표현 중간 필라멘트 단백질을 발현 것으로 나타났다. 지금까지 성체 줄기 세포 인구 SKPs 갓 수집 포유류의 피부 생검에서 분리되었다. ve_content는 &quot;&gt; 최근에, 우리는 설립과 피부 유래 전구 세포의 인구는 피부 생검 7에서 설정된 기본 섬유 아세포 배양에 존재 남아있을 것으로보고있다. 몇 체세포 줄기 세포가 초기 인구 계대에서 차 섬유 아세포 배양에 상주 할 수있는 가정이었다 다음과 같은 관측에 따라 : (1) SKPs 및 기본 섬유 모세포 배양 진피에서 파생 된, 그리고 SKP 세포 따라서 소수의 1 차 피부 섬유 아세포 배양에 존재 남아있을 수 있으며, (2) 주요 섬유 아세포 배양했습​​니다 냉동 분주에서 성장 7 가능한 남아 세포의 작은 숫자가 포함 된 저장 또는 전송 중에 불리한 온도에 노출.이 드문 세포는 여러 번 확장 및 계대 수있었습니다.이 관찰 제안하는 높은 확산 힘과 스트레스에 대한 저항을 가진 세포의 작은 숫자 인간 섬유 아세포 배양 7 참석했다. 우리는 전세계 조직 은행 (그림 1)에서 쉽게 사용할 수있는 기본 섬유 모세포 배양에서 성체 줄기 세포의 빠른 분리를위한 프로토콜을 설정하는 이러한 연구 결과를 이용했습니다. 피부 샘플에 액세스 할 수없는 경우 섬유 아세포 문화의 분자 희귀 유전 질환을 기본 메커니즘뿐만 아니라 모델링 질병을 해부 할 수있는 새로운 기회를 열어, 따라서, 조직 은행에서 구할 수 있지만이 전구 세포의 분리를 허용하는이 방법은 중요한 의미가있다 요리.

우리는 우리가 최근 7보고 된 선택적으로 EGF와 FGF2으로 구성된 통제 성장 조건 하에서 SKP 분야를 생성하기 위해 확장 세포의 인구는 기본 피부 섬유 아세포 배양 (그림 1)에 존재하는 것을 보여줍니다. 일반적으로 세포 은행에서 제공하는 기본 섬유 아세포의 변종에 해당하는 PPD가 15 일부터 25 일까지 섬유 아세포 배양 본 연구에 사용 하였다. 이 방법에서...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about NaÃ¯ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures at JoVE.com

Na&amp;#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

우리는 인간의 기본 섬유 아세포 배양에서 순진 능성 피부에서 파생 된 전구체 (SKP) 세포를 분리하는 방법을보고합니다. 우리는 섬유 아세포 문화에서 파생 된 이러한 SKPs은 인간의 피부 생검에서 직접 파생 된 것과 유사한 줄기 세포 특성을 공유하는 것을 보여줍니다. 이러한 세포는 OCT4와 나노 등 능성 마커뿐만 아니라 신경 능선 마커 스틴을 표현한다.

인간의 기본 섬유 아세포 배양에서 순진 성인 줄기 세포 분리

Over the last decade, several adult stem cell  populations have been identified in human skin 1-4.  The isolation of multipotent adult dermal precursors ...

nave-adult-stem-cells-isolation-from-primary-human-fibroblast-cultures

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JoVE Journal

Biology

Na&iuml;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

14.1K 조회수.  Technische Universität München. 우리는 인간의 기본 섬유 아세포 배양에서 순진 능성 피부에서 파생 된 전구체 (SKP) 세포를 분리하는 방법을보고합니다. 우리는 섬유 아세포 문화에서 파생 된 이러한 SKPs은 인간의 피부 생검에서 직접 파생 된 것과 유사한 줄기 세포 특성을 공유하는 것을 보여줍니다. 이러한 세포는 OCT4와 나노 등 능성 마커뿐만 아니라 신경 능선 마커 스틴을 표현한다.

