1. 조영제의 제조 <ol><li> FITC-덱스 트란 70 kDa의 경우, 주사 투여 량은 500 ㎎ / ㎏ (FITC-덱스 트란 10 ㎎ 20 g의 무게 마우스에 생리 식염수 0.1 ㎖에 희석)입니다. </li><li> 에이전트는 빛에 너무 오래 노출되어서는 안된다. 표백을 방지하기 위해, 그것은 알루미늄 호일로 튜브를 포함하는 것이 좋습니다. </li></ol> 2. 마취 <ol><li> 마우스는 자일 라진의 1:4 혼합물의 복강 내 주사하여 마취 (Rompun 2 %, 바이엘, 뿌뛰, 프랑스)와 케타민 (ketamine을 500 년 Virbac, 카 로스, 프랑스), 각각 66 ㎎ / ㎏과 264​​ ㎎ / ㎏ 20g의 마우스. </li></ol> 3. 관심있는 기관의 준비 <ol><li> 우리는 (피하 종양에 예를 들어,) 그 위치에 마우스를 면도. 동물의 머리는 종종 흰색 자동 형광입니다. 때 블랙, 그것은 빛을 흡수한다. </li><li> 이미지에 표시 할 기관이 직면 한 피부를 절개. 그것은 피 흘리고 때까지 기다리는 것이 중요합니다G 그렇지 않으면 혈액에서 새어 이미지를 오염시킬 것이다, 조영제를 주입하기 전에 중지되었습니다. </li></ol> 4. 획득 <ol><li> 조영제는 정맥 또는 꼬리 정맥 하나를 통해 주입 하였다. 형광 조영제의 부재하에 관찰 된 장기 또는 더 작은 배경 신호 없다. </li><li> 프로브는 묘화되는 장기의 전방에 배치 하였다. 우리의 연구에서, 이것은 종양이었다. </li><li> 레이저는 종양을 조명하고 모세 혈관의 형광을 볼에가되었습니다. </li><li> 종양은 모세 혈관의 네트워크를 시각화하기 위해 기록하는 동안 매우 느린 운동에 프로브를 이동하여 수동으로 탐구했다. 그것은 꾸준한 손을 유지하는 것이 중요하고,이 기술은 약간의 경험이 필요합니다. 본 연구에서는 첫 번째 단계는 기능 모세 혈관 밀도의 정량화를 허용했다. </li><li> 두 번째 단계는 시간이 지남에 따라 동적 취득했다. 본 연구의 경우, 우리는 70 kDa의 FITC-덱스 트란을 사용. 대부분의 정상 장기에 침입 누설은 없습니다 만, 종양이 있습니다. (우리의 경우에서와 같이) 시간에 따른 동일한 위치의 이미지를 얻기 위해서는, 그 영역에 프로브를 유지하는 시스템을 설정하는 것이 중요하다. 이는 프로브를 보유하는 핸드 지원을 사용하여 수행하고, 프로브의 팁 초음파 겔의 비트 배치 순서 하였다. 기록 전에, 시간은 종양과 접촉하여 배치 프로브 안정화 쓰였다. 위치가 확보되자 인해 마우스의 호흡에 대한 최소한의 움직임이 있었다. 레이저는 모세관 누출의 존재를 검출하기 위해 20 분 동안 3 30 초마다 이미지를 기록하기 위해 설정되었다. 그것은 조영제 표백을 줄이기 위해 각각의 기록에 사이가되었습니다. </li><li> 우리의 실험에서, 마우스는 종양의 조직 학적 분석을위한 절차의 단부에 희생되었다. </li></ol>

