MPN은 금융 지원에 대한 감독 십 프로그램에 감사드립니다. MPN은 태양 전지 처리를위한 프로토콜의 개발과 관련하여 도움이 유 친 Tseng 감사하려고합니다. 이 작품은 Nanoscale 재료 센터, 에너지의 미국학과, 과학의 사무실, 계약 번호 DE-AC02-06CH11357에 따라 기본 에너지 과학 사용자 시설의 사무실에서 수행되었다.

1. 신호 수집 <ol class="lalpha"><li> Nanoscope-V 컨트롤러가 장착 된 상용 멀티 모드 AFM (Veeco, 산타 바바라, CA)에 샘플을 (PC 61 BM) : PSS/P3HT 음극이없는 폴리머 태양 전지 (ITO / PEDOT)을 설치합니다. </li><li> 멀티 AFM 프로브 홀더에 전도성 AFM 프로브를 설치합니다. </li><li> AFM 프로브, 샘플 및 전압 소스 사이의 전기적 연결을 만듭니다. </li><li> 루트 전류 증폭기 출력 (전류 신호), 다중 모드 AFM 편향 출력 (힘 신호), 디지털 수집 카드에 멀티 AFM 샘플 높이 출력 (거리 신호) (NI-PCI-6115 DAQ). 펨토의 이득 DLPCA-200 현재 앰프 50 kHz에서 대역폭 1 NA / V입니다. </li><li> AFM 프로브 및 ITO 전극 사이에 6V 편견을 적용합니다. </li><li> 지형 신호를 수집 PeakForceTM 모드에서 다중 모드 AFM을 실행합니다 : 30 NN, 300 nm의 지원 진동 진폭, 2 kHz에서의 지원 진동 주파수, 1 Hz의 스캔 속도, 그리고 resoluti의 최대 힘 세트 포인트512 픽셀 512의 있습니다. </li><li> 동시에 지형 신호의 취득 (단계 전자)와 LabView / MATLAB 제어에 의해 섹션 D에 나와있는 신호를 수집합니다. </li></ol> 2. 데이터 분석 1 단계 : 끌어 오기 오프 포스의 생성, 연락처 강성, 그리고 현재지도 <ol class="lalpha"><li> MATLAB에 시간이 날인 된 전류, 힘과 거리 신호를 읽어 보시기 바랍니다. </li><li> 거리, 힘 - - 첫 번째 스캔 라인에 대한 현재 곡선 2000 힘을 만듭니다. 곡선의 수 지원 진동 주파수와 스캔 율의 기능입니다. </li><li> 각 힘에서 - 거리 곡선 결정 강성에 연락하여 AFM 프로브 (그림 1)의 철회 동안 오프 - 힘을 당긴다. </li><li> 각 힘에서 - AFM 프로브는 (그림 1)을 철회하는 동안 표면과 접촉하는 동안 현재의 곡선, 평균 전류를 결정합니다. </li><li> 보간 2,000 동등하게 이격 된 연락처 강성, 풀 - 오프 - 힘, 그리고 resolu 일치하는 512 점의 현재 포인트지형 신호의 기. 연락처 강성, 풀 - 오프 - 힘, 그리고 현재의지도에 대한 첫 번째 스캔 라인이 이루어집니다. </li><li> 전자 512 번 단계 b를 반복하여 강성, 풀 - 오프 - 힘, 그리고 현재의지도에 문의 만듭니다. 결과는 그림 2에 표시됩니다. </li></ol> 3. 데이터 분석 2 단계 : 연락처 - 지역 아티팩트의 제거 <ol class="lalpha"><li> 방정식 (1)를 사용하여 (2) Young의 계수 (E 재료) 및 재료의 저항 (ρ) 스캔의 각 지점에서 얻을 수 : 20 <img alt="수식 1" fo:content-width="2.853in" fo:src="/files/ftp_upload/50293/50293eq1highres.jpg" src="/files/ftp_upload/50293/50293eq1.jpg" /> 사용 F ADH = F 당겨 - 8 NN (AFM과 표면 사이의 물이 초승달 모양으로 인해 접착력), 20 연락처 강성 (K) 및 전류 (I)지도, 프로빙 전압 (V), 필름 두께 (L) 등을 부착에너지 (W = γ 프로브 + γ 물질의 L - γ 프로브 - 재료, 어디서 γ 프로브 - 프로브 물질의 표면 에너지, γ 재료 - 표면 샘플 물질의 에너지, 그리고 γ 프로브 - 재료 - 샘플 자료와 프로브 물질의 계면 에너지) . 20 </li></ol>