비디오: Na&#239;ve Adult Stem Cells Isolation from Primary Human Fibroblast Cultures

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation from Human Embryonic Stem Cells

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are characterized by two fundamental properties: self-renewal and multipotency that allows a stem cell to differentiate into virtually any cell type 1. The progression stem cell to differentiated cell is characterized by loss of multipotency, structural and morphological changes and the hierarchic activity of transcription factors and signaling molecules, whose activities establish and maintain cell-type specific gene expression patterns. At the molecular level, cell differentiation involves dynamic changes of the structure and composition of chromatin and the detection of those dynamic changes can provide valuable insights into the functional features of stem cells and the cell differentiation process 2,3. Chromatin is a highly compacted DNA-protein complex that forms when cells package chromosomal DNA with proteins, mainly histones 4. Stemcellness and cell differentiation has been correlated with the presence of specific arrays of regulatory proteins such as epigenetic factors, histone variants, and transcription factors 2,3,5.
 Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) provides a valuable method to monitor the presence of RNA, proteins, and protein modifications in chromatin 6,7. The comparison of chromatin from different cell types can elucidate dynamic changes in protein-chromatin associations that occur during cell differentiation.
Chromatin immunoprecipitation involves the purification of in vivo cross-linked chromatin. The isolated chromatin is reduced to smaller fragments by enzymatic digestion or mechanical force. Chromatin fragments are precipitated using specific antibodies to target proteins or protein and DNA modifications. The precipitated DNA or RNA is purified and used as a template for PCR or DNA microarray based assays. Prerequisites for a successful ChIP are high quality antibodies to the desired antigen and the availability of chromatin from control cells that do not express the target molecule. ChIP can correlate the presence of proteins, protein and RNA modifications, and RNA with specific target DNA, and depending on the choice of outread tool, detects the association of target molecules at specific target genes or in the context of an entire genome. The comparison of the distribution of proteins in the chromatin of differentiating cells can elucidate the dynamic changes of chromatin composition that coincide with the progression of cells along a cell lineage.

The differentiation of ESC coincides with cell-type specific changes in the structure and composition of chromatin. The detection of those changes provides valuable insights into the mechanisms that define stemcellness and cell differentiation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) represents a valuable method to dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell differentiation.

인간 배아 줄기 세포에서 염색질의 Immunoprecipitation

The functional and structural complexity of the myriad of cells in metazoan organisms arises from a small number of stem cells. Stem cells are ...

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Isolation and Large Scale Expansion of Adult Human Endothelial Colony Forming Progenitor Cells

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult human peripheral blood within a mean of 12 days. After large scale expansion &gt;1x108 ECFCs can be obtained for further tests. Advantageously by using pHPL the contact of human cells with bovine serum antigens can be excluded. By flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry the isolated cells can be characterized as ECFC and their in vitro functionality to form vascular like structures can be tested in a matrigel assay. Further these cells can be subcutaneously injected in a mouse model to form functional, perfused vessels in vivo. After long term expansion and cryopreservation proliferation, function and genomic stability appear to be preserved. 3,4
This animal-protein free isolation and expansion method is easily applicable to generate a large quantity of ECFCs.

Endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) are a promising tool to study vascular homeostasis and repair.1,2 This paper introduces a novel animal-serum free method for isolation and expansion of ECFC from heparinised adult human peripheral blood with pooled human platelet lysate (pHPL) diminishing the risk of anti-bovine immunisation.

분리 및 성인 인간 내피 콜로니 형성 전구 세포의 대규모 확장

This paper introduces a novel recovery strategy for endothelial colony forming progenitor cells (ECFCs) from heparinized but otherwise unmanipulated adult ...

Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Grown from Explants

Human bronchial epithelial cells are needed for cell models of disease and to investigate the effect of excipients and pharmacologic agents on the function and structure of human epithelial cells. Here we describe in detail the method of growing bronchial epithelial cells from bronchial airway tissue that is harvested by the surgeon at the times of lung surgery (e.g. lung cancer or lung volume reduction surgery). With ethics approval and informed consent, the surgeon takes what is needed for pathology and provides us with a bronchial portion that is remote from the diseased areas. The tissue is then used as a source of explants that can be used for growing primary bronchial epithelial cells in culture. Bronchial segments about 0.5-1cm long and &le;1cm in diameter are rinsed with cold EBSS and excess parenchymal tissue is removed. Segments are cut open and minced into 2-3mm3 pieces of tissue. The pieces are used as a source of primary cells. After coating 100mm culture plates for 1-2 hr with a combination of collagen (30 &mu;g/ml), fibronectin (10 &mu;g/ml), and BSA (10 &mu;g/ml), the plates are scratched in 4-5 areas and tissue pieces are placed in the scratched areas, then culture medium (DMEM/Ham F-12 with additives) suitable for epithelial cell growth is added and plates are placed in an incubator at 37&deg;C in 5% CO2 humidified air. The culture medium is changed every 3-4 days. The epithelial cells grow from the pieces forming about 1.5 cm diameter rings in 3-4 weeks. Explants can be re-used up to 6 times by moving them into new pre-coated plates. Cells are lifted using trypsin/EDTA, pooled, counted, and re-plated in T75 Cell Bind flasks to increase their numbers. T75 flasks seeded with 2-3 million cells grow to 80% confluence in 4 weeks. Expanded primary human epithelial cells can be cultured and allowed to differentiate on air-liquid interface. Methods described here provide an abundant source of human bronchial epithelial cells from freshly isolated tissues and allow for studying these cells as models of disease and for pharmacology and toxicology screening.

Here we describe a detailed method for growing primary human bronchial epithelial cells from explants of human bronchial airway tissue including differentiated growth on an air-liquid interface. This method provides an abundant source of primary cells for investigating the role of the airway epithelium in human lung health and disease.

Explants에서 들어라 기본 인간 기관지 상피 세포

Human bronchial epithelial cells are needed for cell models of disease and to investigate the effect of excipients and pharmacologic agents on the ...

Selecting and Isolating Colonies of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Reprogrammed from Adult Fibroblasts

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) in the presence of sodium butyrate 1-3. We used this method to reprogram late passage (&gt;p10) human adult fibroblasts derived from Friedreich's ataxia patient (GM03665, Coriell Repository). The reprogramming approach includes highly efficient transduction protocol using repetitive centrifugation of fibroblasts in the presence of virus-containing media. The reprogrammed hiPSC colonies were identified using live immunostaining for Tra-1-81, a surface marker of pluripotent cells, separated from non-reprogrammed fibroblasts and manually passaged 4,5. These hiPSC were then transferred to Matrigel plates and grown in feeder-free conditions, directly from the reprogramming plate. Starting from the first passage, hiPSC colonies demonstrate characteristic hES-like morphology. Using this protocol more than 70% of selected colonies can be successfully expanded and established into cell lines. The established hiPSC lines displayed characteristic pluripotency markers including surface markers TRA-1-60 and SSEA-4, as well as nuclear markers Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog. 
The protocol presented here has been established and tested using adult fibroblasts obtained from Friedreich's ataxia patients and control individuals 6, human newborn fibroblasts, as well as human keratinocytes.

We present a protocol for efficient reprogramming of human somatic cells into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-myc (OSKM) and identification of correctly reprogrammed hiPSC by live staining with Tra-1-81 antibody.

인간 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포의 선택 및 분리 식민지는 성인 섬유아 세포에서 다시 프로그램

Herein we present a protocol of reprogramming human adult fibroblasts into human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) using retroviral vectors encoding ...