<ol>
	<li>Folkman, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fundamental+concepts+of+the+angiogenic+process.">Fundamental concepts of the angiogenic process.</a> Curr Mol Med. 3 (7), 643-651 (2003).</li><li>Laemmel, E., Genet, M., Le Goualher, G., Perchant, A., Le Gargasson, J. F., Vicaut, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibered+confocal+fluorescence+microscopy+(Cell-viZio)+facilitates+extended+imaging+in+the+field+of+microcirculation.+A+comparison+with+intravital+microscopy.">Fibered confocal fluorescence microscopy (Cell-viZio) facilitates extended imaging in the field of microcirculation. A comparison with intravital microscopy.</a> J Vasc Res. 41 (5), 400-411 (2004).</li><li>Charnley, N., Donaldson, S., Price, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+angiogenesis.">Imaging angiogenesis.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 467, 25-51 (2009).</li><li>Faye, N., Fournier, L., Balvay, D., Taillieu, F., Cuenod, C., Siauve, N., Clement, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+contrast+enhanced+optical+imaging+of+capillary+leakage.">Dynamic contrast enhanced optical imaging of capillary leakage.</a> Technol Cancer Res Treat. 10 (1), 49-57 (2011).</li><li>Kurose, I., Kubes, P., Wolf, R., Anderson, D. C., Paulson, J., Miyasaka, M., Granger, D. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+nitric+oxide+production.+Mechanisms+of+vascular+albumin+leakage.">Inhibition of nitric oxide production. Mechanisms of vascular albumin leakage.</a> Circ Res. 73 (1), 164-171 (1993).</li><li>Faye, N. F. L., Balvay, D., Thiam, R., Orliaguet, G., Clement, O., Dewachter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macromolecular+capillary+leakage+is+involved+in+the+onset+of+anaphylactic+hypotension.">Macromolecular capillary leakage is involved in the onset of anaphylactic hypotension.</a> Anesthesiology. , (2012).</li><li>Faye, N., Fournier, L., Balvay, D., Thiam, R., Orliaguet, G., Clement, O., Dewachter, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Macromolecular Capillary Leakage Is Involved in the Onset of Anaphylactic Hypotension. Anesthesiology. 117 (5), 1072-1079 (2012).</li><li>Tozer, G. M., Kanthou, C., Baguley, B. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Disrupting+tumour+blood+vessels.">Disrupting tumour blood vessels.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 5 (6), 423-435 (2005).</li><li>Ntziachristos, V., Schellenberger, E. A., Ripoll, J., Yessayan, D., Graves, E., Bogdanov, A., Josephson, L., Weissleder, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualization+of+antitumor+treatment+by+means+of+fluorescence+molecular+tomography+with+an+annexin+V-Cy5.5+conjugate.">Visualization of antitumor treatment by means of fluorescence molecular tomography with an annexin V-Cy5.5 conjugate.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 101 (33), 12294-12299 (2004).</li><li>Cuccia, D. J., Bevilacqua, F., Durkin, A. J., Merritt, S., Tromberg, B. J., Gulsen, G., Yu, H., Wang, J., Nalcioglu, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+quantification+of+optical+contrast+agent+dynamics+in+rat+tumors+by+use+of+diffuse+optical+spectroscopy+with+magnetic+resonance+imaging+coregistration.">In vivo quantification of optical contrast agent dynamics in rat tumors by use of diffuse optical spectroscopy with magnetic resonance imaging coregistration.</a> Appl Opt. 42 (16), 2940-2950 (2003).</li></ol>

우리는 공개 아무것도 없어.

종양 미세 혈관의 연구는 종양의 성장, 보급 및 치료 1에 대한 응답의 병태 생리를 이해하는데 필수가되고있다. 광학 영상은 형광 조영제를 이용하여 모세 혈관을 관찰 및 형태학 (기능 모세관 밀도) 및 기능 (인덱스 누설) 파라미터를 정량화하는 데 사용할 수있는 기술 중 하나이다. 우리는이 연구에 사용 된 형광 현미경 영상은 장점과 한계를 모두 가지고 있습니다. ...

혈관 신생은 기존 혈관으로부터 새로운 혈관의 형성을 포함하는 복잡한 과정 일이다. 동맥, 모세 혈관, 세정맥과 구성 조직의 미세 혈관의 병리학 적 변화는,, 암, 염증, 당뇨병과 같은 질병의 넓은 범위에 연루되어있다. 정량적 미세 혈관의 구조와 기능을 평가하는 방법을 개발하는 것이 필수적이다. 영상은 실시간 및 생체 내에서, 비 - 또는 마이크로 - 침습적 방식으로 미세 혈관의 연구를 가능하게하고, 동일 동물이 경시 반복 측정. 현재 동적 조영 증강 (DCE) 영상 (3)은 일반적으로 조직의 미세 혈관을 평가하는 데 사용됩니다. 동적 조영 증강 영상은 시간이 지남에 따라 정맥 주사 추적의 생체 분포를 따르는 기술이다. 이번 인수에서 정량적 매개 변수는 조직의 혈관 신생을 반영 추출 할 수 있습니다. DCE 영상대부분 CT, MRI 또는​​ 초음파로 사용되어왔다. 그러나 이러한 영상 기술은 특정 실험 장치의 사용과 그 이외의 해상도가 가장 자주 거시적 남아 있기 때문에, 미세 혈관의 직접적인 관찰을 허용하지 않는다. 이 논문에서, 우리는 fibered 촛점 videomicroscopy으로, 동적 조영 증강 광학 이미징을 사용하여 미세한 규모 및 생체 내에서 종양 혈관을 연구하기 위해 제안한다. 우리는 그 분자량 및 조직의 내피 세포의 특성을 연구 4에있어서, 간질로 내피 장벽을 통한 혈관 누수 또는 내에서만 남아 고분자 조영제 (FITC-덱스 트란) 사용. 이 누출 및 간질에 축적에 의해, 제대로 혈관을 서술하여 모두 미세 혈관 구조의 연구는, 모세 혈관 투과성을 허용했다.