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관심 없음 충돌이 선언 없습니다.

유기 태양 광 전력 변환 효율의 최근 획기적인 (PCE) (OPV) 세포 (세포 수준에서 10 %를 밀어) 높은 처리량 및 낮은 비용으로 제조 공정 4 준수와 콘서트에서 3으로 OPV 기술에 스포트라이트를 가져왔다 대형 면적 태양 전지의 저렴한 제조 도전에 대해 가능한 솔루션입니다. OPV 자료 나노 미터 스케일에서 본질적으로 inhomogeneous입니다. OPV 자료와 태양 광 장치의 성능 Nanoscale inhomogeneity은 밀접한 연결되어 있습니다. 따라서, 구성뿐만 아니라 OPV 재료의 전기적 특성의 이해 inhomogeneity 앞으로 OPV 기술을 이동 파라마운트 중요합니다. 원자 힘 현미경 (AFM)은 1986 년부터 표면 지형의 고해상도 측정을위한 도구로 개발되었습니다. 현재 5, 재료 속성 (Young의 계수, 6-10 일 함수, 11 행위에 대해 기술ivity, 12 electromechanics, 13-15 등) 측정이 증가하고 관심을 받고있다. OPV 재료의 경우, 지역 위상 구성과 전기적 특성의 상관 관계가 유기 태양 전지의 내부 동작의 이해를 공개에 대한 약속을 보유하고 있습니다. 1 16-17 AFM 기반 기법 저작자 표시 팔뿐만 아니라 고해상도 단계의 가능하다 등의 고분자 재료에 매핑 전기적 특성. 따라서, 원칙적으로 폴리머 위상 성분 (기계적 측정을 통해) 18 및 전기 속성의 상관 관계는 AFM 기반의 기술을 사용하여 가능합니다. 재료의 기계적 전기적 특성 측정을위한 많은 AFM 기반 기술은 AFM 프로브와 표면 사이의 접촉의 일정한 지역의 가정을 사용합니다. 이러한 가정은 종종 표면 지형 및 기계적 / 전기적 특성 간의 강한 상관 관계에 결과를하는 실패합니다. 최근에, 새로운 AFM 기반 기술기계적 성질 (PeakForce) 19의 높은 처리량 측정이 도입되었습니다. PeakForce 참치는 (PeakForce 방법의 변화) 샘플의 기계적 전기적 특성의 동시 측정을위한 플랫폼을 제공합니다. 그러나, PeakForce 참치 방법은 일반적으로 강력하게 때문에 측정시 연락 걸렸다는 다양성의 상관 아르 기계 및 전기 재산지도를 생산하고 있습니다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 AFM을 사용하여 기계적 및 전기적 특성의 정확한 측정을 유지하면서 접촉 반경을 변화와 관련된 상관 관계를 제거하기위한 실험 프로토콜을 제시한다. 자료 &#39;저항과 영의 계수의 정량적 측정에 프로토콜 결과의 구현입니다.