Preparation of Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast Cells Suitable for Culturing Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it is not easy to establish an effective system for culturing these cells. Since the culture conditions can influence gene expression that confers pluripotency in hESCs and hiPSCs, the optimization and standardization of the culture method is crucial.
The establishment of hESC lines was first described by using MEFs as feeder cells and fetal bovine serum (FBS)-containing culture medium2. Next, FBS was replaced with knockout serum replacement (KSR) and FGF2, which enhances proliferation of hESCs3. Finally, feeder-free culture systems enable culturing cells on Matrigel-coated plates in KSR-containing conditioned medium (medium conditioned by MEFs)4. Subsequently, hESCs culture conditions have moved towards feeder-free culture in chemically defined conditions5-7. Moreover, to avoid the potential contamination by pathogens and animal proteins culture methods using xeno-free components have been established8.
To obtain improved conditions mouse feeder cells have been replaced with human cell lines (e.g. fetal muscle and skin cells9, adult skin cells10, foreskin fibroblasts11-12, amniotic mesenchymal cells13). However, the efficiency of maintaining undifferentiated hESCs using human foreskin fibroblast-derived feeder layers is not as high as that from mouse feeder cells due to the lower level of secretion of Activin A14. Obviously, there is an evident difference in growth factor production by mouse and human feeder cells.
Analyses of the transcriptomes of mouse and human feeder cells revealed significant differences between supportive and non-supportive cells. Exogenous FGF2 is crucial for maintaining self-renewal of hESCs and hiPSCs, and has been identified as a key factor regulating the expression of Tgf&beta;1, Activin A and Gremlin (a BMP antagonist) in feeder cells. Activin A has been shown to induce the expression of OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG in hESCs15-16.
For long-term culture, hESCs and hiPSCs can be grown on mitotically inactivated MEFs or under feeder-free conditions in MEF-CM (MEF-Conditioned Medium) on Matrigel-coated plates to maintain their undifferentiated state. Success of both culture conditions fully depends on the quality of the feeder cells, since they directly affect the growth of hESCs.
Here, we present an optimized method for the isolation and culture of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs), preparation of conditioned medium (CM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the levels of Activin A within the media.

The quality of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) is dictated by the right strain of mouse such as CF-1. Pluripotency-supportive MEFs and conditioned media (CM) obtained from these should contain optimal concentrations of Activin A, Gremlin and Tgf&beta;1 needed for the Activin/Nodal and FGF pathways to co-operatively maintain self-renewal and pluripotency.

Culturing 인간의 배아와 유도 Pluripotent 줄기 세포에 적합 마우스 배아 Fibroblast 세포의 준비

In general, human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)1 can be cultured under variable conditions. However, it ...

Rapid Fibroblast Removal from High Density Human Embryonic Stem Cell Cultures

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system maintains hESCs from undergoing spontaneous differentiation during cell expansion. However, this co-culture method is labor intensive, requires highly trained personnel, and yields low hESC purity4. Many laboratories have attempted to minimize the number of feeder cells in hESC cultures (i.e. incorporating matrix-coated dishes or other feeder cell types5-8). These modified culture systems have shown some promise, but have not supplanted the standard method for culturing hESCs with mitomycin C-treated mouse embyronic fibroblasts in order to retard unwanted spontaneous differentiation of the hESC cultures. Therefore, the feeder cells used in hESC expansion should be removed during differentiation experiments. Although several techniques are available for purifying the hESC colonies (FACS, MACS, or use of drug resistant vectors) from feeders, these techniques are labor intensive, costly and/or destructive to the hESC. The aim of this project was to invent a method of purification that enables the harvesting of a purer population of hESCs. We have observed that in a confluent hESC culture, the MEF population can be removed using a simple and rapid aspiration of the MEF sheet. This removal is dependent on several factors, including lateral cell-to-cell binding of MEFs that have a lower binding affinity to the styrene culture dish, and the ability of the stem cell colonies to push the fibroblasts outward during the generation of their own "niche". The hESC were then examined for SSEA-4, Oct3/4 and Tra 1-81 expression up to 10 days after MEF removal to ensure maintenance of pluripotency. Moreover, hESC colonies were able to continue growing from into larger formations after MEF removal, providing an additional level of hESC expansion.