<table border="1">
<tbody>
 <tr>
 <td>Name</td>
 <td>Company</td>
 <td>Catalogue number</td>
 <td>Comments (optional)</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Insulin serynge 
 Myjector 1ml 
 29G</td>
 <td>Terumo Europe </td>
 <td>BS-05M2913</td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 70 kDa </td>
 <td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
 <td>01619HH</td>
 <td>100 mg/mL 
 diluted in saline</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Fibered confocal videomicroscopy</td>
 <td>Cellvizio - MaunaKea Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Calibration and Cleaning Kit for LEICAFCM1000</td>
 <td>Leica Microsystems</td>
 <td>LSU-488</td>
 <td>Store at 4 &deg;C</td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Probe ProFlexTM Z</td>
 <td>MaunaKea Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Mosaicing software</td>
 <td>MaunaKea Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td>Vessel detection software</td>
 <td>MaunaKea Technologies</td>
 <td></td>
 <td></td>
 </tr>
 </tbody>
</table>

in vivo imaging of tumor angiogenesis using fluorescence confocal videomicroscopy

광섬유 번들 Fibered 공 초점 형광 생체 촬상 형광 공 초점 현미경과 같은 원리를 사용한다. 이 광섬유를 통해 원위치 요소에 형광을 자극 한 후 동일한 광섬유를 통해 방출 된 광자의 일부를 기록 할 수있다. 광원은 섬유 다발 내의 요소를 통해 여기 광을 전송하고 샘플을 통해 스캔과 같은, 화소에 의해 화상의 화소를 다시 레이저이다. 이것은 스캔이 전용 ​​이미지 프로세싱 소프트웨어와 조합함으로써, 매우 빠르고 같이, 12 프레임 / 초의 주파수 실시간 화상을 얻을 수있다. 우리는 공 초점 형광 videomicroscopy 장치를 이용하여 정량적으로 모세관 형태와 기능을 특성화하는 기술을 개발했다. 우리의 실험에서 첫 번째 단계는 모세관 네트워크를 시각화하는 종양의 사분면에서 5 초 영화를 기록하도록 하였다. 모든 영화는 (소프트웨어를 사용하여 처리 된 ImageCell, 선택 직경 (우리의 경우 10 ㎛)의 주위에 혈관의 자동 분할을 수행 마우나 케아 기술, 파리, 프랑스). 따라서, 우리는 전체 혈관 영역과 화상의 전체 영역 사이의 비율이다 &#39;기능적 모세관 밀도&#39;정량화 있었다. 이 파라미터는 보통 병리 도구를 사용하여 측정 된, 미세 혈관 밀도에 대한 대리 마커이었다. 두 번째 단계는 간질로 모세관 벽을 통해 고분자 조영제의 누출을 정량화하기 20 분에 걸쳐 종양의 영화를 기록하는 것이었다. 혈관 그 이상의 간질에서 신호 강도의 비를 측정함으로써, &#39;인덱스 누설&#39;모세관 투과성에 대한 대리 마커로서 작용 얻었다.