<table border="1"><tbody><tr><td> 시약 / 재료의 이름 </td><td> 회사 </td><td> 카탈로그 번호 </td><td> 코멘트 </td></tr><tr><td> Plextronics 잉크 </td><td> Plexcore </td><td> PV 1000 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> ITO 코팅 유리 기판 </td><td> 델타 기술, Inc의 </td><td></td><td> 25 옴 / 평방 </td></tr><tr><td> 30 MHz의 함수 발생기 합성 </td><td> Stanfor 연구 시스템 </td><td> DS345 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 현재 증폭기 </td><td> 펨토 </td><td> DLPCA-200 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 멀티 AFM </td><td> Veeco, 산타 바바라, CA </td><td></td><td> Nanoscope-V 컨트롤러 장착 </td></tr><tr><td> DAQ 카드 </td><td> 내쇼날 인스트루먼트 </td><td> NI-PCI-6115 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> 금속 PT 프로브 </td><td> RMNano </td><td> 12Pt3008 </td><td></td></tr><tr><td> MATLAB 소프트웨어 </td><td> Mathworks </td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><td> LabView 소프트웨어 </td><td> 내쇼날 인스트루먼트 </td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table>

concurrent quantitative conductivity and mechanical properties measurements of organic photovoltaic materials using afm

유기 태양 광 (OPV) 재료는 나노 미터 스케일에서 본질적으로 inhomogeneous입니다. OPV 재료의 Nanoscale inhomogeneity는 태양 광 디바이스의 성능에 영향을 미칩니다. 따라서, 구성뿐만 아니라 OPV 재료의 전기적 특성의 공간적 변화에 대한 이해를하는 것이 앞으로 PV 기술을 이동 파라마운트 중요합니다.이 글에서 1,2가, 우리는 서브와 OPV 재료의 전기 및 기계적 성질의 양적 측정을위한 프로토콜을 설명 -100 nm의 해상도를 제공합니다. 현재, 재료 특성 측정은 일반적으로 만 질적 정보를 제공 상용 AFM 기반 기술 (PeakForce, 전도성 AFM)를 사용하여 수행했습니다. 저항뿐만 아니라 Young의 계수는 원형 ITO / PEDOT에 우리의 방법을 사용하여 측정의 값 : PSS/P3HT : PC 61 BM 시스템은 문학 데이터와 잘 일치합니다. P3HT는 : PC 61 BM의 조화는 BM-풍부하고 P3HT 풍부한 PC 61로 분리 domaiNS. PC 61 BM-풍부하고 P3HT 풍부한 도메인의 기계적 성질은 필름의 표면에 도메인 속성을 허용하는 다릅니다. 중요한 것은, 기계 및 전기 데이터를 결합하여 필름의 두께를 측정 전기적 특성 변화와 필름의 표면에 도메인 구조의 상관 관계 할 수 있습니다.

측정의 영의 계수와 저항지도 (그림 3) 현재 전형적인 결과는 위에서 설명한. ITO / PEDOT의 기계 및 전기 속성 : PSS/P3HT : PC 61 BM 스택은 부정적인 (-10 V), 긍정적 (6 V) AFM 프로브에 적용 전압에서 측정되었다. AFM 탐침과 샘플 사이의 정전 상호 작용과 관련된 이미징 유물은 AFM을 사용하여 기능적 특성의 정량적 측정을위한 일반적인 문제입니다. 다른 전압에서 측정 영의 moduli의 크기...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM at JoVE.com

Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

유기 태양 광 (OPV) 재료는 나노 미터 스케일에서 본질적으로 inhomogeneous입니다. OPV 재료의 Nanoscale inhomogeneity는 태양 광 디바이스의 성능에 영향을 미칩니다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 하위-100 나노 미터 해상도 OPV 재료의 전기 및 기계적 성질의 양적 측정을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

동시 수량 전도성과 AFM을 사용하여 유기 태양 광 재료의 기계적 성질 측정

Organic photovoltaic  (OPV) materials are inherently inhomogeneous at the nanometer scale. Nanoscale  inhomogeneity of OPV materials affects performance ...

concurrent-quantitative-conductivity-mechanical-properties

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

11.6K 조회수.  Argonne National Laboratory. 유기 태양 광 (OPV) 재료는 나노 미터 스케일에서 본질적으로 inhomogeneous입니다. OPV 재료의 Nanoscale inhomogeneity는 태양 광 디바이스의 성능에 영향을 미칩니다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 하위-100 나노 미터 해상도 OPV 재료의 전기 및 기계적 성질의 양적 측정을위한 프로토콜을 설명합니다.