Despite ongoing efforts to transition cultures to feeder-free conditions, the derivation and culture of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) remain largely dependent on co-cultures with mouse embryonic feeders (MEFs). Here, we show a novel methodology for rapidly removing feeders from hESC cultures prior to experimentation.

고밀도의 인간 배아 줄기 세포 문화의 급속한 섬유 아세포 제거

Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were used to establish human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) cultures after blastocyst isolation1. This feeder system ...

Isolation of Immune Cells from Primary Tumors

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various chemokines and growth factors 1,2. However, once in the TME, these cells lose the ability to promote anti-tumor immunity and begin to support tumor growth and down-regulate anti-tumor immune responses 3-4. Studies on tumor-associated leukocytes have mainly focused on cells isolated from tumor-draining lymph nodes or spleen due to the inherent difficulties in obtaining sufficient cell numbers and purity from the primary tumor. While identifying the mechanisms of cell activation and trafficking through the lymphatic system of tumor bearing mice is important and may give insight to the kinetics of immune responses to cancer, in our experience, many leukocytes, including dendritic cells (DCs), in tumor-draining lymph nodes have a different phenotype than those that infiltrate tumors 5,6 . Furthermore, we have previously demonstrated that adoptively-transferred T cells isolated from the tumor-draining lymph nodes are not tolerized and are capable of responding to secondary stimulation in vitro unlike T cells isolated from the TME, which are tolerized and incapable of proliferation or cytokine production 7,8. Interestingly, we have shown that changing the tumor microenvironment, such as providing CD4+ T helper cells via adoptive transfer, promotes CD8+ T cells to maintain pro-inflammatory effector functions 5. The results from each of the previously mentioned studies demonstrate the importance of measuring cellular responses from TME-infiltrating immune cells as opposed to cells that remain in the periphery. To study the function of immune cells which infiltrate tumors using the Miltenyi Biotech isolation system9, we have modified and optimized this antibody-based isolation procedure to obtain highly enriched populations of antigen presenting cells and tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The protocol includes a detailed dissection of murine prostate tissue from a spontaneous prostate tumor model (TRansgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate -TRAMP) 10 and a subcutaneous melanoma (B16) tumor model followed by subsequent purification of various leukocyte populations.

In this report, we describe a protocol for isolating highly purified populations of leukocytes that infiltrate tumors. This protocol is adapted from the Miltenyi Biotech protocol to enhance yield and purity for isolating cells from complex tumor tissue.

일차 종양에서 면역 세포의 분리

Tumors create a unique immunosuppressive microenvironment (tumor microenvironment, TME) whereby leukocytes are recruited into the tumor by various ...

Isolation and Culture of Individual Myofibers and their Satellite Cells from Adult Skeletal Muscle

Muscle regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite cells. Satellite cells are defined by their position between the basal lamina and the sarcolemma of each myofiber. Current knowledge of their behavior heavily relies on the use of the single myofiber isolation protocol. In 1985, Bischoff described a protocol to isolate single live fibers from the Flexor Digitorum Brevis (FDB) of adult rats with the goal to create an in vitro system in which the physical association between the myofiber and its stem cells is preserved 1. In 1995, Rosenblattmodified the Bischoff protocol such that myofibers are singly picked and handled separately after collagenase digestion instead of being isolated by gravity sedimentation 2, 3. The Rosenblatt or Bischoff protocol has since been adapted to different muscles, age or conditions 3-6. The single myofiber isolation technique is an indispensable tool due its unique advantages. First, in the single myofiber protocol, satellite cells are maintained beneath the basal lamina. This is a unique feature of the protocol as other techniques such as Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting require chemical and mechanical tissue dissociation 7. Although the myofiber culture system cannot substitute for in vivo studies, it does offer an excellent platform to address relevant biological properties of muscle stem cells. Single myofibers can be cultured in standard plating conditions or in floating conditions. Satellite cells on floating myofibers are subjected to virtually no other influence than the myofiber environment. Substrate stiffness and coating have been shown to influence satellite cells' ability to regenerate muscles 8, 9 so being able to control each of these factors independently allows discrimination between niche-dependent and -independent responses. Different concentrations of serum have also been shown to have an effect on the transition from quiescence to activation. To preserve the quiescence state of its associated satellite cells, fibers should be kept in low serum medium 1-3. This is particularly useful when studying genes involved in the quiescence state. In serum rich medium, satellite cells quickly activate, proliferate, migrate and differentiate, thus mimicking the in vivo regenerative process 1-3. The system can be used to perform a variety of assays such as the testing of chemical inhibitors; ectopic expression of genes by virus delivery; oligonucleotide based gene knock-down or live imaging. This video article describes the protocol currently used in our laboratory to isolate single myofibers from the Extensor Digitorum Longus (EDL) muscle of adult mice (6-8 weeks old).