수집 된 데이터를 사용하여, 우리는 양적으로 미세 혈관을 반영하는 다른 매개 변수를 분석 할 수 있습니다. 우리는 공부 생체 fibered 공 초점 형광 videomicroscopy 시스템 (Cellvizio, Maunakea 기술, 파리, 프랑스 2), 고분자 형광 조영제 주입 후 형광 염료 - 덱스 트란 (사용 BALB-c 마우스에 이식 대장 종양의 말초 혈관 네트워크 70 kDa의 (시그마 - 알드리치 (Sigma-Aldrich) 생 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy at JoVE.com

In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy

이 논문에서는 동적 조영 증강 형광 videomicroscopy를 사용하여 생체 내에서 종양의 미세 혈관을 분석하는 방법을 제시한다. 두 정량적 파라미터를 획득 하였다 : 기능성 종양 혈관을 반영 모세관 밀도 및 내피 벽 leakiness 반사 인덱스 누설.

형광 공 초점 Videomicroscopy를 사용하여 종양 혈관의 생체 내 이미징

Fibered confocal fluorescence in vivo imaging with a fiber optic bundle uses the same principle as fluorescent confocal microscopy. It can excite ...

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In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy

10.6K 조회수.  Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-S970.  이 논문에서는 동적 조영 증강 형광 videomicroscopy를 사용하여 생체 내에서 종양의 미세 혈관을 분석하는 방법을 제시한다. 두 정량적 파라미터를 획득 하였다 : 기능성 종양 혈관을 반영 모세관 밀도 및 내피 벽 leakiness 반사 인덱스 누설. 

비디오: In vivo Imaging of Tumor Angiogenesis using Fluorescence Confocal Videomicroscopy

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading to an accumulation of lipid-laden intra-luminal plaque, smooth muscle cell proliferation and progressive narrowing of the vessel lumen. The formation of such vulnerable plaques prone to rupture underlies the majority of cases of acute myocardial infarction. The complex molecular and cellular inflammatory cascade is orchestrated by the recruitment of T lymphocytes and macrophages and their paracrine effects on endothelial and smooth muscle cells.1
Molecular imaging in atherosclerosis has evolved into an important clinical and research tool that allows in vivo visualization of inflammation and other biological processes. Several recent examples demonstrate the ability to detect high-risk plaques in patients, and assess the effects of pharmacotherapeutics in atherosclerosis.4 While a number of molecular imaging approaches (in particular MRI and PET) can image biological aspects of large vessels such as the carotid arteries, scant options exist for imaging of coronary arteries.2 The advent of high-resolution optical imaging strategies, in particular near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF), coupled with activatable fluorescent probes, have enhanced sensitivity and led to the development of new intravascular strategies to improve biological imaging of human coronary atherosclerosis.
Near infrared fluorescence (NIRF) molecular imaging utilizes excitation light with a defined band width (650-900 nm) as a source of photons that, when delivered to an optical contrast agent or fluorescent probe, emits fluorescence in the NIR window that can be detected using an appropriate emission filter and a high sensitivity charge-coupled camera. As opposed to visible light, NIR light penetrates deeply into tissue, is markedly less attenuated by endogenous photon absorbers such as hemoglobin, lipid and water, and enables high target-to-background ratios due to reduced autofluorescence in the NIR window. Imaging within the NIR 'window' can substantially improve the potential for in vivo imaging.2,5
Inflammatory cysteine proteases have been well studied using activatable NIRF probes10, and play important roles in atherogenesis. Via degradation of the extracellular matrix, cysteine proteases contribute importantly to the progression and complications of atherosclerosis8. In particular, the cysteine protease, cathepsin B, is highly expressed and colocalizes with macrophages in experimental murine, rabbit, and human atheromata.3,6,7 In addition, cathepsin B activity in plaques can be sensed in vivo utilizing a previously described 1-D intravascular near-infrared fluorescence technology6, in conjunction with an injectable nanosensor agent that consists of a poly-lysine polymer backbone derivatized with multiple NIR fluorochromes (VM110/Prosense750, ex/em 750/780nm, VisEn Medical, Woburn, MA) that results in strong intramolecular quenching at baseline.10 Following targeted enzymatic cleavage by cysteine proteases such as cathepsin B (known to colocalize with plaque macrophages), the fluorochromes separate, resulting in substantial amplification of the NIRF signal. Intravascular detection of NIR fluorescence signal by the utilized novel 2D intravascular NIRF catheter now enables high-resolution, geometrically accurate in vivo detection of cathepsin B activity in inflamed plaque.
In vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerosis using catheter-based 2D NIRF imaging, as opposed to a prior 1-D spectroscopic approach,6 is a novel and promising tool that utilizes augmented protease activity in macrophage-rich plaque to detect vascular inflammation.11,12 The following research protocol describes the use of an intravascular 2-dimensional NIRF catheter to image and characterize plaque structure utilizing key aspects of plaque biology. It is a translatable platform that when integrated with existing clinical imaging technologies including angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), offers a unique and novel integrated multimodal molecular imaging technique that distinguishes inflammatory atheromata, and allows detection of intravascular NIRF signals in human-sized coronary arteries.