비디오: Concurrent Quantitative Conductivity and Mechanical Properties Measurements of Organic Photovoltaic Materials using AFM

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do so is highly important in view of a number of applications in functional soft matter including electronics, biomedical engineering, and sensors. In the past, successful strategies to control the size and shape of supramolecular polymers typically focused on the use of templates2,3, end cappers4 or selective solvent techniques5. 
Here we disclose a strategy based on self-assembling discotic amphiphiles that leads to the control over stack length and shape of ordered, chiral columnar aggregates. By balancing electrostatic repulsive interactions on the hydrophilic rim and attractive non-covalent forces within the hydrophobic core of the polymerizing building block, we manage to create small and discrete spherical objects6,7. Increasing the salt concentration to screen the charges induces a sphere-to-rod transition. Intriguingly, this transition is expressed in an increase of cooperativity in the temperature-dependent self-assembly mechanism, and more stable aggregates are obtained. 
For our study we select a benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) core connected to a hydrophilic metal chelate via a hydrophobic, fluorinated L-phenylalanine based spacer (Scheme 1). The metal chelate selected is a Gd(III)-DTPA complex that contains two overall remaining charges per complex and necessarily two counter ions. The one-dimensional growth of the aggregate is directed by &pi;-&pi; stacking and intermolecular hydrogen bonding. However, the electrostatic, repulsive forces that arise from the charges on the Gd(III)-DTPA complex start limiting the one-dimensional growth of the BTA-based discotic once a certain size is reached. At millimolar concentrations the formed aggregate has a spherical shape and a diameter of around 5 nm as inferred from 1H-NMR spectroscopy, small angle X-ray scattering, and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM). The strength of the electrostatic repulsive interactions between molecules can be reduced by increasing the salt concentration of the buffered solutions. This screening of the charges induces a transition from spherical aggregates into elongated rods with a length &gt; 25 nm. Cryo-TEM allows to visualise the changes in shape and size. In addition, CD spectroscopy permits to derive the mechanistic details of the self-assembly processes before and after the addition of salt. Importantly, the cooperativity -a key feature that dictates the physical properties of the produced supramolecular polymers- increases dramatically upon screening the electrostatic interactions. This increase in cooperativity results in a significant increase in the molecular weight of the formed supramolecular polymers in water.

The goal of this experiment is to determine and control the size, shape and stability of self-assembled discotic amphiphiles in water. For aqueous based supramolecular polymers such level of control is very difficult. We apply a strategy using both repulsive and attractive interactions. The experimental techniques applied to characterize this system are broadly applicable.

물에 Supramolecular 폴리머의 크기, 모양과 안정성을 제어

For aqueous based supramolecular polymers, the simultaneous control over shape, size and stability is very difficult1. At the same time, the ability to do ...

연구

공학

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new attention as a unique mechanism for pattern transformation. Nature is full of such examples where a wealth of exotic patterns are formed through mechanical instability2-5. Inspired by this elegant mechanism, many studies have demonstrated creation and transformation of patterns using soft materials such as elastomers and hydrogels6-11. Swelling gels are of particular interest because they can spontaneously trigger mechanical instability to create various patterns without the need of external force6-10. Recently, we have reported demonstration of full control over buckling pattern of micro-scaled tubular gels using projection micro-stereolithography (P&mu;SL), a three-dimensional (3D) manufacturing technology capable of rapidly converting computer generated 3D models into physical objects at high resolution12,13. Here we present a simple method to build up a simplified P&mu;SL system using a commercially available digital data projector to study swelling-induced buckling instability for controlled pattern transformation.
A simple desktop 3D printer is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector and simple optical components such as a convex lens and a mirror14. Cross-sectional images extracted from a 3D solid model is projected on the photosensitive resin surface in sequence, polymerizing liquid resin into a desired 3D solid structure in a layer-by-layer fashion. Even with this simple configuration and easy process, arbitrary 3D objects can be readily fabricated with sub-100 &mu;m resolution.
This desktop 3D printer holds potential in the study of soft material mechanics by offering a great opportunity to explore various 3D geometries. We use this system to fabricate tubular shaped hydrogel structure with different dimensions. Fixed on the bottom to the substrate, the tubular gel develops inhomogeneous stress during swelling, which gives rise to buckling instability. Various wavy patterns appear along the circumference of the tube when the gel structures undergo buckling. Experiment shows that circumferential buckling of desired mode can be created in a controlled manner. Pattern transformation of three-dimensionally structured tubular gels has significant implication not only in mechanics and material science, but also in many other emerging fields such as tunable matamaterials.