Isolation and culture of myofibers is the gold standard in vitro system to study the transition of satellite cells through quiescence, activation and differentiation. Importantly, the single myofiber culture system preserves the myofiber/stem cell association, which is an essential component of the muscle stem cell niche.

성인 골격근의 개인 Myofibers 및 위성 세포의 분리와 문화

Muscle  regeneration in the adult is performed by resident stem cells called satellite  cells. Satellite cells are defined by  their position between the ...

Manual Isolation of Adipose-derived Stem Cells from Human Lipoaspirates

In 2001, researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult stem cells from liposuctioned adipose tissue that they initially termed Processed Lipoaspirate Cells or PLA cells. Since then, these stem cells have been renamed as Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs and have gone on to become one of the most popular adult stem cells populations in the fields of stem cell research and regenerative medicine. Thousands of articles now describe the use of ASCs in a variety of regenerative animal models, including bone regeneration, peripheral nerve repair and cardiovascular engineering. Recent articles have begun to describe the myriad of uses for ASCs in the clinic. The protocol shown in this article outlines the basic procedure for manually and enzymatically isolating ASCs from large amounts of lipoaspirates obtained from cosmetic procedures. This protocol can easily be scaled up or down to accommodate the volume of lipoaspirate and can be adapted to isolate ASCs from fat tissue obtained through abdominoplasties and other similar procedures.

In 2001, researchers at UCLA described the isolation of a population of adult stem cells, termed Adipose-derived Stem Cells or ASCs, from adipose tissue. This article outlines the isolation of ASCs from lipoaspirates using a manual, enzymatic digestion protocol using collagenase.

인간 Lipoaspirates에서 지방 유래 줄기 세포를 수동으로 분리

In 2001, researchers at the University of  California, Los Angeles, described the isolation of a new population of adult  stem cells from liposuctioned ...

Isolation of Primary Myofibroblasts from Mouse and Human Colon Tissue

The myofibroblast is a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining considerable attention for its critical role in many GI functions. While several myofibroblast cell lines are commercially available to study these cells in vitro, research results from a cell line exposed to experimental cell culture conditions have inherent limitations due to the overly reductionist nature of the work. Use of primary myofibroblasts offers a great advantage in terms of confirming experimental findings identified in a cell line. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from an animal model allows for the study of myofibroblasts under conditions that more closely mimic the disease state being studied. Isolation of primary myofibroblasts from human colon tissue provides arguably the most relevant experimental data, since the cells come directly from patients with the underlying disease. We describe a well-established technique that can be utilized to isolate primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue. These isolated cells have been characterized to be alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin-positive, and desmin-negative, consistent with subepithelial intestinal myofibroblasts. Primary myofibroblast cells can be grown in cell culture and used for experimental purposes over a limited number of passages.

The myofibroblast is an influential stromal cell of the gastrointestinal tract that regulates important physiologic processes in both normal and disease states. We describe a technique that allows for the isolation of primary myofibroblasts from both mouse and human colon tissue, which can be utilized for in vitro experimentation.

마우스와 인간의 대장 조직에서 주요 근육 섬유 모세포의 분리

The myofibroblast is  a stromal cell of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract that has been gaining  considerable attention for its critical role in many GI ...