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

We detail a new near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) catheter for 2-dimensional intravascular molecular imaging of plaque biology in vivo. The NIRF catheter can visualize key biological processes such as inflammation by reporting on the presence of plaque-avid activatable and targeted NIR fluorochromes. The catheter utilizes clinical engineering and power requirements and is targeted for application in human coronary arteries. The following research study describes a multimodal imaging strategy that utilizes a novel in vivo intravascular NIRF catheter to image and quantify inflammatory plaque in proteolytically active inflamed rabbit atheromata.

염증성 플라크의 적외선 형광 (NIRF) Intravascular 분자 이미징, Multimodal 접근 가까운 생체내에서 죽상 경화증의 영상을

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading ...

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In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There is little knowledge about in situ, in vivo, tumor hypoxia during intracranial development of malignant brain tumors because of lack of efficient means to monitor it in these deep-seated orthotopic tumors. Bioluminescence imaging (BLI), based on the detection of light emitted by living cells expressing a luciferase gene, has been rapidly adopted for cancer research, in particular, to evaluate tumor growth or tumor size changes in response to treatment in preclinical animal studies. Moreover, by expressing a reporter gene under the control of a promoter sequence, the specific gene expression can be monitored non-invasively by BLI. Under hypoxic stress, signaling responses are mediated mainly via the hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; (HIF-1&alpha;) to drive transcription of various genes. Therefore, we have used a HIF-1&alpha; reporter construct, 5HRE-ODD-luc, stably transfected into human breast cancer MDA-MB231 cells (MDA-MB231/5HRE-ODD-luc). In vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay is performed by incubating the transfected cells in a hypoxic chamber (0.1% O2) for 24 hr before BLI, while the cells in normoxia (21% O2) serve as a control. Significantly higher photon flux observed for the cells under hypoxia suggests an increased HIF-1&alpha; binding to its promoter (HRE elements), as compared to those in normoxia. Cells are injected directly into the mouse brain to establish a breast cancer brain metastasis model. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of tumor hypoxia dynamics is initiated 2 wks after implantation and repeated once a week. BLI reveals increasing light signals from the brain as the tumor progresses, indicating increased intracranial tumor hypoxia. Histological and immunohistochemical studies are used to confirm the in vivo imaging results. Here, we will introduce approaches of in vitro HIF-1&alpha; bioluminescence assay, surgical establishment of a breast cancer brain metastasis in a nude mouse and application of in vivo bioluminescence imaging to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia.

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Bioluminescence imaging of hypoxia inducible factor-1&alpha; activity is applied to monitor intracranial tumor hypoxia development in a breast cancer brain metastasis mouse model.

유방암 뇌 전이의 종양 Hypoxia 역학 생체내의 Bioluminescence 이미징에서는 마우스 모델에서

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Multi-modal Imaging of Angiogenesis in a Nude Rat Model of Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Volumetric Computed Tomography and Ultrasound

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell proliferation in the bone marrow cavity as well as for interaction of tumor and bone cells resulting in local bone destruction. Our aim was to develop a model of experimental bone metastasis that allows in vivo assessment of angiogenesis in skeletal lesions using non-invasive imaging techniques.
For this purpose, we injected 105 MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells into the superficial epigastric artery, which precludes the growth of metastases in body areas other than the respective hind leg1. Following 25-30 days after tumor cell inoculation, site-specific bone metastases develop, restricted to the distal femur, proximal tibia and proximal fibula1. Morphological and functional aspects of angiogenesis can be investigated longitudinally in bone metastases using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), volumetric computed tomography (VCT) and ultrasound (US).
MRI displays morphologic information on the soft tissue part of bone metastases that is initially confined to the bone marrow cavity and subsequently exceeds cortical bone while progressing. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) functional data including regional blood volume, perfusion and vessel permeability can be obtained and quantified2-4. Bone destruction is captured in high resolution using morphological VCT imaging. Complementary to MRI findings, osteolytic lesions can be located adjacent to sites of intramedullary tumor growth. After contrast agent application, VCT angiography reveals the macrovessel architecture in bone metastases in high resolution, and DCE-VCT enables insight in the microcirculation of these lesions5,6. US is applicable to assess morphological and functional features from skeletal lesions due to local osteolysis of cortical bone. Using B-mode and Doppler techniques, structure and perfusion of the soft tissue metastases can be evaluated, respectively. DCE-US allows for real-time imaging of vascularization in bone metastases after injection of microbubbles7.
In conclusion, in a model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastases multi-modal imaging techniques including MRI, VCT and US offer complementary information on morphology and functional parameters of angiogenesis in these skeletal lesions.