We demonstrate controlled pattern transformation of swelling gel tubes by elastic instability. A simple projection micro stereo-lithography setup is built using an off-the-shelf digital data projector to fabricate three-dimensional polymeric structures in a layer-by-layer fashion. Swelling hydrogel tubes under mechanical constraint display various circumferential buckling modes depending on dimension.

소프트 재료 역학의 연구에서 디지털 프로젝터와 응용 프로그램을 사용하여 마이크로 3D 인쇄

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped crystallites. Neutrons are passed through two well defined regions of magnetic field; one before and one after the sample. The two magnetic field regions have opposite polarity and are tuned such that neutrons travelling through both regions, without being perturbed, will undergo the same number of precessions in opposing directions. In this case the neutron precession in the second arm is said to &#34;echo&#34; the first, and the original polarization of the beam is preserved. If the neutron interacts with a sample and scatters elastically the path through the second arm is not the same as the first and the original polarization is not recovered. Depolarization of the neutron beam is a highly sensitive probe at very small angles (&#60;50&#160;&#956;rad) but still allows a high intensity, divergent beam to be used. The decrease in polarization of the beam reflected from the sample as compared to that from the reference sample can be directly related to structure within the sample.
In comparison to scattering observed in neutron reflection measurements the SERGIS signals are often weak and are unlikely to be observed if the in-plane structures within the sample under investigation are dilute, disordered, small in size and polydisperse or the neutron scattering contrast is low. Therefore, good results will most likely be obtained using the SERGIS technique if the sample being measured consist of thin films on a flat substrate and contain scattering features that contains a high density of moderately sized features (30 nm to 5 &#181;m) which scatter neutrons strongly or the features are arranged on a lattice. An advantage of the SERGIS technique is that it can probe structures in the plane of the sample.

Progress has been made in utilizing spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) as a neutron scattering technique to probe the length-scales in irregular samples. Crystallites of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester have been probed using the SERGIS technique and the results confirmed by optical and atomic force microscopy.

중성자 스핀 에코 사용 하 여 방목 발생률 을 해결 하는 유기 태양 전지 물질을 조사 하기 위해

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Characterization of Thermal Transport in One-dimensional Solid Materials

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including conductive, semi-conductive or nonconductive one-dimensional structures. This technique broadens the measurement scope of materials (conductive and nonconductive) and improves the accuracy and stability. If the sample (especially biomaterials, such as human head hair, spider silk, and silkworm silk) is not conductive, it will be coated with a gold layer to make it electronically conductive. The effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses on the thermal diffusivity can be subtracted during data processing. Then the real thermal conductivity can be calculated with the given value of volume-based specific heat (&#961;cp), which can be obtained from calibration, noncontact photo-thermal technique or measuring the density and specific heat separately. In this work, human head hair samples are used to show how to set up the experiment, process the experimental data, and subtract the effect of parasitic conduction and radiative losses.

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials.

한 차원 고체 물질의 열 수송의 특성

The TET (transient electro-thermal) technique is an effective approach developed to measure the thermal diffusivity of solid materials, including ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). In this article we will describe the methods for constructing and characterizing macroscopic disordered photonic structures using microwaves. The microwave regime offers the most convenient experimental sample size to build and test PBG media. Easily manipulated dielectric lattice components extend flexibility in building various 2D structures on top of pre-printed plastic templates. Once built, the structures could be quickly modified with point and line defects to make freeform waveguides and filters. Testing is done using a widely available Vector Network Analyzer and pairs of microwave horn antennas. Due to the scale invariance property of electromagnetic fields, the results we obtained in the microwave region can be directly applied to infrared and optical regions. Our approach is simple but delivers exciting new insight into the nature of light and disordered matter interaction.

Our representative results include the first experimental demonstration of the existence of a complete and isotropic PBG in a two-dimensional (2D) hyperuniform disordered dielectric structure. Additionally we demonstrate experimentally the ability of this novel photonic structure to guide electromagnetic waves (EM) through freeform waveguides of arbitrary shape.

Disordered structures offer new mechanisms for forming photonic bandgaps and unprecedented freedom in functional-defect designs. To circumvent the computational challenges of disordered systems, we construct modular macroscopic samples of the new class of PBG materials and use microwaves to characterize their scale-invariant photonic properties, in an easy and inexpensive manner.

무질서 광 밴드 갭 (photonic bandgap) 재료의 광자 속성을 연구에 전자 레인지 및 유전체 고체의 육안 샘플을 사용하여

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

Preparation and Friction Force Microscopy Measurements of Immiscible, Opposing Polymer Brushes

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low friction at the interface. Nevertheless, these systems can be sensitive to wear due to interdigitation of the opposing brushes. In a recent publication, we have shown via molecular dynamics simulations and atomic force microscopy experiments, that using an immiscible polymer brush system terminating the substrate and the slider surfaces, respectively, can eliminate such interdigitation. As a consequence, wear in the contacts is reduced. Moreover, the friction force is two orders of magnitude lower compared to traditional miscible polymer brush systems. This newly proposed system therefore holds great potential for application in industry. Here, the methodology to construct an immiscible polymer brush system of two different brushes each solvated by their own preferred solvent is presented. The procedure how to graft poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) from a flat surface and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) from an atomic force microscopy (AFM) colloidal probe is described. PNIPAM is solvated in water and PMMA in acetophenone. Via friction force AFM measurements, it is shown that the friction for this system is indeed reduced by two orders of magnitude compared to the miscible system of PMMA on PMMA solvated in acetophenone.

The methodology to perform friction force microscopy experiments for contacting brushes is presented: Two polymer brushes that are grafted from (a) substrates and (b) colloidal probes are slid to show that, by using two contacting immiscible brush systems, friction in sliding contacts is reduced compared to miscible brush systems.

고분자 브러쉬를 반대 섞이지의 준비 및 마찰 힘 현미경 측정,

Solvated polymer brushes are well known to lubricate high-pressure contacts, because they can sustain a positive normal load while maintaining low ...

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs and condition-based maintenance. These materials are adopted in a wide range of engineering applications, from aircraft and ship structures, to bridges, wind turbine blades, biomaterials and biomedical implants. Polymers are viscoelastic materials, and their response may be highly nonlinear and thus make it challenging to predict and monitor their in-service performance. The laboratory-scale testing platform presented herein assists the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical loadings and environmental conditions on these materials. The platform was designed to be low-cost and user-friendly. Its chemically resistant materials make the platform adaptable to studies of chemical degradation due to in-service exposure to fluids. An example of experiment was conducted at RT on closed-cell polyurethane foam samples loaded with a weight corresponding to ~50% of their ultimate static and dry load. Results show that the testing apparatus is appropriate for these studies. Results also highlight the larger vulnerability of the polymer under concurrent loading, based on the higher mid-point displacements and lower residual failure loads. Recommendations are made for additional improvements to the testing apparatus.

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites in service is a critical aspect for their designs and condition-based maintenance. We present a novel low-cost laboratory testing platform for the investigation of the influence of concurrent mechanical and environmental loadings, and may help design more efficient yet safer composite structures.