In the pathogenesis of bone metastasis, angiogenesis is a crucial process and therefore represents a target for imaging and therapy. Here, we present a rat model of site-specific breast cancer bone metastasis and describe strategies to non-invasively image angiogenesis in vivo using magnetic resonance imaging, volumetric computed tomography and ultrasound.

자기 공명 영상, 체적 계산의 Tomography 및 초음파를 이용한 유방암의 뼈 전이의 누드 쥐 모델에서 Angiogenesis의 멀티 모달 이미징

Angiogenesis is an essential feature of cancer growth and metastasis formation. In bone metastasis, angiogenic factors are pivotal for tumor cell ...

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a novel platform that allows for direct long-term visualization of tissue structure changes intracranially. Imaging at a single cell resolution in a real-time fashion provides supplementary dynamic information beyond that provided by standard end-point histological analysis, which looks solely at 'snap-shot' cross sections of tissue.
Establishing this intravital imaging technique in fluorescent chimeric mice, we are able to image four fluorescent channels simultaneously. By incorporating fluorescently labeled cells, such as GFP+ bone marrow, it is possible to track the fate of these cells studying their long-term migration, integration and differentiation within tissue. Further integration of a secondary reporter cell, such as an mCherry glioma tumor line, allows for characterization of cell:cell interactions. Structural changes in the tissue microenvironment can be highlighted through the addition of intra-vital dyes and antibodies, for example CD31 tagged antibodies and Dextran molecules.
Moreover, we describe the combination of our ICW imaging model with a small animal micro-irradiator that provides stereotactic irradiation, creating a platform through which the dynamic tissue changes that occur following the administration of ionizing irradiation can be assessed.
Current limitations of our model include penetrance of the microscope, which is limited to a depth of up to 900 &mu;m from the sub cortical surface, limiting imaging to the dorsal axis of the brain. The presence of the skull bone makes the ICW a more challenging technical procedure, compared to the more established and utilized chamber models currently used to study mammary tissue and fat pads 5-7. In addition, the ICW provides many challenges when optimizing the imaging.

A Novel High-resolution In vivo Imaging Technique to Study the Dynamic Response of Intracranial Structures to Tumor Growth and Therapeutics

We describe a novel in vivo imaging technique that couples fluorescent chimeric mice with intracranial windows and high-resolution 2-photon microscopy. This imaging platform aids studies of dynamic changes in brain tissue and microvasculature, at a single-cell level, following pathological insults and is adaptable to assess intracranial drug delivery and distribution.

소설 고해상도<em&gt; 생체 내</em종양의 성장과 치료학에 두개 내 구조물의 동적 응답을 공부하기&gt; 이미징 기술

We have successfully integrated previously established Intracranial window (ICW) technology 1-4 with intravital 2-photon confocal microscopy to develop a ...

Retinal Detachment Model in Rodents by Subretinal Injection of Sodium Hyaluronate

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage can affect photoreceptor cell death in the detached retina. Hence, it is advantageous to create reproducible RDs without subretinal hemorrhage for evaluating photoreceptor cell death. We modified a previously reported method to create bullous and persistent RDs in a reproducible location with rare occurrence of subretinal hemorrhage. The critical step of this modified method is the creation of a self-sealing scleral incision, which can prevent leakage of sodium hyaluronate after injection into the subretinal space. To make the self-sealing scleral incision, a scleral tunnel is created, followed by scleral penetration into the choroid with a 30 G needle. Although choroidal hemorrhage may occur during this step, astriction with a surgical spear reduces the rate of choroidal hemorrhage. This method allows a more reproducible and reliable model of photoreceptor death in diseases that involve RD such as rhegmatogenous RD, retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Creating experimental retinal detachments with a reproducible and sustained height of detachment, and without subretinal hemorrhage, is important for studying the pathophysiology of photoreceptor cell loss in retinal disease and evaluating potential therapeutic interventions. Here, we report such a method in detail.

나트륨 히알루 론산의 망막 주사 설치류에있는 망막 박리 모델

Subretinal injection of sodium hyaluronate is a widely accepted method of inducing retinal detachment (RD). However, the height and duration of RD or the ...

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. Here, we describe a general protocol for cell labeling, imaging, and image processing. The technique is applicable to various cell types and animal models, although here we focus on a typical mouse model for tracking murine immune cells. The most important issues for cell labeling are described, as these are relevant to all models. Similarly, key imaging parameters are listed, although the details will vary depending on the MRI system and the individual setup. Finally, we include an image processing protocol for quantification. Variations for this, and other parts of the protocol, are assessed in the Discussion section. Based on the detailed procedure described here, the user will need to adapt the protocol for each specific cell type, cell label, animal model, and imaging setup. Note that the protocol can also be adapted for human use, as long as clinical restrictions are met.

In vivo 19F MRI for Cell Tracking

We describe a general protocol for in vivo cell tracking using MRI in a mouse model with ex vivo labeled cells. A typical protocol for cell labeling, image acquisition processing and quantification is included.

세포 추적을위한 생체 19 F MRI에서

In vivo 19F MRI allows quantitative cell tracking without the use of ionizing radiation. It is a noninvasive technique that can be applied to humans. ...

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent marker. Mouse models (brain tumor and arthritis) were used to evaluate the usefulness of this method. Saposin C (SapC)-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) nanovesicles tagged with CellVue Maroon (CVM) fluorophore were administered intravenously. Animals were then placed in the rotational holder (MARS) of the in vivo imaging system. Images were acquired in 10&#176; steps over 380&#176;. A rectangular&#160;region of interest (ROI) was placed across the full image width at the model disease site. Within the ROI, and for every image, mean fluorescence intensity was computed after background subtraction. In the mouse models studied, the labeled nanovesicles were taken up in both the orthotopic and transgenic brain tumors, and in the arthritic sites (toes and ankles). Curve analysis of the multi angle image ROIs determined the angle with the highest signal. Thus, the optimal angle for imaging each disease site was characterized. The MAROI method applied to imaging of fluorescent compounds is a noninvasive, economical, and precise tool for in vivo quantitative analysis of the disease states in the described mouse models.

In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain Tumors and Arthritis Using Fluorescent SapC-DOPS Nanovesicles

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo quantitation of a fluorescent marker delivered by saposin C (SapC)-dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS) nanovesicles. Employing mouse models of cancer and arthritis, we demonstrate how the MAROI signal curve analysis can be used for the precise mapping and biological characterization of disease processes.

형광 SAPC-DOPS Nanovesicles을 사용하여 뇌 종양 및 관절염의 생체 광학 이미징

We describe a multi-angle rotational optical imaging (MAROI) system for in vivo monitoring of physiopathological processes labeled with a fluorescent ...

Validation of Nanobody and Antibody Based In Vivo Tumor Xenograft NIRF-imaging Experiments in Mice Using Ex Vivo Flow Cytometry and Microscopy

This protocol outlines the steps required to perform ex vivo validation of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) xenograft imaging experiments in mice using fluorophore labelled nanobodies and conventional antibodies.
First we describe how to generate subcutaneous tumors in mice, using antigen-negative cell lines as negative controls and antigen-positive cells as positive controls in the same mice for intraindividual comparison. We outline how to administer intravenously near-infrared fluorophore labelled (AlexaFluor680) antigen-specific nanobodies and conventional antibodies. In vivo imaging was performed with a small-animal NIRF-Imaging system. After the in vivo imaging experiments the mice were sacrificed. We then describe how to prepare the tumors for parallel ex vivo analyses by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy to validate in vivo imaging results.
The use of the near-infrared fluorophore labelled nanobodies allows for non-invasive same day imaging in vivo. Our protocols describe the ex vivo quantification of the specific labeling efficiency of tumor cells by flow cytometry and analysis of the distribution of the antibody constructs within the tumors by fluorescence microscopy. Using near-infrared fluorophore labelled probes allows for non-invasive, economical in vivo imaging with the unique ability to exploit the same probe without further secondary labelling for ex vivo validation experiments using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy.