폴리머의 내구성 연구 및 동시 Hygrothermo 기계적 자극에 따라 섬유 강화 고분자 복합 재료에 대한 테스트 플랫폼

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Quantitative Hardness Measurement by Instrumented AFM-indentation

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness measurements on an Au(111) surface with atomistic resolution of single plasticity events. A careful experimental procedure is described that includes the force sensor selection, its calibration, the calibration of the cantilever deflection detection system, and the minimization of instrumental drift for accurate and reproducible force-distance measurements. Also, a method for the data analysis is presented that allows the extraction of force-penetration curves from recorded force-distance curves. A typical curve displays a clear elastic deformation regime up to the first plasticity event, or pop-in, with a length in the range of one to two Burger's vectors. Later plasticity events exhibit the same magnitude. The work of plasticity is further extracted from the measurements. Finally, the hardness is determined in combination with the indentation curve using non-contact atomic force microscopy images of the remaining indents.

This experimental protocol describes how atomic force microscopy can be used to measure hardness at the true nanometer scale and to detect single atomistic plasticity events.

계장 AFM-들여 쓰기에 의해 정량 경도 측정

In this work, a combination of amplitude-modulated non-contact atomic force microscopy and atomic force spectroscopy is applied for instrumented hardness ...

Recombination Dynamics in Thin-film Photovoltaic Materials via Time-resolved Microwave Conductivity

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials such as organo-lead halide perovskites is presented. The perovskite film thickness and absorption coefficient are initially characterized by profilometry and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. Calibration of both laser power and cavity sensitivity is described in detail. A protocol for performing Flash-photolysis Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity (TRMC) experiments, a non-contact method of determining the conductivity of a material, is presented. A process for identifying the real and imaginary components of the complex conductivity by performing TRMC as a function of microwave frequency is given. Charge carrier dynamics are determined under different excitation regimes (including both power and wavelength). Techniques for distinguishing between direct and trap-mediated decay processes are presented and discussed. Results are modelled and interpreted with reference to a general kinetic model of photoinduced charge carriers in a semiconductor. The techniques described are applicable to a wide range of optoelectronic materials, including organic and inorganic photovoltaic materials, nanoparticles, and conducting/semiconducting thin films.

A Time Resolved Microwave Conductivity technique for investigating direct and trap-mediated recombination dynamics and determining carrier mobilities of thin film semiconductors is presented here.

시간 해결 전자 전도도를 통해 박막 태양 광 재료의 재조합 역학

A method for investigating recombination dynamics of photo-induced charge carriers in thin film semiconductors, specifically in photovoltaic materials ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous light irradiation. The photo-excitation of dopants that can quickly dissipate light into heat, coupled with anisotropic thermal expansion and self-shadowing of the film, gives rise to the self-sustained deformation. The oscillations observed are influenced by the dimensions and the modulus of the film, and by the directionality and intensity of the light. The system developed offers applications in energy conversion and harvesting for soft-robotics and automated systems.
The general method described here consists of creating free-standing liquid crystalline films and characterizing the mechanical and thermal effects observed. The molecular alignment is achieved using alignment layers (rubbed polyimide), commonly used in the display manufacturing industry. To obtain actuators with large deformation, the mesogens are aligned and polymerized in a splay/bend configuration, i.e., with the director of the liquid crystals (LCs) going gradually from planar to homeotropic through the film thickness. Upon irradiation, the mechanical and thermal oscillations obtained are monitored with a high-speed camera. The results are further quantified by image analysis using an image processing program.

The goal of the protocol is to create liquid crystalline polymer films that can mechanically oscillate under continuous light irradiation. We describe in great detail the conception of free-standing films, from the liquid crystal alignment method to the photo-actuation. The experimental protocol applied to prepare this material is broadly applicable.

빛에 의해 유도 된 거시적인 진동 모션 액정 네트워크의 준비

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...