Validation of Nanobody and Antibody Based In Vivo Tumor Xenograft NIRF-imaging Experiments in Mice Using Ex Vivo Flow Cytometry and Microscopy

This protocol outlines the steps required to perform ex vivo validation of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence xenograft imaging experiments in mice using fluorophore labelled nanobodies and conventional antibodies.

나노 바디 및 항체 기반의 검증<em&gt; 생체</em마우스에서&gt; 종양 이종 이식 NIRF 이미징 실험 사용<em&gt; 전의 VIVO</em&gt; 유동 세포 계측법 및 현미경

This protocol outlines the steps required to perform ex vivo validation of in vivo near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) xenograft imaging experiments in mice ...

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with distinct functions and gene expression profiles. The roles of microglial activation in health, injury and disease remain incompletely understood due to their dynamic and complex regulation in response to changes in their microenvironment. Thus, it is critical to non-invasively monitor and analyze changes in microglial activation over time in the intact organism. In vivo studies of microglial activation have been delayed by technical limitations to tracking microglial behavior without altering the CNS environment. This has been particularly challenging during chronic neurodegeneration, where long-term changes must be tracked. The retina, a CNS organ amenable to non-invasive live imaging, offers a powerful system to visualize and characterize the dynamics of microglia activation during chronic disorders.
This protocol outlines methods for long-term, in vivo imaging of retinal microglia, using confocal ophthalmoscopy (cSLO) and CX3CR1GFP/+ reporter mice, to visualize microglia with cellular resolution. Also, we describe methods to quantify monthly changes in cell activation and density in large cell subsets (200-300 cells per retina). We confirm the use of somal area as a useful metric for live tracking of microglial activation in the retina by applying automated threshold-based morphometric analysis of in vivo images. We use these live image acquisition and analyses strategies to monitor the dynamic changes in microglial activation and microgliosis during early stages of retinal neurodegeneration in a mouse model of chronic glaucoma. This approach should be useful to investigate the contributions of microglia to neuronal and axonal decline in chronic CNS disorders that affect the retina and optic nerve.

In Vivo Dynamics of Retinal Microglial Activation During Neurodegeneration: Confocal Ophthalmoscopic Imaging and Cell Morphometry in Mouse Glaucoma

Microglia activation and microgliosis are key responses to chronic neurodegeneration. Here, we present methods for in vivo, long-term visualization of retinal CX3CR1-GFP+ microglial cells by confocal ophthalmoscopy, and for threshold and morphometric analyses to identify and quantify their activation. We monitor microglial changes during early stages of age-related glaucoma.

마우스 녹내장에 공 촛점 안저 이미징 및 세포 형태 계측 : 신경 퇴행 중 망막 미세 아교 활성화의 생체 역학

Microglia, which are CNS-resident neuroimmune cells, transform their morphology and size in response to CNS damage, switching to an activated state with ...

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo: A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to image cellular events in an intact animal. Additionally, the ability to induce physiological disease states such as stroke in vivo increases its utility. The technique described herein allows for physiological assessment of cellular responses within the CNS following a stroke and can be adapted for other pathological conditions being studied. The technique presented uses laser excitation of the photosensitive dye Rose Bengal in vivo to induce a focal ischemic event in a single blood vessel. 
The video protocol demonstrates the preparation of a thin-skulled cranial window over the somatosensory cortex in a mouse for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic event keeping injury to the underlying dura matter and brain at a minimum. Surgical preparation is initially performed under a dissecting microscope with a custom-made surgical/imaging platform, which is then transferred to a confocal microscope equipped with an inverted objective adaptor. Representative images acquired utilizing this protocol are presented as well as time-lapse sequences of stroke induction. This technique is powerful in that the same area can be imaged repeatedly on subsequent days facilitating longitudinal in vivo studies of pathological processes following stroke.

Rose Bengal Photothrombosis by Confocal Optical Imaging In Vivo:  A Model of Single Vessel Stroke

Here, we describe a semi-invasive optical microscopy approach for the induction of a Rose Bengal photothrombotic clot in the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo. The technical aspects of the imaging procedure are described from induction of a photothrombotic event to application and data collection.

공 초점 광학 이미징에 의해 로즈 벵갈 Photothrombosis<em&gt; 생체</em&gt; : 단일 선박 스트로크의 모델

In vivo imaging techniques have increased in utilization due to recent advances in imaging dyes and optical technologies, allowing for the ability to ...

Methods Article

형광 공 초점 Videomicroscopy를 사용하여 종양 혈관의 생체 내 이미징